The Confucian culture threat: Perceptions and misperceptions

Issues and Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 120-142

  Bi, Jianxiang ^a  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Culture; Misperception; Perception; Security; Threat

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039248899     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations," Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (Summer 1993): 22-49; and The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
2. Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations," Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (Summer 1993): 22-49; and The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
3. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
4. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
5. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
6. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
7. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
8. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
9. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
10. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
11. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
12. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
13. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Also available as Christopher Cox, "The Cox Report," May 25, 1999, at 〈http://www.coxreport.com〉; Edward Timperlake and William Triplett, Red Dragon Rising: China's Military Threat to America (New York: Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999); Evan Feigenbaum, "Who's behind China's High-Tech Revolution?" International Security 24, no. 1 (1999): 95-126; Nicholas Kristof, "The Real Chinese Threat," New York Times, August 27, 1995, A1; Denny Roy, "Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security," International Security 19, no. 3 (1994): 149-68; David Shambaugh, "Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security," Survival 36, no. 2 (1994): 43-59; Chong-Pin Lin, "The Stealthy Advance of China's People's Liberation Army," The American Enterprise, January/February 1994, 29-35; Wang Zhongren, "China Threat Theory Groundless," Beijing Review, July 14-20, 1997, 7-8; and Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" Foreign Affairs 78, no. 5 (September/October 1999): 24-36.
14. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 225.
15. Confucius, The Analects (London: Penguin Classics, 1979), 61.
16. Ibid., 114.
17. Ibid., 63.
18. Tu Wei-ming, "Cultural China: The Periphery as the Center," Daedalus 121, no. 2 (1992): 12-13.
19. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 234.
20. Song Qiang, Zhang Zangzang, and Qiao Bian, Zhongguo keyi shuo bu (The China that can say no) (Beijing: Zhonghua gongshang lianhe chubanshe, 1996); and Peng Qian et al., Zhongguo weishenme keyi shuo bu? (Why can China say no?) (Beijing: Xinshijie chubanshe, 1996).
21. Song Qiang, Zhang Zangzang, and Qiao Bian, Zhongguo keyi shuo bu (The China that can say no) (Beijing: Zhonghua gongshang lianhe chubanshe, 1996); and Peng Qian et al., Zhongguo weishenme keyi shuo bu? (Why can China say no?) (Beijing: Xinshijie chubanshe, 1996).
22. Available at 〈http://www.taiwansecurity.com〉.
23. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 103, 106, 168-70.
24. Bernstein and Munro, The Coming Conflict with China, 59-60, 207-8.
25. Confucius, The Analects, 112.
26. Max Weber, The Religion of China (New York: Macmillan, 1964), 248.
27. Zhang Liwen, "East Asian Consciousness and Harmony Spirit," Xinhua wenzhai (New China Digest), 1998, no. 5:144.
28. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook: October 1998 (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund Publication Services, 1998), 6-7.
29. Harry Harding, "The Concept of Greater China: Themes, Variations, and Reservations," The China Quarterly, no. 136 (December 1993): 664.
30. See note 14 above.
31. People's Daily, August 18, 1999, 1.
32. Ibid., July 21, 1999, 1.
33. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 239, 313-16.
34. Confucius, The Analects, 115.
35. Shao and wu are ballad names. The music of shao tells of a story about Shun who came to the throne through the abdication of Yao, whereas the music of King Wu relates a story about King Wu who came to the throne through overthrowing the Yin by military force. See Confucius, The Analects, 71.
36. "The Cox Report" (cited in note 2 above).
37. People's Daily, October 1, 1999, 2; and Jane's Defense Weekly, December 16, 1998, 26-27; December 23, 1998, 15; February 3, 1999, 16; February 24, 1999, 16.
38. People's Daily, October 1, 1999, 2; and Jane's Defense Weekly, December 16, 1998, 26-27; December 23, 1998, 15; February 3, 1999, 16; February 24, 1999, 16.
39. People's Daily, October 1, 1999, 2; and Jane's Defense Weekly, December 16, 1998, 26-27; December 23, 1998, 15; February 3, 1999, 16; February 24, 1999, 16.
40. People's Daily, October 1, 1999, 2; and Jane's Defense Weekly, December 16, 1998, 26-27; December 23, 1998, 15; February 3, 1999, 16; February 24, 1999, 16.
41. People's Daily, October 1, 1999, 2; and Jane's Defense Weekly, December 16, 1998, 26-27; December 23, 1998, 15; February 3, 1999, 16; February 24, 1999, 16.
42. People's Daily, July 16, 1999, 1, 3.
43. Ibid., 3.
44. Alan Wolf, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Threat (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Policy Studies, 1984), 21.
45. People's Daily, April 27, 1996, 1; November 29, 1996, 1; and August 26, 1999, 1.
46. Samuel P. Huntington, "If Not Civilizations, What?" in The Clash of Civilizations? The Debate (New York: Foreign Affairs, 1996), 56-57.
47. Tu, "Cultural China," 26.