(Pre)conceptions in European law

Journal of Law and Society

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 198-212

  Ward, Ian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039334020     PISSN: 0263323X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1410416     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. The most persuasive account of this history is Alan Milward's. See his The European Rescue of the Nation-State (1992). have tried to develop this theme in a legal perspective in 'The European Constitution and the Nation-State' (1996) 16 Oxford J. of Legal Studies 161-74.
2. The most persuasive account of this history is Alan Milward's. See his The European Rescue of the Nation-State (1992). have tried to develop this theme in a legal perspective in 'The European Constitution and the Nation-State' (1996) 16 Oxford J. of Legal Studies 161-74.
3. The wider political ambitions were, of course, present in the sense of being appreciated by the founding fathers. Monnet's own Memoirs reveal the extent to which he envisaged a complementary political integration of Europe. However, these ambitions, invariably best supported amongst the institutions of the Community by the Commission, have consistently been opposed by at least some of the nation states. At present the most consistent opponent is, of course, the United Kingdom. It should be pointed out the Union and Community are not congruent. The Community remains that established by the Treaty of Rome, amended in the Single European Act and Treaty on European Union. The Union was established at Maastricht, and is familiarly described as being founded on three 'pillars', one of which is the Community. The Community is the only one for which there are laws justiciable before the European Court of Justice. This dissonance regarding justiciability is only one of the regrettably confusing results of the intergovernmental negotiations which governed the determination of the final Treaty at Maastricht.
4. S. Williams, 'Sovereignty and Accountability in the European Community' in The New European Community: Decisionmaking and Institutional Change, eds. R. Keohane and S. Hoffmann (1991) 155.
5. See P. Raworth, 'A Timid Step Forwards: Maastricht and the Democratisation of the European Community' (1994) 19 European Law Rev. 16.
6. See, for example, W. Nicholl, 'Representing the States', R. Corbett, 'Representing the People', and J. Finder, 'Building the Union: Policy, Reform, Constitution', all in Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union, eds. A. Duff et al. (1994), at 190-206, 207-28 and 269-85 respectively.
7. See, for example, W. Nicholl, 'Representing the States', R. Corbett, 'Representing the People', and J. Finder, 'Building the Union: Policy, Reform, Constitution', all in Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union, eds. A. Duff et al. (1994), at 190-206, 207-28 and 269-85 respectively.
8. See, for example, W. Nicholl, 'Representing the States', R. Corbett, 'Representing the People', and J. Finder, 'Building the Union: Policy, Reform, Constitution', all in Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union, eds. A. Duff et al. (1994), at 190-206, 207-28 and 269-85 respectively.
9. N. McCormick, 'Beyond the Sovereign State' (1993) 56 Modern Law Rev. 1.
10. See E. Wistrich, The United States of Europe (1994), particularly 97-114.
11. D. Coombes, 'Problems of Governance in the Union' in Duff, op. cit., n. 5, p. 157, quotation at pp. 177-8.
12. See P. Gabel, 'The Phenomenology of Rights-Consciousness and the Pact of the Withdrawn Selves' (1984) 62 Texas Law Rev. at 1596, for example.
13. J. Boyle, 'The Politics of Reason: Critical Legal Theory and Local Social Thought' (1985) 133 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 685.
14. J. Frug, 'Administrative Democracy' (1990) 40 University of Toronto Law J. 574.
15. K. Klare, 'The Quest for Industrial Democracy and the Struggle Against Racism: Perspectives from Labor Law and Civil Rights Law' (1982) 61 Oregon Law Rev. 200
16. K. Klare, 'Critical Theory and Labor Relations Law' in The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique, ed. D. Kairys (1982) 84.
17. For an account, see D. Nicholls, The Pluralist State (1994) 4-16.
18. P. Hirst (ed.), The Pluralist Theory of the State: Selected Writings of G.D.H. Cole, J.N. Figgis, and H.J. Laski (1993) 8.
19. See Nicholls, op. cit., n. 14, pp. 33-4 and 49-52.
20. For the complementary emergence of federalism in English economic and political thought, see P. Ransome (ed.), Towards the United States of Europe (1991) 13-40.
21. Nicholls, id., pp. 77-89.
22. Hirst, op. cit., n. 15, pp. 36-8.
23. S. Holland, UnCommon Market (1980), particularly chs. 2-3 and 5-7.
24. M. Wise and R. Gibb, Single Market to Social Europe (1993) 146-7.
25. id., 152-60.
