Hedley Bull's pluralism of the intellect and solidarism of the will

International Affairs

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 91-107

  Wheeler, Nicholas J ^a   Dunne, Timothy ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0039336619     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2624751     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellism: the doctrine of raison d'état and its plate in modern history (London: Routledge, 1957), p. 21.
2. Andrew Linklater, Beyond realism and Marxism (London: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 8-33. For an elaboration of these positions in terms of practices of security policy see K. Booth and N. J. Wheeler, 'Contending philosophies of European security', in C. J. McInnes ed., Security and strategy in a changing Europe (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 3-36.
3. Andrew Linklater, Beyond realism and Marxism (London: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 8-33. For an elaboration of these positions in terms of practices of security policy see K. Booth and N. J. Wheeler, 'Contending philosophies of European security', in C. J. McInnes ed., Security and strategy in a changing Europe (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 3-36.
4. Hedley Bull, 'The twenty years' crisis thirty years on', International Journal 42: 4, Autumn 1969, p. 638.
5. E. H. Carr, The twenty years' crisis 1919-1939 (London: Macmillan, 1946), p. 75.
6. Bull, 'The twenty years' crisis thirty years on', p. 629.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 638.
9. Without engaging in an extended discussion of the interpretation of Carr's work, we would argue that Bull's reading is unbalanced for two reasons. First, he underestimates the importance of morality in The twenty years' crisis, and Carr's prescription that political theory required both realism and utopianism, morality and power (although admittedly the relationship between these polarities is ambiguous). Second, by focusing on only The twenty years' crisis, Bull is not sufficiently sympathetic to the strong utopian undercurrent of Carr's other works in international relations. The utopian dimension of Carr's thought is brought out strongly in K. Booth, 'Security in anarchy: utopian realism in theory and practice', International Affairs, 67: 3, 1991, pp. 527-45.
10. Without engaging in an extended discussion of the interpretation of Carr's work, we would argue that Bull's reading is unbalanced for two reasons. First, he underestimates the importance of morality in The twenty years' crisis, and Carr's prescription that political theory required both realism and utopianism, morality and power (although admittedly the relationship between these polarities is ambiguous). Second, by focusing on only The twenty years' crisis, Bull is not sufficiently sympathetic to the strong utopian undercurrent of Carr's other works in international relations. The utopian dimension of Carr's thought is brought out strongly in K. Booth, 'Security in anarchy: utopian realism in theory and practice', International Affairs, 67: 3, 1991, pp. 527-45.
11. Hedley Bull, The anarchical society, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan, 1995), p. 40.
12. Ibid., p. 13. Andrew Hurrell has argued that 'the subjective sense of being bound by a community was the cornerstone of his definition of international society': Hurrell, 'International society and the study of regimes: a reflective approach', in Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime theory and international relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993), p. 63.
13. Ibid., p. 13. Andrew Hurrell has argued that 'the subjective sense of being bound by a community was the cornerstone of his definition of international society': Hurrell, 'International society and the study of regimes: a reflective approach', in Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime theory and international relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993), p. 63.
14. This point is captured well by R. J. Vincent's epigram, ubi societas ibi jus est: R. J. Vincent, 'Order in international politics', in J. D. B. Miller and R. J. Vincent, eds, Order and violence: Hedley Bull and international relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), p. 55.
15. This point is captured well by R. J. Vincent's epigram, ubi societas ibi jus est: R. J. Vincent, 'Order in international politics', in J. D. B. Miller and R. J. Vincent, eds, Order and violence: Hedley Bull and international relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), p. 55.
16. Bull, The anarchical society, p. 140.
17. For a discussion of this see Andrew Linklater, 'What is a good international citizen?', in Paul Keal, ed., Ethics and foreign policy (Canberra: Allen and Unwin, 1992), pp. 28-9.
18. Linklater, Beyond realism, p. 14
19. Stanley Hoffmann argued that although Bull showed that society could exist amid anarchy, he left unanswered the question whether society could overcome the state of war. In Hoffmann's words, 'how much society, as it were, is likely to flourish in an anarachical structure?': Hoffmann, 'International society', in Miller and Vincent, eds, Order and violence, p. 26.
