Ancient glass from ed-Dur (Umm al-Qaiwain, U.A.E.) 2. glass excavated by the Danish expedition

Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 87-128

  Whitehouse, David ^a  

^a One Corning Glass Center ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039176290     PISSN: 09057196     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0471.2000.aae110108.x     Document Type: Article

References (219)

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17. Lecomte O, Boucharlat R & Culas J-M. Les fouilles françaises. Mesopotamia 24: 1989: 29-56; Potts, The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity: 278-282; Lecomte O. Ed-Dur, les occupations des 3e et 4e s. ap. J.-C.: Contexte des trouvailles et matériel diagnostique. In: Finkbeiner, Materialien zur Archäologie: 195-217.
18. Grose DF. The Syro-Palestinian Glass Industry in the Later Hellenistic Period. MUSE 13: 1979: 63-65; Grose DF. The Toledo Museum of Art. Early Ancient Glass. Core-formed, Rod-formed, and Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire. New York: Hudson Hills Press in association with The Toledo Museum of Art, 1989: 247; Stern EM & Schlick-Nolte B. Early Glass of the Ancient World, 1600 B.C. - A.D. 50. Ernesto Wolf Collection. Ostfildern: Gerd Hatje, 1994: 324.
19. Grose DF. The Syro-Palestinian Glass Industry in the Later Hellenistic Period. MUSE 13: 1979: 63-65; Grose DF. The Toledo Museum of Art. Early Ancient Glass. Core-formed, Rod-formed, and Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire. New York: Hudson Hills Press in association with The Toledo Museum of Art, 1989: 247; Stern EM & Schlick-Nolte B. Early Glass of the Ancient World, 1600 B.C. - A.D. 50. Ernesto Wolf Collection. Ostfildern: Gerd Hatje, 1994: 324.
20. Grose DF. The Syro-Palestinian Glass Industry in the Later Hellenistic Period. MUSE 13: 1979: 63-65; Grose DF. The Toledo Museum of Art. Early Ancient Glass. Core-formed, Rod-formed, and Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire. New York: Hudson Hills Press in association with The Toledo Museum of Art, 1989: 247; Stern EM & Schlick-Nolte B. Early Glass of the Ancient World, 1600 B.C. - A.D. 50. Ernesto Wolf Collection. Ostfildern: Gerd Hatje, 1994: 324.
21. Pollino A. L'épave de la Tradelière. In: L'Exploitation de la Mer. Antibes: Vie Rencontre Internationale d'Archéologie et Histoire, 1986: 187.
22. Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art: 241-244.
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31. Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art: 189-192.
32. For another example see Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art: 327, no. 537.
33. Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art: 57-58.
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35. Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art: 195.
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37. Scatozza Höricht LA. I vetri romani di Ercolano. Rome: Bretschneider, 1986: 25-30, nos. 3-10.
38. Cool HEM & Price J. Roman Vessel Glass from Excavations in Colchester, 1971-85. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Reports, 8: 1994: 15-26; Price J & Cottam S. Romano-British Glass Vessels: A Handbook. York: Practical Handbooks 14: 1998: 44-46. For discussions about the possible methods of manufacturing ribbed bowls, see Gudenrath W in Tait H. Five Thousand Years of Glass. London: British Museum, 1991: 222 and Stern in Stern & Schlick-Nolte, Early Glass: 72-79.
39. Cool HEM & Price J. Roman Vessel Glass from Excavations in Colchester, 1971-85. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Reports, 8: 1994: 15-26; Price J & Cottam S. Romano-British Glass Vessels: A Handbook. York: Practical Handbooks 14: 1998: 44-46. For discussions about the possible methods of manufacturing ribbed bowls, see Gudenrath W in Tait H. Five Thousand Years of Glass. London: British Museum, 1991: 222 and Stern in Stern & Schlick-Nolte, Early Glass: 72-79.
40. Cool HEM & Price J. Roman Vessel Glass from Excavations in Colchester, 1971-85. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Reports, 8: 1994: 15-26; Price J & Cottam S. Romano-British Glass Vessels: A Handbook. York: Practical Handbooks 14: 1998: 44-46. For discussions about the possible methods of manufacturing ribbed bowls, see Gudenrath W in Tait H. Five Thousand Years of Glass. London: British Museum, 1991: 222 and Stern in Stern & Schlick-Nolte, Early Glass: 72-79.
