Processing complexity and filler-gap dependencies across grammars

Language

Volumn 75, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 244-285

  Hawkins, John A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039251079     PISSN: 00978507     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/417261     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. ALLWOOD, JENS. 1982. The complex NP constraint in Swedish. In Engdahl & Ejerhed, 15-32.
2. ANDERSSON, LARS-GUNNAR. 1982. What is Swedish an exception to? Extractions and island constraints. In Engdahl & Ejerhed, 33-45.
3. ANTINUCCI, FRANCESCO; ALESSANDRO DURANTI; and L. GEBERT. 1979. Relative clause structure relative clause perception, and the change from SOV to SVO. Cognition 7.145-76.
4. BACH EMMON 1977. Comments on the paper by Chomsky. Formal syntax, ed. by Peter W. Culicover, Thomas Wasow, and Adrian Akmajian, 133-55. New York: Academic Press.
5. BASILICO, DAVID. 1996. Head position and internally headed relative clauses. Language 72.498-532.
6. BERWICK, ROBERT. 1985. The acquisition of syntactic knowledge. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7. BEVER, THOMAS G. 1970. The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. Cognition and the development of language, ed. by J.R. Hayes, 279-362. New York: Wiley.
8. BLAKE, BARRY J. 1990. Relational grammar. London: Routledge.
9. BOWERMAN, MELISSA. 1988. The 'no negative evidence' problem: How do children avoid constructing an overly general grammar? Explaining language universals, ed. by John A. Hawkins, 73-101. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
10. CHOMSKY, NOAM. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11. _. 1973. Conditions on transformations. Festschrift for Morris Halle, ed. by Stephen R. Anderson and Paul Kiparsky, 232-86. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
12. _. 1981. Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
13. _. 1986. Barriers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
14. _. and HOWARD LASNIK. 1977. Filters and control. Linguistic Inquiry 8.425-504.
15. CHUNG, SANDRA. 1982. Unbounded dependencies in Chamorro grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 13. 39-77.
16. _. 1994 WH-agreement and 'referentiality' in Chamorro. Linguistic Inquiry 25.1-44.
17. CLANCY PATRICIA M.; H. LEE; and M. ZOH. 1986. Processing strategies in the acquisition of relative clauses: Universal principles and language-specific realizations. Cognition 14.225-62.
18. CLEMENTS, GEORGE N.; JAMES MCCLOSKEY; JOAN MALING; and ANNIE ZAENEN. 1983. Stringvacuous rule application. Linguistic Inquiry 14.1-17.
19. CLIFTON, CHARLES, and LYN FRAZIER. 1989. Comprehending sentences with long distance dependencies. Linguistic structure in language processing, ed. by Gregory N. Carlson and Michael K. Tannenhaus, 272-317. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
20. COMRIE, BERNARD. 1973. Clause structure and movement constraints in Russian. You take the high node and I'll take the low node. ed. by Claudia Corum, T. Cedric Smith-Stark and Ann Weiser, 291-304. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
21. _. 1989. Language universal and linguistic typology. 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, and Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
22. CULICOVER, PETER W. 1993. Evidence against ECP accounts of the that-t effect. Linguistic Inquiry 26.249-75.
23. _, and WENDY K. WILKINS. 1984. Locality in linguistic theory. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
24. DIESING, MOLLY. 1990. Verb movement and the subject position in Yiddish. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8.41-79.
25. DOWTY. DAVID R. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67.547-619.
26. DRYER, MATTHEW S. 1992. The Greenbergian word order correlations. Language 68.81-138.
27. ENGDAHL, ELISABET. 1982. Restrictions on unbounded dependencies in Swedish. In Engdahl & Ejerhed, 151-74.
28. _, and EVA EJERHED (eds.) 1982. Readings on unbounded dependencies in Scandinavian languages. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell.
29. ERTESCHIK-SHIR, NOMI. 1992. Resumptive pronouns in islands. In Goodluck & Rochemont, 89-108.
30. _, and S. LAPPIN. 1979. Dominance and the functional explanation of island phenomena. Theoretical Linguistics 6.41-86.
31. FODOR, JANET D. 1978. Parsing strategies and constraints on transformations. Linguistic Inquiry 9.427-73.
32. _. 1983. Phrase structure parsing and the island constraints. Linguistics and Philosophy 6.163-223.
33. _. 1989. Empty categories in sentence processing. Language and Cognitive Processes 3.155-209.
34. FORD, MARILYN. 1983. A method of obtaining measures of local parsing complexity throughout sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22.203-18.
35. FRAUENFELDER, ULLI; JUAN SEGUI; and JACQUES MEHLER. 1980. Monitoring around the relative clause. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19.328-37.
36. FRAZIER, LYN. 1979. On comprehending sentences: Syntactic parsing strategies. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
37. _. 1985. Syntactic complexity. Natural language parsing: Psychological, computational, and theoretical perspectives, ed. by David Dowty, Lauri Karttunen, and Arnold Zwicky, 129-89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. _. 1987. Syntactic processing: Evidence from Dutch. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5.519-59.
