National and state cultural influences on principals' administration of local schools

Publius

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 81-98

  Wirt, Frederick M ^a   Krug, Samuel ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b MetriTech Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039296540     PISSN: 00485950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a004897     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Louis Edelman, "Approaches to the Comparative Analysis of Political Leadership," Review of Politics 52 (1990): 509-523.
2. Gwine Clifford and James Guthrie, Ed School (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Jerome Murphy and Philip Hallinger, eds., Approaches to Administrative Training in Education (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1987).
3. Gwine Clifford and James Guthrie, Ed School (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Jerome Murphy and Philip Hallinger, eds., Approaches to Administrative Training in Education (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1987).
4. See literature review in Frederick Wirt and Samuel Krug, "Leadership and Vision: A Constructivist Approach to Leadership Theory," (paper presented to the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1993); and, "A Cognitive Theory of Leadership: A Six-State Study of School Principals," (paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 1993).
5. See literature review in Frederick Wirt and Samuel Krug, "Leadership and Vision: A Constructivist Approach to Leadership Theory," (paper presented to the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1993); and, "A Cognitive Theory of Leadership: A Six-State Study of School Principals," (paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 1993).
6. James Macgregor Burns, Leadership (New York: Harper and Row, 1978).
7. Thomas Sergiovanni, The Principalship (Newton, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1987).
8. David Tyack, The One Best System (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974); Gene Carter and William Cunningham, The American Superintendent (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997).
9. David Tyack, The One Best System (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974); Gene Carter and William Cunningham, The American Superintendent (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997).
10. Bryan Jones, ed., Leadership and Politics (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989).
11. Morris Fiorina and Kenneth Shepsle, "Formal Theories of Leadership: Agents, Agenda Setters, and Entrepreneurs," ed., Jones, Leadership and Politics, pp. 17-40.
12. Stephen Childton, "Defining Political Culture," Western Political Quarterly 41 (1988): 419-445; Harry Eckstein, "A Culturalist Theory of Political Change," American Political Science Review 82 (1988): 789-804.
13. Stephen Childton, "Defining Political Culture," Western Political Quarterly 41 (1988): 419-445; Harry Eckstein, "A Culturalist Theory of Political Change," American Political Science Review 82 (1988): 789-804.
14. Aaron Wildavsky, "Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions: A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation," American Political Science Review 81 (1987): 3-21; Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963).
15. Aaron Wildavsky, "Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions: A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation," American Political Science Review 81 (1987): 3-21; Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963).
16. Theory developed more fully in Frederick Wirt, "Professionals and Political Conflict: A Developmental Model," Journal of Public Policy 1 (1981): 1-24.
17. Reviewed for education policy in Frederick Wirt and Michael Kirst, The Political Dynamics of American Education 2d ed. (Berkeley, CA: McCutcham, 2001), pp. 205-209.
18. For comparative evidence, see Wirt, "Professionals and Political Conflict"; Richard Rose, Understanding Big Government (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984).
19. For comparative evidence, see Wirt, "Professionals and Political Conflict"; Richard Rose, Understanding Big Government (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984).
20. George Collins, "Constitutional and Legal Basis for State Action," Education in the States: Nationwide Development since 1900, eds. Edgar Fuller and Jim Pearson (Washington, DC: National Education Association, 1969), pp. 5-78.
21. Wirt and Kirst, The Political Dynamics, chapters 9-10.
22. Virginia Gray, Russell Hanson, and Herbert Jacob, eds., Politics in the American States, 7th ed. (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1999); Robert Erikson, Gerald Wright, and John McIver, Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
23. Virginia Gray, Russell Hanson, and Herbert Jacob, eds., Politics in the American States, 7th ed. (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1999); Robert Erikson, Gerald Wright, and John McIver, Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
24. Daniel J. Elazar, Cities of the Prairie: The Metropolitan Frontier and American Politics (New York: Basic Books, 1970).
25. Dan Lewis and Shadd Maruna, "The Politics of Education," Politics in the American States, eds. Gray, Hanson, and Jacob, pp. 393-433.
26. Catherine Marshall, Douglas Mitchell, and Frederick Wirt, Culture and Education Policy in the American States (New York: Falmer, 1989), chapter 7.
27. John Kincaid, ed., Political Culture, Public Policy, and the American States (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1982); Frederick Wirt, ed., "State Political Subcultures: Further Research," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 21 (Spring 1991).
28. John Kincaid, ed., Political Culture, Public Policy, and the American States (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1982); Frederick Wirt, ed., "State Political Subcultures: Further Research," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 21 (Spring 1991).
29. Erickson, et al., Statehouse Democracy.
30. Marshall, et al., Culture and Education Policy," chapter 4.
31. Jay Scribner, "Measuring the Political Culture of School Districts," (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, 1994); David Morgan and Sheilah Watson, "Political Culture, Political System Characteristics, and Public Policies," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 21 (Spring 1991): 31-48; Kenneth Wald, Dennis Owen, and Samuel Hill, Jr., "Churches as Political Communities," American Political Science Review 82 (June 1988): 531-548.