41. Cool HEM & Price J. Roman Vessel Glass from Excavations in Colchester, 1971-85. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Reports, 8: 1994: 15-26; Price J & Cottam S. Romano-British Glass Vessels: A Handbook. York: Practical Handbooks 14: 1998: 44-46. For discussions about the possible methods of manufacturing ribbed bowls, see Gudenrath W in Tait H. Five Thousand Years of Glass. London: British Museum, 1991: 222 and Stern in Stern & Schlick-Nolte, Early Glass: 72-79.
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54. Cf. Harden DB, Painter KS, Pinder-Wilson RH & Tait H. Masterpieces of Glass. London: British Museum, 1968: 44-45, no. 51 =Harden DB, Hellenkemper H, Painter K & Whitehouse D. Glass of the Caesars. Milan: Olivetti, 1987: 51, no. 27; Tait, Five Thousand Years of Glass: 58, Fig. 67; Goldstein SM. Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass. Corning: The Museum, 1979: 188-189, nos. 501-502; Ricke H. 2500 Jahre Glaskunst in Europa. Sapporo: Hokkaidoritsu Kindai Bijutsukan, 1987: 40, no. 8; Matheson S. Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 1980: 14, no. 40.
55. Cf. Harden DB, Painter KS, Pinder-Wilson RH & Tait H. Masterpieces of Glass. London: British Museum, 1968: 44-45, no. 51 =Harden DB, Hellenkemper H, Painter K & Whitehouse D. Glass of the Caesars. Milan: Olivetti, 1987: 51, no. 27; Tait, Five Thousand Years of Glass: 58, Fig. 67; Goldstein SM. Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass. Corning: The Museum, 1979: 188-189, nos. 501-502; Ricke H. 2500 Jahre Glaskunst in Europa. Sapporo: Hokkaidoritsu Kindai Bijutsukan, 1987: 40, no. 8; Matheson S. Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 1980: 14, no. 40.
56. Cf. Harden DB, Painter KS, Pinder-Wilson RH & Tait H. Masterpieces of Glass. London: British Museum, 1968: 44-45, no. 51 =Harden DB, Hellenkemper H, Painter K & Whitehouse D. Glass of the Caesars. Milan: Olivetti, 1987: 51, no. 27; Tait, Five Thousand Years of Glass: 58, Fig. 67; Goldstein SM. Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass. Corning: The Museum, 1979: 188-189, nos. 501-502; Ricke H. 2500 Jahre Glaskunst in Europa. Sapporo: Hokkaidoritsu Kindai Bijutsukan, 1987: 40, no. 8; Matheson S. Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 1980: 14, no. 40.
57. Cf. Harden DB, Painter KS, Pinder-Wilson RH & Tait H. Masterpieces of Glass. London: British Museum, 1968: 44-45, no. 51 =Harden DB, Hellenkemper H, Painter K & Whitehouse D. Glass of the Caesars. Milan: Olivetti, 1987: 51, no. 27; Tait, Five Thousand Years of Glass: 58, Fig. 67; Goldstein SM. Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass. Corning: The Museum, 1979: 188-189, nos. 501-502; Ricke H. 2500 Jahre Glaskunst in Europa. Sapporo: Hokkaidoritsu Kindai Bijutsukan, 1987: 40, no. 8; Matheson S. Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 1980: 14, no. 40.
58. Cf. Harden DB, Painter KS, Pinder-Wilson RH & Tait H. Masterpieces of Glass. London: British Museum, 1968: 44-45, no. 51 =Harden DB, Hellenkemper H, Painter K & Whitehouse D. Glass of the Caesars. Milan: Olivetti, 1987: 51, no. 27; Tait, Five Thousand Years of Glass: 58, Fig. 67; Goldstein SM. Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass. Corning: The Museum, 1979: 188-189, nos. 501-502; Ricke H. 2500 Jahre Glaskunst in Europa. Sapporo: Hokkaidoritsu Kindai Bijutsukan, 1987: 40, no. 8; Matheson S. Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 1980: 14, no. 40.
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60. Grose DF. Early blown glass: The Western evidence. Journal of Glass Studies 19: 1977: 11.
61. Avigad N. Discovering Jerusalem. Nashville, Camden & New York: Thomas Nelson, 1983: 186-192; Israeli Y. The Invention of Blowing. In: Newby M & Painter K, eds. Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention. London: Society of Antiquaries Occasional Papers, 13: 1991: 46-55.
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64. Grose, Early blown glass; Bonomi S. Vetri antichi del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Adria, Corpus delle collezioni archeologiche del vetro nel Veneto. Venice: Giunta Regionale del Veneto & Comitato Nazionale Italiano della Association Internazionale pour l'Histoire du Verre, 2: 1996: Pls. 15-16.
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66. Béraud I & Gébara C. La Datation du verre des nécropoles gallo-romaines de Fréjus. Annales du 11e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Bâle, 29 août - 3 septembre 1988, Amsterdam: Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, 1990: 156-157.
