Britain's 'Vietnam syndrome'? Public opinion and British military intervention from Palestine to Yugoslavia

Review of International Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 99-121

  Dixon, Paul ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0039337286     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210500000991     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. S. Carruthers, Winning Hearts and Minds: British Governments, The Media and Colonial Counter-Insurgency 1944-1960 (London: Leicester University Press, 1995), p. 16.
2. For example R. Harris, Gotcha! The Media, The Government and the Falklands Crisis (London: Faber and Faber, 1983), pp. 59-65.
3. Daniel C. Hallin, The 'Uncensored War': The Media and Vietnam (London: University of California Press, 1989), p. 187.
4. For example see General Sir Hugh Beach, 'New Coalitions for Peacemaking', in J. M. O. Sharp, About Turn, Forward March with Europe (London: IPRR/River Oram Press, 1996), p. 201-2.
5. Daily Telegraph, 4 March 1997.
6. H. Summers, The New World Strategy (New York: Touchstone Books, 1995), p. 203, see ch. 10, 'Dangers to Democracy'.
7. H. Summers, The New World Strategy (New York: Touchstone Books, 1995), p. 203, see ch. 10, 'Dangers to Democracy'.
8. Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing: Face-to-Face Killing in Twentieth-Century Warfare (London: Granta, 1999), pp. 203-4.
9. General Sir Michael Rose, Fighting for Peace (London: The Harvill Press, 1998), p. 3.
10. William Louis, 'British Imperialism and the End of the Palestine Mandate', in W. R. Louis and R. Stookey (eds), The End of the Palestine Mandate, (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1986), p. 10.
11. On the role of bipartisanship in managing communal conflict see P. Dixon, '"A House Divided Cannot Stand": Britain, Bipartisanship and Northern Ireland', Contemporary Record, 9:1 (Summer, 1995) , and P. Dixon 'Sri Lanka and Bipartisanship: Lessons from Northern Ireland?', ASEN Bulletin, no. 16 (Winter 1999).
12. On the role of bipartisanship in managing communal conflict see P. Dixon, '"A House Divided Cannot Stand": Britain, Bipartisanship and Northern Ireland', Contemporary Record, 9:1 (Summer, 1995) , and P. Dixon 'Sri Lanka and Bipartisanship: Lessons from Northern Ireland?', ASEN Bulletin, no. 16 (Winter 1999).
13. Harold Macmillan, Tides of Fortune: 1945-55 (London: Macmillan, 1969), pp. 145, 149, 147.
14. S. Zadka, Blood in Zion: How the Jewish Guerrillas drove the British out of Palestine (London: Brassey's, 1995).
15. M. J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers 1945-48 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 247; Zadka, Blood in Zion, pp. 9, 78, 81, 85 and ch. 9.
16. M. J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers 1945-48 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 247; Zadka, Blood in Zion, pp. 9, 78, 81, 85 and ch. 9.
17. The Times, 5 August 1947.
18. L. S. Amery diary entry, 14 May 1948, quoted in M. J. Cohen, Churchill and the Jews, p. 320.
19. P. Sissons and P. French (eds.), The Age of Austerity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 233, 245; The Times, 4 August 1947.
20. P. Sissons and P. French (eds.), The Age of Austerity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 233, 245; The Times, 4 August 1947.
21. Bevin claimed this was occurring in the 'Record of a conversation between the Secretary of State and Dr Silver on Palestine at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel', 14 November 1946 PREM 8/627, quoted in Carruthers, Winning Hearts and Minds, p. 61.
22. Quoted in N. Bethell, The Palestine Triangle, p. 241.
23. Zadka, Blood in Zion, pp. 3-4.
24. Cunningham to Colonial Office, 15 November 1947 quoted in Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 245.
25. Zadka, Blood in Zion, pp. 7, 8, 170.
26. The Memoirs of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (London: Collins, 1958), p. 466, see ch. 29. See also N. Hamilton, Monty: The Field Marshal 1944-76 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986), pp. 674, 677, 689, 705.
27. The Memoirs of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (London: Collins, 1958), p. 466, see ch. 29. See also N. Hamilton, Monty: The Field Marshal 1944-76 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986), pp. 674, 677, 689, 705.
28. E. Monroe, Britain's Moment in the Middle East (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), p. 165, M. J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 276; F. S. Northedge, Descent from Power, British Foreign Policy 1945-73 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1974), p. 163; Carruthers, Winning Hearts and Minds, p. 64.