26. See J. Shaw, 'Twin-Track Social Europe - the Inside Track' in Legal Issues of the Maastricht Treaty, eds. D. O'Keeffe and P. Twomey (1994) 295-311.
27. In Nicholls, op. cit., n. 14, p. 130.
28. See Coombes, op. cit., n. 8, p. 167, discussing the ambiguous potential.
29. In P. Spicker, 'The Principles of Subsidiarity and the Social Policy of the European Community (1991) 1 J. of European Social Policy 3-4.
30. S. Holland, The European Imperative: Economic and Social Cohesion in the 1990s (1993) 16-7 and 128-55.
31. A. Teasdale, 'Subsidiarity in Post-Maastricht Europe' (1993) 64 Political Q. 187.
32. President of the Council, Ruud Lubbers, commented: 'I respect subsidiarity. As you know, for the Germans, the word for this is federalism'.
33. J. Peterson, 'Subsidiarity: A Definition to Suit Any Vision?' (1994) 47 Parliamentary Affairs 120-1.
34. N. Emiliou, 'Subsidiarity: An Effective Barrier Against "the Enterprises of Ambition"?' (1992) 17 European Law Rev. 383.
35. I. Harden, 'The Constitution of the European Union' (1994) Public Law 613, 620 and 624.
36. See A. Toth, 'Is Subsidiarity Justiciable?' (1994) 19 European Law Rev. 268.
37. P. Teague, 'Coordination or decentralization? EC social policy and European industrial relations' in The European Community and the Challenge of the Future, ed. J. Lodge (1993) 164-70.
38. B. Fitzpatrick, 'Community Social Law after Maastricht' (1992) 21 Industrial Law J. 201 and 207-8.
39. C. McGlynn, 'European Works Councils: Towards Industrial Democracy?' (1995) 24 Industrial Law J. 78.
40. C. Close, 'Citizenship of the Union and Nationality of Member States', in O'Keeffe and Twomey, op. cit., n. 22, p. 109.
41. See M. Andersen et al., 'European Citizenship and Cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs' in Duff, op. cit., n. 5, pp. 106 and 118.
42. J. Grahl and P. Teague, 'Economic Citizenship in the New Europe' (1994) 65 Political Q. 379.
43. D. O'Keeffe, 'The Free Movement of Persons and the Single Market' (1992) 17 European Law Rev. 12-19.
44. See O'Keeffe, 'Union Citizenship' in O'Keeffe and Twomey, op. cit., n. 22, p. 87.
45. H. D'Oliveira, 'Expanding External and Shrinking Internal Borders: Europe's Defence Mechanisms in the Areas of Free Movement, Immigration and Asylum' in id., p. 261. For similar observations, see Andersen et al., 'Citizenship' in Duff, op. cit., n. 5, p. 115.
46. H. D'Oliveira, 'Expanding External and Shrinking Internal Borders: Europe's Defence Mechanisms in the Areas of Free Movement, Immigration and Asylum' in id., p. 261. For similar observations, see Andersen et al., 'Citizenship' in Duff, op. cit., n. 5, p. 115.
47. See Wise and Gibb, op. cit., n. 20, pp. 206-9, and also P. Close, Citizenship, Europe and Change (1995) 34-5.
48. For commentaries on the status of women in the new Union, see L. Ackers, 'Women, Citizenship and European Community Law: The Gender Implications of the Free Movement of Persons' (1994) J. of Social Welfare and Family Law 391, and K. Schiewe, 'EC Law's Unequal Treatment of the Family: The Case Law of the European Court of Justice on Rules Prohibiting Discrimination on Grounds of Sex and Nationality' (1994) 3 Social and Legal Studies 243.
49. For commentaries on the status of women in the new Union, see L. Ackers, 'Women, Citizenship and European Community Law: The Gender Implications of the Free Movement of Persons' (1994) J. of Social Welfare and Family Law 391, and K. Schiewe, 'EC Law's Unequal Treatment of the Family: The Case Law of the European Court of Justice on Rules Prohibiting Discrimination on Grounds of Sex and Nationality' (1994) 3 Social and Legal Studies 243.
