Question forms, conditionals, and second-person pronouns used by adolescent native speakers across two levels of formality in written and spoken French

Modern Language Journal

Volumn 80, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 165-182

  Lyster, Roy ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039255346     PISSN: 00267902     EISSN: 15404781     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1996.tb01157.x     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Allen, P., Cummins, J., Mougeon, R., & Swain, M. (1983). The development of bilingual proficiency: Second year report and appendices. Toronto, Canada: Modern Language Centre, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
2. Allen, P., Swain, M., Harley, B., & Cummins, J. (1990). Aspects of classroom treatment: Toward a more comprehensive view of second language education. In B. Harley, P. Allen, J. Cummins, & M. Swain (Eds.), The development of second language proficiency (pp. 57-81). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3. Ashby, W. (1992). The variable use of on versus tu/vous for indefinite reference in spoken French. Journal of French Language Studies, 2, 135-157.
4. Bachman, L. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
5. Barbarie, Y. (1982). Analyse sociolinguistique de la syntaxe de l'interrogation en français québécois. Revue québécoise de linguistique, 12, 145-167.
6. Battye, A., & Hintze, M. -A. (1992). The French language today. London: Routledge.
7. Billey-Lichon, E. (1992, November 8). Une langue française "made in Québec." La Presse, p. B2.
8. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
9. Brown, R., & Gilman, A. (1960/1972). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In J. Fishman (Ed.), Readings in the sociology of language. The Hague: Mouton.
10. Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In J. Richards & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and communication (pp. 2-27). London: Longman.
11. Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communcative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1-47.
12. Coveney, A. (1990). Variation in interrogatives in spoken French: A preliminary report. In J. Green & W. Ayres-Bennett (Eds.), Variation and change in French (pp. 116-133). London: Routledge.
13. Day, E., & Shapson, S. (1991). Integrating formal and functional approaches to language teaching in French immersion: An experimental study. Language Learning, 41, 25-58.
14. Di Sciullo, A. -M., & St-Pierre, M. (1982). Les actes de requête dans les énoncés de forme impérative et interrogative en français de Montréal. In C. Lefebvre ( Ed.), La syntaxe comparée de français standard et populaire : approches formelle et fonctionnelle, Vol. 2 (pp. 153-175). Quebec City, Canada: Éditeur officiel du Québec.
15. Doran, M., Drapeau, L., & Lefebvre, C. (1982). Le projet Centre-sud : corpus et méthodologie. In C. Lefebvre (Ed.), La syntaxe comparée de français standard et populaire: approches formelle et fonctionnelle, Vol. 2 (pp. 401-422). Quebec City, Canada: Éditeur officiel du Québec.
16. Gadet, F. (1989). Le français ordinaire. Paris: Armand Colin.
17. Gardner-Chloros, P. (1991). Ni tu ni vous : principes et paradoxes dans l'emploi des pronoms d'allocution en français contemporain. Journal of French Language Studies, 1, 139-155.
18. Grevisse, M. (1986). Le bon usage. Paris-Gembloux: Duculot.
19. Gumperz, J. (1972). Sociolinguistics and communication in small groups. In J. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: Selected readings. Harmondsworthe, England: Penguin.
20. Harley, B. (1986). Age in second language acquisition. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
21. Harley, B. (1989). Functional grammar in French immersion: A classroom experiment. Applied Linguistics, 10, 331-359.
22. Harley, B., & Swain, M. (1984). The interlanguage of immersion students and its implications for second language teaching. In A. Davies, C. Criper, & A. Howatt (Eds.), Interlanguage (pp. 291-311). Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.
23. Harley, B., Allen, P., Cummins, J., & Swain, M. (1987). Development of bilingual proficiency. Final report. Volume II: Classroom treatment. Toronto, Canada: Modern Language Centre, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