29. E. Monroe, Britain's Moment in the Middle East (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), p. 165, M. J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 276; F. S. Northedge, Descent from Power, British Foreign Policy 1945-73 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1974), p. 163; Carruthers, Winning Hearts and Minds, p. 64.
30. E. Monroe, Britain's Moment in the Middle East (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), p. 165, M. J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 276; F. S. Northedge, Descent from Power, British Foreign Policy 1945-73 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1974), p. 163; Carruthers, Winning Hearts and Minds, p. 64.
31. E. Monroe, Britain's Moment in the Middle East (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), p. 165, M. J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 276; F. S. Northedge, Descent from Power, British Foreign Policy 1945-73 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1974), p. 163; Carruthers, Winning Hearts and Minds, p. 64.
32. John Darwin, The End of the British Empire (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), pp. 18, 21.
33. K. Younger 'Public Opinion and Foreign Policy', British Journal of Sociology, 6 June 1955, p. 172, Younger cited the Palestine example.
34. S. Howe Anti-Colonialism in British Politics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993), p. 325.
35. L. D. Epstein, British Politics in the Suez Crisis (London: Pall Mall Press, 1964), p. 139.
36. Quoted in M. Lyus and P. Hennessy, 'Tony Blair, Past Prime Ministers, Parliament and the Use of Military Force' Strathclyde Papers on Government and Politics, no. 113 (1999), p. 11.
37. A. Horne, Harold Macmillan: Volume 1 1894-1956 (London: Viking, 1989), pp. 410, 412.
38. S. Lucas, Britain and Suez (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), p. 100, see also Epstein, pp. 141, 144.
39. S. Lucas, Britain and Suez (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), p. 100, see also Epstein, pp. 141, 144.
40. Epstein, British Politics in the Suez Crisis, p. 144, K. Younger, 'Public Opinion and British Foreign Policy', International Affairs, 40:1 (1964), p. 27.
41. Epstein, British Politics in the Suez Crisis, p. 144, K. Younger, 'Public Opinion and British Foreign Policy', International Affairs, 40:1 (1964), p. 27.
42. Epstein, British Politics in the Suez Crisis, p. 204.
43. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 231, 230. On Rhodesia see J. Frankel, British Foreign Policy 1945-73 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 42; R. C. Good, UDI: The International Politics of the Rhodesian Rebellion, (London: Faber and Faber, 1973), p. 62; Harold Wilson, The Labour Government 1964-70, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 181.
44. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 231, 230. On Rhodesia see J. Frankel, British Foreign Policy 1945-73 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 42; R. C. Good, UDI: The International Politics of the Rhodesian Rebellion, (London: Faber and Faber, 1973), p. 62; Harold Wilson, The Labour Government 1964-70, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 181.
45. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 231, 230. On Rhodesia see J. Frankel, British Foreign Policy 1945-73 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 42; R. C. Good, UDI: The International Politics of the Rhodesian Rebellion, (London: Faber and Faber, 1973), p. 62; Harold Wilson, The Labour Government 1964-70, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 181.
46. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 231, 230. On Rhodesia see J. Frankel, British Foreign Policy 1945-73 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 42; R. C. Good, UDI: The International Politics of the Rhodesian Rebellion, (London: Faber and Faber, 1973), p. 62; Harold Wilson, The Labour Government 1964-70, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 181.
47. L. Freedman and V. Gamba-Stonehouse, Signals of War (London: Faber and Faber, 1990), p. 122.
48. See 'The Falklands War: The Home Front', in G. Philo (ed.), Glasgow Media Group Reader, Vol 2: Industry, Economy, War and Politics (London: Routledge, 1995); G. M. Dillon, The Falklands: Politics and War (London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 117; M. Hastings and S. Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands (London: Michael Joseph, 1983), pp. 135-6.
49. See 'The Falklands War: The Home Front', in G. Philo (ed.), Glasgow Media Group Reader, Vol 2: Industry, Economy, War and Politics (London: Routledge, 1995); G. M. Dillon, The Falklands: Politics and War (London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 117; M. Hastings and S. Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands (London: Michael Joseph, 1983), pp. 135-6.