20. Numbered among those who regard Bull as a realist: Fred Halliday, 'International society as homogeniety', Millennium 21: 3, Winter 1992, p. 438; Martin Griffiths, Realism, idealism and international politics: a reinterpretation (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 155-67; Anthony McGrew, Paul G. Lewis, et al., Global politics (Oxford: Polity, 1992), p. 19.
21. Numbered among those who regard Bull as a realist: Fred Halliday, 'International society as homogeniety', Millennium 21: 3, Winter 1992, p. 438; Martin Griffiths, Realism, idealism and international politics: a reinterpretation (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 155-67; Anthony McGrew, Paul G. Lewis, et al., Global politics (Oxford: Polity, 1992), p. 19.
22. Numbered among those who regard Bull as a realist: Fred Halliday, 'International society as homogeniety', Millennium 21: 3, Winter 1992, p. 438; Martin Griffiths, Realism, idealism and international politics: a reinterpretation (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 155-67; Anthony McGrew, Paul G. Lewis, et al., Global politics (Oxford: Polity, 1992), p. 19.
23. The classical treatment of pluralist and solidarist conceptions of international society is to be found in Hedley Bull, 'The Grotian conception of international society', paper given to the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics, 15 April 1962, published in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight, eds, Diplomatic investigations (London: Allen and Unwin, 1966).
24. Linklater, Beyond realism, p. 20.
25. Bull, 'Grotian conception', p. 52.
26. Bull, The anarchical society, p. 238.
27. Bull, 'Grotian conception', p. 63.
28. Bull, 'The Grotian conception of international society', minutes of British Committee discussion following the paper.
29. Bull, 'Grotian conception', p. 72.
30. Bull, The anarchical society, p. 21.
31. For deeper explorations of this argument see Robert Jackson, 'Martin Wight, international theory and the good life', Millennium 19: 2, Summer 1990, pp. 261-72; Terry Nardin, Law, morality and the relations of states (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983); Chris Brown, International relations theory: new normative approaches (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992).
32. For deeper explorations of this argument see Robert Jackson, 'Martin Wight, international theory and the good life', Millennium 19: 2, Summer 1990, pp. 261-72; Terry Nardin, Law, morality and the relations of states (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983); Chris Brown, International relations theory: new normative approaches (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992).
33. For deeper explorations of this argument see Robert Jackson, 'Martin Wight, international theory and the good life', Millennium 19: 2, Summer 1990, pp. 261-72; Terry Nardin, Law, morality and the relations of states (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983); Chris Brown, International relations theory: new normative approaches (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992).
34. Jackson, 'Martin Wight', p. 267.
35. Bull, The anarchical society, p. 200.
36. Ibid., pp. 221-2.
37. Ibid., p. 288.
38. Hedley Bull, 'The great irresponsibles? The United States, the Soviet Union and world order', International Journal 35: 3, Summer 1980, p. 447.
39. For an incisive discussion on this point see Andrew Hurrell, 'Society and anarchy in the 1990s', in B. A. Robertson, ed., The structure of international society (London: Pinter, 1996).
40. An argument made by, among others, James Mayall, Nationalism and international society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) and Robert Jackson, Quasi-states: sovereignty, international relations, and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
41. An argument made by, among others, James Mayall, Nationalism and international society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) and Robert Jackson, Quasi-states: sovereignty, international relations, and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
42. Bull, The anarchical society, p. 249.
43. Hedley Bull, Justice in international relations, Hagey Lectures, University of Waterloo, Ontario, 1984, p. 18.
44. Ibid., p. 13.
45. Chris Brown puts this point lucidly: 'If diversity entails that states have the right to mistreat their populations, then it is difficult to see why such diversity is to be valued.' Brown International relations theory, p. 125.