24. Harley, B., Cummins, J., Swain, M., & Allen, P. (1990). The nature of language proficiency. In B. Harley, P. Allen, J. Cummins, & M. Swain (Eds.), The development of second language proficiency (pp. 7-25). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
25. Harris, M. (1978). The evolution of French syntax: A comparative approach. London: Longman.
26. Hatch, E., & Lazaraton, A. (1991). The research manual: Design and statistics for Applied Linguistics. New York: Newbury House.
27. Hymes, D. (1971). Competence and performance in linguistic theory. In R. Huxley & E. Ingram (Eds.), Language acquisition: Models and methods (pp. 3-28). London: Academic Press.
28. Laberge, S., & Sankoff, G. (1980). Anything you can do. In G. Sankoff (Ed.), The social life of language (pp. 271-293). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
29. Lakoff, R. (1977). What you can do with words: Politeness, pragmatics, and performatives. In A. Rogers, B. Wall, & J. Murphy (Eds.), Proceedings of the Texas Conference on Performatives, Presuppositions, and Implicatures (pp. 79-105). Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
30. Lambert, W., & Tucker, R. (1976). Tu, vous, Usted. A social-psychological study of address patterns. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
31. Lightbown, P. (1980). The acquisition and use of questions by French L2 learners. In S. W. Felix (Ed.), Second language development: Trends and issues (pp. 151-175). Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr.
32. Lightbown, P., & d'Anglejan, A. (1985). Some input considerations for word order in French L1 and L2 acquisition. In S. Gass & C. Madden (Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 415-430). Boston: Heinle.
33. Lyster, R. (1993). The effect of functional-analytic teaching on aspects of sociolinguistic competence: A study in French immersion classrooms at the Grade 8 level. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
34. Lyster, R. (1994). The effect of functional-analytic teaching on French immersion students' sociolinguistic competence. Applied Linguistics, 15, 263-287.
35. McCool, G. (1994). Teaching the formation of questions: Lessons from New French. Modern Language Journal, 78, 56-60.
36. Mühlhäusler, P., & Harré, R. (1990). Pronouns and people: The linguistic construction of social and personal identity. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
37. Picard, M. (1991). Clitics, affixes, and the evolution of the question marker "tu" in Canadian French. Journal of French Language Studies, 1, 179-187.
38. Sankoff, G., & Thibault, P. (1995). What they didn't learn at school: Vernacular Québécois features in anglophone French. Paper presented at the Second Language Research Forum (SLRF), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
39. Seutin, E. (1975). Description grammaticale du parler de l'Ile-aux-Coudres. Montreal, Canada: Presses de l'Université de Montréal.
40. Stern, H. H. (1983). Toward a multidimensional foreign language curriculum. In R. G. Mead (Ed.), Foreign languages: Key links in the chain of learning (pp. 120-146). Middlebury, VT: Northeast Conference.
41. Stern, H. H. (1992). Issues and options in language teaching. P. Allen and B. Harley (Eds.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
42. Swain, M. (1988). Manipulating and complementing content teaching to maximize second language learning. TESL Canada Journal, 6, 68-83.
43. Swain, M., & Carroll, S. (1987). The immersion observation study. In B. Harley, P. Allen, J. Cummins, & M. Swain (Eds.), Development of bilingual proficiency. Final report. Volume II: Classroom treatment. Toronto, Canada: Modern Language Centre, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
44. Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (1990). Aspects of the sociolinguistic performance of early and late French immersion students. In R. Scarcella, E. Andersen, & S. Krashen (Eds.), Developing communicative competence in a second language (pp. 41-54). New York: Newbury House.
45. Tarone, E., & Swain, M. (1995). A sociolinguistic perspective on second language use in immersion classrooms. Modern Language Journal, 79, 166-178.
46. Thibault, P. (1991). La langue en mouvement : simplification, régularisation, restructuration. LINX (Linguistique - Paris X, Nanterre), 25, 9-92.
47. Tremblay, M. (1968/1972). Les Belles-Soeurs. Ottawa, Canada: Leméac.
48. Vincent, D. (1993, September 2). Entre tu et vous. Au fil des événements [weekly newspaper, Laval University], pp. 7, 10.