50. See 'The Falklands War: The Home Front', in G. Philo (ed.), Glasgow Media Group Reader, Vol 2: Industry, Economy, War and Politics (London: Routledge, 1995); G. M. Dillon, The Falklands: Politics and War (London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 117; M. Hastings and S. Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands (London: Michael Joseph, 1983), pp. 135-6.
51. D. E. Morrison and H. Tumber, Journalists at War: The Dynamics of News Reporting During the Falklands Conflict (London: Sage, 1988), p. 169; L. Freedman, Britain and the Falklands War (Oxford: Blackwell 1988), p. 90; the BBC was aware of the distress that pictures might cause relatives - Harris, Gotcha!, p. 61.
52. D. E. Morrison and H. Tumber, Journalists at War: The Dynamics of News Reporting During the Falklands Conflict (London: Sage, 1988), p. 169; L. Freedman, Britain and the Falklands War (Oxford: Blackwell 1988), p. 90; the BBC was aware of the distress that pictures might cause relatives - Harris, Gotcha!, p. 61.
53. D. E. Morrison and H. Tumber, Journalists at War: The Dynamics of News Reporting During the Falklands Conflict (London: Sage, 1988), p. 169; L. Freedman, Britain and the Falklands War (Oxford: Blackwell 1988), p. 90; the BBC was aware of the distress that pictures might cause relatives - Harris, Gotcha!, p. 61.
54. Harris, Gotcha!, p. 64.
55. Glasgow University Media Group (GUMG), 'The Falklands War: The Home Front', p. 105. Hastings and Jenkins, in The Battle for the Falklands, p. 136 state: 'Visitors to service communities, where the true price of war would be paid, found local people unconvinced that the case was worth the loss of life'.
56. Glasgow University Media Group (GUMG), 'The Falklands War: The Home Front', p. 105. Hastings and Jenkins, in The Battle for the Falklands, p. 136 state: 'Visitors to service communities, where the true price of war would be paid, found local people unconvinced that the case was worth the loss of life'.
57. 'The Falklands War: The Home Front', GUMG, p. 131; Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, p. 183.
58. 'The Falklands War: The Home Front', GUMG, p. 131; Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, p. 183.
59. Freedman, Britain and the Falklands War, p. 95.
60. Letter Lord Lewin quoted in Anthony Beevor, 'The Implications of Social Change on the British Army', British Army Review, no. 104 (1993), p. 17.
61. For a review see F. Halliday, 'Manipulation and Limits: Media Coverage of the Gulf War, 1990-91, in T. Allen and J. Seaton (eds.), The Media of Conflict (London: Zed, 1999).
62. For a discussion of why Northern Ireland is not like any other part of the UK, see P. Dixon, 'Internationalization and Unionist Isolation', Political Studies, 43:3, September, 1995.
63. Adrian Guelke, Northern Ireland: An International Perspective, (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1988), p. 198.
64. J. Haines, The Politics of Power (London: Coronet, 1977), p. 114.
65. G. FitzGerald, All in a Life (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1991), pp. 237-8.
66. Irish Times 20 July 1983, 21 July 1983 and FitzGerald, All in a Life, p. 255.
67. Irish Times 20 July 1983, 21 July 1983 and FitzGerald, All in a Life, p. 255.
68. House of Commons Debates, vol. 857, col. 1808/9, 14 June 1973, Max Hastings made a similar point, Evening Standard 6 September 1971.
69. House of Commons Debates, vol. 857, col. 1808/9, 14 June 1973, Max Hastings made a similar point, Evening Standard 6 September 1971.
70. Maria Maguire, To Take Arms (London: Macmillan, 1973), p. 74.
71. See Gallup Political Index for these figures.
72. R. Rose, et al., 'Is there a concurring majority about Northern Ireland?', Strathclyde Papers in Public Policy, 1978.
73. L. Curtis, Ireland: The Propaganda War (London: Pluto, 1984), pp. 9, 17.
74. For a detailed account of the importance of bipartisanship, see P. Dixon, '"A House Divided Cannot Stand": Britain, Bipartisanship and Northern Ireland', Contemporary Record (Summer 1995), pp. 147-87.
75. Desmond Hamill, Pig in the Middle: The Army in Northern Ireland 1969-84 (London: Methuen, 1985), p. 26, see also p. 34.