39. _, and GIOVANNI B. FLORES D'ARCAIS. 1989. Filler driven parsing: A study of gap filling in Dutch. Journal of Memory and Language 28.331-44.
40. GAZDAR, GERALD; EWAN KLEIN; GEOFFREY PULLUM; and IVAN SAG. 1985. Generalized phrase structure grammar. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
41. GELL-MANN, MURRAY. 1992. Complexity and complex adaptive systems. The evolution of human languages, ed. by John A. Hawkins and Murray Gell-Mann, 3-18. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.
42. GOODLUCK, HELEN, and MICHAEL ROCHEMENT. 1992. Island constraints: An introduction. In Goodluck & Rochement, 1-33.
43. _, _(eds.) 1992. Island constraints: Theory, acquisition and processing. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
44. GREENBERG, JOSEPH H. 1966. Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. Universals of language, 2nd edn., ed. by Joseph H. Greenberg, 73-113. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
45. GREWENDORF, GÜNTHER. 1991. Aspekte der deutschen Syntax. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
46. HAIMAN, JOHN. 1983. Iconic and economic motivation. Language 59.781-819.
47. HAWKINS, JOHN A. 1987. Implicational universals as predictors of language acquisition. Linguistics 25.453-73.
48. _. 1990. A parsing theory of word order universals. Linguistic Inquiry 21.223-61.
49. _. 1991. On (in)definite articles: Implicatures and (un)grammaticality prediction. Journal of Linguistics 27.405-42.
50. _. 1994. A performance theory of order and constituency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. _. 1997. Some issues in a performance theory of word order. Constituent order in the languages of Europe, ed. by Anna Siewierska, 729-80. Berlin: de Gruyter.
52. _. 1998. Adjacency, linear precedence, and processing efficiency in performance and grammars. Los Angeles: University of Southern California, MS.
53. _. 1999. The relative ordering of prepositional phrases in English: Going beyond manner-place-time Los Angeles: University of Southern California, MS.
54. HOEKSTRA, TEUN, and JAN G. KOOIJ. 1988. The innateness hypothesis. Explaining language universals, ed. by John A. Hawkins, 31-55. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
55. HOLMES, VIRGINIA M., and J. K. O'REGAN. 1981. Eye fixation patterns during the reading of relative clause sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 20.417-30.
56. HUKARI, THOMAS E., and ROBERT D. LEVINE. 1995. Adjunct extraction. Journal of Linguistics 31.195-226.
57. KAYNE, RICHARD, and JEAN-YVES POLLOCK. 1978. Stylistic inversion, successive cyclicity, and move NP. Linguistic Inquiry 9.595-621.
58. KEENAN EDWARD L. 1972a. The logical status of deep structures. Proceedings of the eleventh international congress of linguists, ed. by Luigi Heilmann 477-95. Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino.
59. _. 1972b. Relative clause formation in Malagasy (and some related and some not so related languages). Chicago Linguistic Society 8(2). 169-90.
60. _. 1975 Variation in universal grammar. Analyzing variation in English, ed. by Ralph Fasold and Roger Shuy, 136-48. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
61. _. 1985 Relative clauses. Language typology and syntactic description, vol. 2, ed. by Timothy Shopen, 141-70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. _, and BERNARD COMRIE. 1972. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Atlanta, GA.
63. _, _. 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 8.63-99.
64. _, _. 1979. Data on the noun phrase accessibility hierarchy. Language 55.333-51.
65. _, and SARAH HAWKINS. 1987. The psychological validity of the accessibility hierarchy. Universal Grammar: Fifteen essays, ed. by Edward L. Keenan, 60-85. London: Routledge.
66. KIM, ALAN H. 1988. Preverbal focusing and type XXIII languages. Studies in syntactic typology, ed. by Michael Hammond, Edith Moravcsik, and Jessica Wirth, 147-69. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
67. KIMBALL, JOHN. 1973. Seven principles of surface structure parsing in natural language. Cognition 2.15-47.
68. KING, JONATHAN, and MARCEL A. JUST. 1991. Individual differences in syntactic processing: The role of working memory. Journal of Memory and Language 30.580-602.
69. _, and MARTA KUTAS. 1992. ERP responses to sentences that vary in syntactic complexity Differences between good and poor comprehenders. Poster presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, San Diego, CA.
70. _, _. 1993. Bridging gaps with longer spans: Enhancing ERP studies of parsing. Poster presented at the Sixth Annual CUNY Sentence Processing Conference, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
71. KIPARSKY, PAUL, and CAROL KIPARSKY. 1970. Fact. Progress in linguistics, ed. by Manfred Bierwisch and Karl E. Heidolph, 143-73. The Hague: Mouton.
72. KIRBY SIMON. 1994. Adaptive explanations for language universals: A model of Hawkins' performance theory. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 47.186-210.