32. Jay Scribner, "Measuring the Political Culture of School Districts," (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, 1994); David Morgan and Sheilah Watson, "Political Culture, Political System Characteristics, and Public Policies," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 21 (Spring 1991): 31-48; Kenneth Wald, Dennis Owen, and Samuel Hill, Jr., "Churches as Political Communities," American Political Science Review 82 (June 1988): 531-548.
33. Jay Scribner, "Measuring the Political Culture of School Districts," (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, 1994); David Morgan and Sheilah Watson, "Political Culture, Political System Characteristics, and Public Policies," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 21 (Spring 1991): 31-48; Kenneth Wald, Dennis Owen, and Samuel Hill, Jr., "Churches as Political Communities," American Political Science Review 82 (June 1988): 531-548.
34. Russell Hanson, "Intergovernmental Relations," Politics in the American States, eds. Gray, Hanson, and Jacob, pp. 32-65.
35. Frederick Wirt, "Does Control Follow the Dollar? Value Analysis, School Policy, and State-Local Linkages," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 10 (Spring 1980): 24-47.
36. G. Ross Stephens, "State Centralization and the Erosion of Local Autonomy," Journal of Politics 36: (1974): 44-76.
37. Deil S. Wright, Intergovernmental Relations, 3rd ed. (Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1988).
38. George Kelly, The Psycology of Personal Constructs (New York: Norton, 1955).
39. Martin Maehr, "The Psychological Environment of the School: A Focus for School Leadership," Advances in the Study of Educational Administration, vol. 2, eds. Paul Thurston and Philip Zodhiates (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1991); Martin Maehr and Leslie Fryans, "School Culture, Motivation and Achievement," Advances in Motivation and Achievement, vol. 6, eds. Caroline Ames and Martin Maehr (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1989), pp. 215-247; Marshall Sashkin and Herbert Walberg, Educational Leadership (Berkeley, CA: McCutchan, 1993).
40. Martin Maehr, "The Psychological Environment of the School: A Focus for School Leadership," Advances in the Study of Educational Administration, vol. 2, eds. Paul Thurston and Philip Zodhiates (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1991); Martin Maehr and Leslie Fryans, "School Culture, Motivation and Achievement," Advances in Motivation and Achievement, vol. 6, eds. Caroline Ames and Martin Maehr (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1989), pp. 215-247; Marshall Sashkin and Herbert Walberg, Educational Leadership (Berkeley, CA: McCutchan, 1993).
41. Martin Maehr, "The Psychological Environment of the School: A Focus for School Leadership," Advances in the Study of Educational Administration, vol. 2, eds. Paul Thurston and Philip Zodhiates (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1991); Martin Maehr and Leslie Fryans, "School Culture, Motivation and Achievement," Advances in Motivation and Achievement, vol. 6, eds. Caroline Ames and Martin Maehr (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1989), pp. 215-247; Marshall Sashkin and Herbert Walberg, Educational Leadership (Berkeley, CA: McCutchan, 1993).
42. Samuel Krug, "Leadership and Learning: A Measurement-based Approach for Analyzing School Effectiveness and Developing Effective School Leaders," Advances in Motivation and Achievement, vol. 6, eds., Ames and Maehr, pp. 249-277; Samuel Krug, S. Ahadi, and C. Scott, "Current Issues and Research Findings in the Study of School Leadership," Advances in Educational Administration, vol. 2 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1989), pp. 241-260.
43. Samuel Krug, "Leadership and Learning: A Measurement-based Approach for Analyzing School Effectiveness and Developing Effective School Leaders," Advances in Motivation and Achievement, vol. 6, eds., Ames and Maehr, pp. 249-277; Samuel Krug, S. Ahadi, and C. Scott, "Current Issues and Research Findings in the Study of School Leadership," Advances in Educational Administration, vol. 2 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1989), pp. 241-260.
44. Samuel Krug, "Instructional Leadership: A Constructivist Approach," Educational Administration Quarterly 18 (August 1992): 432-445.
45. Samuel Krug, "Leadership and Culture: A Quantitative Perspective on School Leadership and Instructional Climate," School Leadership and Culture, eds. Marshall Sashkin and Herbert Walberg (Berkeley, CA: McCutchan,1993), pp. 163-178
46. These cognitive dimensions were tested by a 15-item set of questions, with three items for each of five dimensions. Each item was designed to test support on a 1-5 scale for how principals conceived of their work. Dimension scores were combined as dependent variables, and state and non-state variables were independent variables. After two waves of mail polls to 3,000 persons, the return rate of 42 percent produced a sample that fit the universe of principals (outlined in Education Week, 16 January 1993). Measures of gender, ethnicity, and job tenure were quite close, but less so for education and age. A comparison of percentages for the universe and sample are: male 75 vs. 74%, white 93 vs. 88%; years as principal 10 vs. 11%. Modest differences appeared in the age distribution of those in their 40's (44 vs. 53%) and those with an MA. degree (60 vs. 53%).
47. More fully reviewed in Wirt and Krug, "From Leadership Behavior to Cognitions."
48. Burns, Leadership.
49. Explored in Sergiovanni, The Principalship.
50. Wirt, "Does Control Follow the Dollar?"; Stephens, "State Centralization."
51. Wirt, "Does Control Follow the Dollar?"; Stephens, "State Centralization."
52. Wirt and Krug, "From Leadership Behavior to Cognitions."
53. The first variable was coded "1" if the respondent was from Pennsylvania and "0" otherwise. The same coding took place for each of the other five states. Although six states were sampled, only five dummy variables were required because the pattern "00000" uniquely identifies respondents from the sixth state.
54. Wirt and Kirst, The Political Dynamics, chapter 7; Carter and Cunningham, The American School Superintendent.
55. Wirt and Kirst, The Political Dynamics, chapter 7; Carter and Cunningham, The American School Superintendent.
56. See other cases in Kincaid, ed., Political Culture; Wirt, ed., "State Political Subcultures."
57. See other cases in Kincaid, ed., Political Culture; Wirt, ed., "State Political Subcultures."
58. For example, see Erickson, et al., Statehouse Democracy.