76. See for example D. Miller, Don't Mention the War: Northern Ireland, Propaganda and the Media (London: Pluto, 1994).
77. The Guardian, 10 November 1995.
78. P. Dixon, 'Counter-Insurgency Strategy and the Crisis of the British State', in P. Rich and R. Stubbs (eds.), Counter Insurgent States, (London: Macmillan, 1997).
79. D. Hurd, Shoot To Kill (London: Collins, 1975), p. 127; for a fuller discussion of Hurd's novel, see P. Dixon, 'A House Divided Cannot Stand'.
80. D. Hurd, Shoot To Kill (London: Collins, 1975), p. 127; for a fuller discussion of Hurd's novel, see P. Dixon, 'A House Divided Cannot Stand'.
81. P. Dixon, 'Counter-Insurgency Strategy'.
82. The Statement on the Defence Estimates 1975, Cmnd 5976 (London: HMSO, 1975), Annex G, p. 103. Annual Abstract of Statistics 1976 (London: HMSO, 1976).
83. The Statement on the Defence Estimates 1975, Cmnd 5976 (London: HMSO, 1975), Annex G, p. 103. Annual Abstract of Statistics 1976 (London: HMSO, 1976).
84. The Times, 20 June 1973.
85. R. Deutsch and V. Magowan, Northern Ireland A Chronology of Events: vol.3 1974 (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1975), p. 29.
86. The Times, 29 August 1973.
87. M. Fay, et al., Northern Ireland's Troubles: The Human Costs (London: Pluto, 1999), pp. 159-60.
88. P. J. Dietz (British Army HQ Scotland) and J. F. Stone (Royal Military College of Science), 'The British All-Volunteer Army', Armed Forces and Society, 1:2 (February 1975), p. 171.
89. David James MP, Irish Visit - October 10th-17th 1972, Conservative Central Office.
90. Richard Rose found in his analysis of a 1983 poll that 43 per cent of men favoured withdrawal from Northern Ireland while 58 per cent of women did. Only on reducing sex and nudity in the media did men and women disagree more, R. Rose, Politics in England, 4th edn. (London: Faber and Faber, 1985), p. 167. For a discussion of women and international relations see F. Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1994), ch. 7.
91. Richard Rose found in his analysis of a 1983 poll that 43 per cent of men favoured withdrawal from Northern Ireland while 58 per cent of women did. Only on reducing sex and nudity in the media did men and women disagree more, R. Rose, Politics in England, 4th edn. (London: Faber and Faber, 1985), p. 167. For a discussion of women and international relations see F. Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1994), ch. 7.
92. Dixon, '"A Real Stirring in the Nation": The Crisis of the British Army over Northern Ireland', in G. Stanyer (ed.), Contemporary Political Studies (Longman, 1996), p. 1765.
93. Report of the Advisory Committee on Recruiting (Cmnd 545) (London: HMSO, October 1958), p. 7.
94. A. Beevor, Inside the British Army, (London: Corgi, 1993), p. xiii.
95. P. Dixon, 'Counter-Insurgency Strategy', pp. 182-7.
96. D. Anderson and D. Killingray, Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism and the Police 1917-65, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992). Hugh Beach, 'New Coalitions for Peacemaking', pp. 108-9 also raises the issues of impartiality and expediency.
97. D. Anderson and D. Killingray, Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism and the Police 1917-65, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992). Hugh Beach, 'New Coalitions for Peacemaking', pp. 108-9 also raises the issues of impartiality and expediency.
98. J. Gow, Triumph of the Lack of Will (London: Hurst and Co., 1997), p. 306.
99. J. Gow, 'British Perspectives' in A. Danchev and T. Halverson (eds.), International Perspectives on the Yugoslav Conflict (London: Macmillan, 1996), p. 89. P. Towle, 'The British Debate about Intervention in European Conflicts' in L. Freedman (ed.), Military Intervention in European Conflicts (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 101-2.
100. J. Gow, 'British Perspectives' in A. Danchev and T. Halverson (eds.), International Perspectives on the Yugoslav Conflict (London: Macmillan, 1996), p. 89. P. Towle, 'The British Debate about Intervention in European Conflicts' in L. Freedman (ed.), Military Intervention in European Conflicts (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 101-2.
101. Gow, Triumph of the Lack of Will, pp. 181-2.
102. Financial Times, 31 December 1994-1 January 1995.
103. Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995), p. 175; also Jane Sharp, Honest Broker or Perfidious Albion? British Policy in Former Yugoslavia (London: IPPR, 1997), p. 11.
104. Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995), p. 175; also Jane Sharp, Honest Broker or Perfidious Albion? British Policy in Former Yugoslavia (London: IPPR, 1997), p. 11.
105. Sharp, Honest Broker or Perfidious Albion?, p. 7.
106. Badsey, SCSI, p. 13.
107. Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, p. 466.
108. Quoted in The Independent, 18-20 November 1991.
109. Douglas Hurd, Bloody Bosnia, Channel 4, 2 August 1993. There was Serbian lobbying of the Conservative Party and later Douglas Hurd became Director of Natwest Markets and helped to reschedule Serb debts and privatize its telecommunications industry, Sharp, pp. 21, 67.
110. D. Hurd, The Search for Peace, (London: Little, Brown, 1997), p. 11.
111. Hurd, The Search for Peace, p. 130. Dame Pauline Neville-Jones, former Diplomat and a British representative at the Dayton talks, has also questioned whether British public opinion would risk its service personnel in military interventions, The Big Idea, BBC2 18 July 1999.
112. Hurd, The Search for Peace, p. 130. Dame Pauline Neville-Jones, former Diplomat and a British representative at the Dayton talks, has also questioned whether British public opinion would risk its service personnel in military interventions, The Big Idea, BBC2 18 July 1999.
113. The Observer, 31 January 1993.
114. There is some evidence that MI6 was involved in attempting to influence public opinion during the Bosnian civil war against more forceful intervention, Guardian, 21 December 1998.
115. Towle, 'The British Debate about Intervention', p. 99.
116. Christopher Bellamy, Knights in White Armour (London: Pimlico, 1997), p. 253.
117. See various newspapers, 28-31 June 1995.
118. Bellamy, Knights in White Armour, p. 200.
119. The Times, 2 November 1995.
120. Antony Beevor, 'The Soldiers Preferred Margaret', New Statesman, 19 April 1999.
121. Andrew Rawnsley, 'Saving Ryan's Privates', The Observer 4 April 1999. Simon Jenkins, a columnist with The Times, argued that public opinion would not support troops going in on the ground, The Observer, 18 April 1999.
122. Andrew Rawnsley, 'Saving Ryan's Privates', The Observer 4 April 1999. Simon Jenkins, a columnist with The Times, argued that public opinion would not support troops going in on the ground, The Observer, 18 April 1999.
123. Andrew Rawnsley, 'Saving Ryan's Privates', The Observer 4 April 1999. Simon Jenkins, a columnist with The Times, argued that public opinion would not support troops going in on the ground, The Observer, 18 April 1999.
124. 'Army Chiefs call for EU "backbone"', The Observer, 25 July 1999.
125. The Daily Telegraph, 14 April 1999.
126. The Daily Telegraph, 26 April 1999.
127. The Guardian, 11 May 1999.
128. John Keegan, 'Wars are not Won by Spin Doctors', The Daily Telegraph, 25 April 1999.
129. Alastair Campbell, 'J'accuse', The Guardian, 10 July 1999.
130. The Guardian, 12 May 1999, see also 'Blair Accused of Bungling the War', The Daily Telegraph, 12 May 1999.
131. The Guardian, 12 May 1999, see also 'Blair Accused of Bungling the War', The Daily Telegraph, 12 May 1999.
132. The Observer, 18 April, 1999.
133. Beevor, 'The Implications of Social Change on the British Army', British Army Review, 104 (1993), p. 17.
134. On Northern Ireland see also A. Jennings, 'Shoot to Kill: The Final Courts of Justice', in A. Jennings (ed.), Justice Under Fire: The Abuse of Civil Liberties in Northern Ireland (London: Pluto Press, 1988). See Bourke, An Intimate Histry of Killing, ch. 6 on the difficulties in bringing the perpetrators of the My Lai massacre and other soldiers to justice. On Northern Ireland see M. Urban, Big Boys' Rules: The SAS and the Secret Struggle against the IRA (London: Faber and Faber, 1992), pp. 72-3.
135. On Northern Ireland see also A. Jennings, 'Shoot to Kill: The Final Courts of Justice', in A. Jennings (ed.), Justice Under Fire: The Abuse of Civil Liberties in Northern Ireland (London: Pluto Press, 1988). See Bourke, An Intimate Histry of Killing, ch. 6 on the difficulties in bringing the perpetrators of the My Lai massacre and other soldiers to justice. On Northern Ireland see M. Urban, Big Boys' Rules: The SAS and the Secret Struggle against the IRA (London: Faber and Faber, 1992), pp. 72-3.