46. Bull, Justice, p. 12.
47. Ibid., p. 13.
48. Ibid., p. 14.
49. It is possible that Bull may have envisaged a role for 'middle powers' as agents of a world common good, since they are powerful enough to be responsible but not so powerful as to be purely self-interested. See Paul Keal, 'Introduction', in Keal, ed., Ethics and foreign policy, pp. 9-11.
50. Not without reservations, we have decided to follow Bull's use of the terms 'North' and 'South'.
51. Bull, Justice, p. 13. Bull and Watson use the term 'quasi-states' in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, eds, The expansion of international society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), p. 430.
52. Bull, Justice, p. 13. Bull and Watson use the term 'quasi-states' in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, eds, The expansion of international society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), p. 430.
53. Bull, Justice, p. 33.
54. Richard Shapcott, 'Conversation and coexistence: Gadamer and the interpretation of international society', Millennium 32: 1, Spring 1994, pp. 81-2.
55. Bull, Justice, p. 13.
56. Ibid., p. 14.
57. Ibid., p. 14.
58. Hedley Bull, 'The international anarchy in the 1980s', Australian Outlook 37: 3, December 1983, pp. 128-9 (emphasis added).
59. Although in The twenty years' crisis, Carr makes the 'morality' argument in terms of self-determination. See Carr, The twenty years' crisis, pp. 282-3.
60. Although in The twenty years' crisis, Carr makes the 'morality' argument in terms of self-determination. See Carr, The twenty years' crisis, pp. 282-3.
61. Quoted in L. D. Freedman, 'The Gulf War and the New World Order', Survival 33: 3, 1991, pp. 195-6.
62. See A. Hurrell, 'Collective security and international order revisited', International Relations 11: 1, 1992, p. 49.
63. Martin Shaw, Global society and international relations (Oxford: Polity, 1994), p. 183.
64. Robert H. Jackson, 'The political theory of international society', in K. Booth and S. Smith, eds, International relations theory today (Oxford: Polity, 1995), pp. 122-3.
65. Michael Ignatieff, 'The seductiveness of moral disgust', Social Research 62: 1, 1995, p. 98.
66. Hedley Bull, ed., Intervention in world politics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984), p. 193. For a fuller analysis of Bull's views on humanitarian intervention see Nicholas J. Wheeler, 'Pluralist and solidarist conceptions of international society: Bull and Vincent on humanitarian intervention', Millennium 21: 3, Winter 1992, pp. 463-89.
67. Hedley Bull, ed., Intervention in world politics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984), p. 193. For a fuller analysis of Bull's views on humanitarian intervention see Nicholas J. Wheeler, 'Pluralist and solidarist conceptions of international society: Bull and Vincent on humanitarian intervention', Millennium 21: 3, Winter 1992, pp. 463-89.
68. For a reassertion of the primacy of economic rights see the literature on 'Asian values', e.g. Yash Ghai, Human rights and governance: the Asia debate, The Asia Foundation, Occasional Paper no. 4, November 1994.
69. K. Booth, 'Human wrongs and international relations', International Affairs 71: 1, 1995, pp. 103-26.
70. We borrow this phrase from Henry Shue, who used it to describe the deaths of millions of Asians during the Second World War, a holocaust which has been largely ignored by the Western academy. See Henry Shue, Basic rights: subsistence, affluence, and US foreign policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 201.
71. Michael Walzer, 'The politics of rescue', Dissent, Winter 1995, p. 38.
72. In his recent foreword to the second edition of Bull's The anarchical society Hoffmann argues that the problem of quasi-states is a central 'problem today' for the maintenance of international order: Hoffmann, 'Foreword: revisiting The anarchical society', in Bull, The anarchical society, p. xi.
73. In his recent foreword to the second edition of Bull's The anarchical society Hoffmann argues that the problem of quasi-states is a central 'problem today' for the maintenance of international order: Hoffmann, 'Foreword: revisiting The anarchical society', in Bull, The anarchical society, p. xi.
74. In his recent foreword to the second edition of Bull's The anarchical society Hoffmann argues that the problem of quasi-states is a central 'problem today' for the maintenance of international order: Hoffmann, 'Foreword: revisiting The anarchical society', in Bull, The anarchical society, p. xi.