50. Holland, op. cit., n. 26, p. 125.
51. See, for example, O'Keeffe, op. cit., n. 40, pp. 87-107.
52. I have discussed the application of a Kantian model of rights in the European Community, in 'Making Sense of Integration: A Philosophy of Law for the European Community' (1993) 17 J. of European Integration 101.
53. See P. Twomey, 'The European Union: three Pillars without a Human Rights Foundation' in O'Keeffe and Twomey, op. cit., n. 22, p. 121.
54. See K. Lenaerts, 'Fundamental Rights to be Included in a Community Catalogue' (1991) 16 European Law Rev. 373-6. Lenaerts actually applauds the inconsistent application of the Convention in the member states. If it was comprehensively adopted by the Community it might, he suggests, threaten the status of the Convention in international law.
55. See J. Weiler, 'Eurocracy and Distrust: Some Questions Concerning the Role of the European Court of Justice in the Protection of Fundamental Rights within the Legal Order of the European Communities' (1986) 61 Washington Law Rev. 1107.
56. See Case 159/90 [1991] 3 CMLR 849. For a commentary, see D. Phelan, 'Right to Life of the Unborn v. Promotion of Trade in Services: The European Court of Justice and the Normative Shaping of the European Union' (1992) 55 Modern Law Rev. 670, and J. Coppel and A. O'Neill, 'The European Court of Justice: taking rights seriously?' (1992) 12 Legal Studies 227. For a reply to this accusation, see J. Weiler and N. Lockhart, '"Taking Rights Seriously" seriously: The European Court and its fundamental rights jurisprudence' (1995) 32 Common Market Law Rev. part 1 at 51 and part 2 at 579.
57. See Case 159/90 [1991] 3 CMLR 849. For a commentary, see D. Phelan, 'Right to Life of the Unborn v. Promotion of Trade in Services: The European Court of Justice and the Normative Shaping of the European Union' (1992) 55 Modern Law Rev. 670, and J. Coppel and A. O'Neill, 'The European Court of Justice: taking rights seriously?' (1992) 12 Legal Studies 227. For a reply to this accusation, see J. Weiler and N. Lockhart, '"Taking Rights Seriously" seriously: The European Court and its fundamental rights jurisprudence' (1995) 32 Common Market Law Rev. part 1 at 51 and part 2 at 579.
58. See Case 159/90 [1991] 3 CMLR 849. For a commentary, see D. Phelan, 'Right to Life of the Unborn v. Promotion of Trade in Services: The European Court of Justice and the Normative Shaping of the European Union' (1992) 55 Modern Law Rev. 670, and J. Coppel and A. O'Neill, 'The European Court of Justice: taking rights seriously?' (1992) 12 Legal Studies 227. For a reply to this accusation, see J. Weiler and N. Lockhart, '"Taking Rights Seriously" seriously: The European Court and its fundamental rights jurisprudence' (1995) 32 Common Market Law Rev. part 1 at 51 and part 2 at 579.
59. Wistrich, op. cit., n. 7, pp. 78-94.
60. Close, op. cit., n. 36, pp. 45-52 and 189-91.
61. id., pp. 55-81.
62. id., pp. 193-5.
63. id., pp. 203-22.
64. id., pp. 242-68.
65. Hirst, op. cit., n. 15, pp. 184-92.
66. id., p. 19.
67. D. Oliver, 'What is Happening to Relationships Between the Individual and the State' in The Changing Constitution, eds. J. Jowell and D. Oliver (1994) 461.
68. J. Lodge 'Towards a Political Union' in Challenge of the Future, ed. J. Lodge (1993) 377-8.
69. See J. Derrida, The Other Heading: Reflections on Today's Europe, trans. P-A. Brault and M. Naas (1992). have discussed Derrida's observations from a legal perspective in 'In Search of a European Identity' (1994) 57 Modern Law Rev. 315.
70. See J. Derrida, The Other Heading: Reflections on Today's Europe, trans. P-A. Brault and M. Naas (1992). have discussed Derrida's observations from a legal perspective in 'In Search of a European Identity' (1994) 57 Modern Law Rev. 315.
71. See Hirst, op. cit., n. 15, p. 76.
72. Wistrich, op. cit., n. 7, pp. 87-94. Shirley Williams has similarly suggested that a European identity might be effected by convincing school children that the Community really does exist. See Williams, op. cit., n. 3, p. 170.