73. _. 1999. Function, selection and innateness: The emergence of language universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
74. KLUENDER, ROBERT. 1992. Deriving island constraints from principles of predication. Island constraints: Theory, acquisition and processing, ed. by Helen Goodluck and Michael Rochemont, 223-58. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
75. _. 1997. On the distinction between strong and weak islands: A processing perspective. Syntax and semantics: The limits of syntax, ed. by Peter Culicover and Louise McNally, 241-79. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
76. _ and MARTA KUTAS. 1993a. Subjacency as a processing phenomenon. Language and Cognitive Processes 8.573-633.
77. _, _. 1993b. Bridging the gap: Evidence from ERPs on the processing of unbounded dependencies. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5.196-214.
78. KOOPMAN, HILDA. 1984. The syntax of verbs. Dordrecht: Foris.
79. KUNO, SUSUMU. 1973. The structure of the Japanese language. Cambridge. MA: MIT Press.
80. KVAM, SIGMUND. 1983. Linksverschachtelung im Deutschen und Norwegischen. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
81. LEHMANN, CHRISTIAN. 1984. Der Relativsatz. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
82. L, AUDREY YEN-HUI. 1990. Order and constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
83. MACWHINNEY, BRIAN, and C. PLEH. 1988. The processing of restrictive relative clauses in Hungarian. Cognition 29.95-141.
84. MAXWELL, DANIEL N. 1979. Strategies of relativization and NP accessibility. Language 55.352-71.
85. MCLOSKEY, JAMES. 1979. Transformational syntax and model-theoretic semantics: A case study in Modern Irish. Dordrecht: Reidel.
86. MILLER GEORGE, and NOAM CHOMSKY. 1963. Finitary models of language users. Handbook of mathematical psychology, vol. 2, ed. by R.D. Luce, R. Bush, and E. Galanter, 419-92. New York: Wiley.
87. MOORTGAT, MICHAEL. 1988. Categorial investigations: Logical and linguistic aspects of the lambek calculus. Dordrecht: Foris.
88. NAGARAJA, K. S. 1985. Khasi: A descriptive analysis. Pune: Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute.
89. NEVILLE, H. J.; J. L. NICHOL; A. BARSS; K. I. FORSTER; and M. F. GARRETT. 1991. Syntactically based sentence processing classes: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3.151-65.
90. PETRONIO, KAREN, and DIANE LILLO-MARTIN. 1997. WH-movement and the position of specCP: Evidence from American Sign Language. Language 73.18-57.
91. PICKERING, MARTIN, and RICHARD SHILLCOCK. 1992. Processing subject extractions. In Good luck & Rochemont, 295-320.
92. _; STEPHEN BARTON; and RICHARD SHILLCOCK. 1994. Unbounded dependencies, island constraints and processing complexity. Perspectives on sentence processing, ed. by Charles Clifton, Lyn Frazier, and Keith Rayner, 199-224. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
93. POLLARD, CARL, and IVAN SAG. 1993. Head-driven phrase structure grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
94. PRIMUS BEATRICE. 1993. Syntactic relations. Syntax: An international handbook of contemporary research, vol. 1, ed. by Joachim Jacobs, Arnim von Stechow, Wolfgang Sternefeld, and Theo Vennemann, 686-705. Berlin: de Gruyter.
95. _. 1997. The relative order of recipient and patient in the languages of Europe. Constituent order in the languages of Europe, ed. by Anna Siewierska, 421-73. Berlin: de Gruyter.
96. _. 1999. Cases and thematic roles: Ergative, accusative, active. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
97. RIZZI, LUIGI. 1982. Violations of the WN-island constraint and the subjacency condition. Issues in Italian syntax, ed. by Luigi Rizzi, 49-76. Dordrecht: Foris.
98. ROSS, JOHN R. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation.
99. SAAH, KOFI K., and HELEN GOODLUCK. 1995. Island effects in parsing and grammar: Evidence from Akan. Linguistic Review 12.381-409.
100. SHELDON, AMY. 1974. On the role of parallel function in the acquisition of relative clauses in English. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 13.272-81.
101. STASSEN LEON. 1985. Comparison and universal grammar. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
102. STEEDMAN, MARK. 1987. Combinatory grammars and parasitic gaps. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5.403-39.
103. STOWE, LAURIE A. 1986. Parsing WH-constructions: Evidence for on-line gap location. Language and Cognitive Processes 1.227-45.
104. TORREGO, ESTHER. 1984. On inversion in Spanish and some of its effects. Linguistic Inquiry 15.103-30.
105. TRAXLER, M. J., and MARTIN J. PICKERING. 1996. Plausibility and the processing of unbounded dependencies: An eye-tracking study. Journal of Memory and Language 35.454-75.
106. ULTAN, RUSSELL. 1978. Some general characteristics of interrogative systems. Universals of human language, ed. by Joseph H. Greenberg, 211-48. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
107. VAN RIEMSDIJK, HENK. 1978. A case study in syntactic markedness: The binding nature of prepositional phrases. Dordrecht: Foris.
108. WANNER, ERIC, and MICHAEL MARATSOS. 1978. An ATN approach to comprehension. Linguistic theory and psychological reality, ed. by Morris Halle, Joan Bresnan, and George A. Miller, 119-61. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.