136. On Northern Ireland see also A. Jennings, 'Shoot to Kill: The Final Courts of Justice', in A. Jennings (ed.), Justice Under Fire: The Abuse of Civil Liberties in Northern Ireland (London: Pluto Press, 1988). See Bourke, An Intimate Histry of Killing, ch. 6 on the difficulties in bringing the perpetrators of the My Lai massacre and other soldiers to justice. On Northern Ireland see M. Urban, Big Boys' Rules: The SAS and the Secret Struggle against the IRA (London: Faber and Faber, 1992), pp. 72-3.
137. New York Times, 11 February 1995.
138. The Observer, 10 October 1999.
139. Ellen Jones, 'Social Change and Civil-Military Relations', in T. J. Colton and T. Gustafson (eds.), Soldiers and the Soviet State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 256.
140. Edward Luttwak, 'Where Are the Great Powers? At Home with the Kids', Foreign Affairs, July/August 1994, p. 24.
141. P. M. Taylor, 'War and the Media', Sandhurst lecture (1995), p. 10. See Schlesinger, et al., 1983 for an explanation of the conservative tradition of thought which has given rise to such a sensitivity to the media, 'If an easily-persuaded, irrational mass audience, highly susceptible to televised propaganda, is assumed, it becomes logical to suppose that 'a television programme may be an act of war . . .', p. 141.
142. P. M. Taylor, 'War and the Media', Sandhurst lecture (1995), p. 10. See Schlesinger, et al., 1983 for an explanation of the conservative tradition of thought which has given rise to such a sensitivity to the media, 'If an easily-persuaded, irrational mass audience, highly susceptible to televised propaganda, is assumed, it becomes logical to suppose that 'a television programme may be an act of war . . .', p. 141.
143. P. Young and P. Jesser, The Media and the Military (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 272-3, 296.
144. Ibid., p. 61.
145. P. Schlesinger 'From Production to Propaganda?', Media, Culture and Society, 11 (1989), p. 289.
146. Hallin, The 'Uncensored War', p. 213.
147. P. Schlesinger, et al., Televising Terrorism: Political Violence in Popular Culture (London: Comedia, 1983), p. 131, Miller, Don't Mention the War, p. 280.
148. P. Schlesinger, et al., Televising Terrorism: Political Violence in Popular Culture (London: Comedia, 1983), p. 131, Miller, Don't Mention the War, p. 280.
149. Morrison and Tumber, Journalists at War, p. 347.
150. P. U. Taylor, British Propaganda in the Twentieth Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), p. 173.
151. Ed Vulliamy, 'Shootbat squaddies' hidden battles', The Guardian, 2 April 1996, see also Bellamy, Knights in White Armour, p. 154.
152. Ed Vulliamy, 'Shootbat squaddies' hidden battles', The Guardian, 2 April 1996, see also Bellamy, Knights in White Armour, p. 154.
153. There was tension in civil-military relations over Kosovo with claims from military sources that they led the war and not the politicians, The Guardian 20 August 1999.
154. H. Strachan, The Politics of the British Army (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), p. 265.
155. Robert Fisk's review in the Irish Times, 22 January 1999 of Carl Bildt's, Peace Journey: The Struggle for Peace in Bosnia (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998).
156. Robert Fisk's review in the Irish Times, 22 January 1999 of Carl Bildt's, Peace Journey: The Struggle for Peace in Bosnia (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998).
157. These include Chris Bellamy, Robert Cooper, Chris Dandeker, Denis Duncanson, James Gow, Anatol Lieven.
158. The Economist, 25 November 1997.
159. J. Sharp, Honest Broker or Perfidious Albion?, pp. 37, 40, 63.
160. The Guardian, 30 January 1999.
161. The Observer, 15 February 1999.
162. M. Ignatieff, 'The Seductiveness of Moral Disgust', Social Research, 62:1 (Spring 1995), p. 88. For a similar point see Douglas Hurd, The Search for Peace, pp. 251-3.
163. M. Ignatieff, 'The Seductiveness of Moral Disgust', Social Research, 62:1 (Spring 1995), p. 88. For a similar point see Douglas Hurd, The Search for Peace, pp. 251-3.