67. Kropatscheck G. Ausgrabungen bei Haltern: Die Fundstcke der Jahre 1905 bis 1907 (mit Ausnahme der keramischen Funde). Mitteilungen der Altertums-Kommission für Westfalen 5: 1909: 372, no. 4.
68. Czurda-Ruth B. Die römischen Gläser vom Magdalensberg. Klagenfurt: Kärntner Museumsschriften, 65: 1979: 108.
69. De Tommaso G. Ampullae vitreae. Contenitori in vetro di unguenti e sostanze aromatiche dell'Italia romana (I sec. A.C-III sec. d.C.). Rome: Bretschneider, 1990: 19-28; Taborelli L. I contenitori per medicamenti nelle prescrizioni di Scribonio Largo e la diffusione del vetro soffiato. Latomus 55: 1996: 148-156.
70. De Tommaso G. Ampullae vitreae. Contenitori in vetro di unguenti e sostanze aromatiche dell'Italia romana (I sec. A.C-III sec. d.C.). Rome: Bretschneider, 1990: 19-28; Taborelli L. I contenitori per medicamenti nelle prescrizioni di Scribonio Largo e la diffusione del vetro soffiato. Latomus 55: 1996: 148-156.
71. Czurda-Ruth, Die römischen Gläser: 65, no. 515, from Magdalensberg in Austria; Whitehouse DB. Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass, Vol. 1. Corning: Corning Museum, 1997: 85-88, nos. 116-126.
72. Czurda-Ruth, Die römischen Gläser: 65, no. 515, from Magdalensberg in Austria; Whitehouse DB. Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass, Vol. 1. Corning: Corning Museum, 1997: 85-88, nos. 116-126.
73. Isings C. Roman Glass from Dated Finds. Groningen & Djakarta: Wolters, 1957: 89.
74. Vessberg O. Roman Glass in Cyprus. Opuscula Archaeologica 7: 1952: 147, Pl. 9.40-41, from Cyprus; Fortuna MT. Campagne di scavo ad Akko, 1961-1962. Memorie dell'Istituto Lombardo-Accademia di Scienze e Lettere 29/4: 1966: 551, no. 15, from Akko in Israel.
75. Vessberg O. Roman Glass in Cyprus. Opuscula Archaeologica 7: 1952: 147, Pl. 9.40-41, from Cyprus; Fortuna MT. Campagne di scavo ad Akko, 1961-1962. Memorie dell'Istituto Lombardo-Accademia di Scienze e Lettere 29/4: 1966: 551, no. 15, from Akko in Israel.
76. Czurda-Ruth, Die römischen Gläser: 62-65.
77. Barag D. Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass in the British Museum, Volume I, London: British Museum Publications, 1985: 94-95, nos. 122-123.
78. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 26-28, nos. 62-64.
79. This piece is included here although it comes from the Belgian excavations. It was inadvertently omitted from Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur.
80. Hayes JW. Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Museum: A Catalogue. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1975: 60, no. 153; Matheson, Ancient Glass: 100, no. 271, an indented example; Gawlikowska K & As'ad K. The Collection of Glass Vessels in the Museum of Palmyra. Studia Palmyrenskie 9: 1994: 6-10, nos. 6 and 10.
81. Hayes JW. Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Museum: A Catalogue. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1975: 60, no. 153; Matheson, Ancient Glass: 100, no. 271, an indented example; Gawlikowska K & As'ad K. The Collection of Glass Vessels in the Museum of Palmyra. Studia Palmyrenskie 9: 1994: 6-10, nos. 6 and 10.
82. Hayes JW. Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Museum: A Catalogue. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1975: 60, no. 153; Matheson, Ancient Glass: 100, no. 271, an indented example; Gawlikowska K & As'ad K. The Collection of Glass Vessels in the Museum of Palmyra. Studia Palmyrenskie 9: 1994: 6-10, nos. 6 and 10.
83. Negro Ponzi MM. Sasanian Glassware from Tell Mahuz (North Mesopotamia). Mesopotamia 3-6: 1968-1971: 330, nos. 19-23.
84. Negro Ponzi MM. Glassware from Abu Skhair (Central Iraq). Mesopotamia 7: 1972: 223-225, nos. 12-20.
85. Negro Ponzi Mancini MM. Glassware from Choche (Central Mesopotamia). AOMIM: 34, nos. 10-13; van Ess M & Pedde F. Glasgefässe der parthischen und sasanidischen Zeit. In: van Ess M, ed. Uruk: Kleinfunde II: Metall und Asphalt, Farbreste, Fritte, Glas, Holz, Knochen/Elfenbein, Leder, Muschel/Perlmutt, Schnecke, Schilf, Textilien. Mainz: Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka, Endberichte, 7: 1992: 165, nos. 1225-1226. For an example from Bahrain, see Boucharlat R & Salles J-F. The Tylos Period. In: Lombard P & Kervran M, eds. Bahrain National Museum Archaeological Collections: A Selection of Pre-Islamic Antiquities. Bahrain: Directorate of Museum and Heritage, Ministry of Culture, 1989: 111, no. 193.
86. Negro Ponzi Mancini MM. Glassware from Choche (Central Mesopotamia). AOMIM: 34, nos. 10-13; van Ess M & Pedde F. Glasgefässe der parthischen und sasanidischen Zeit. In: van Ess M, ed. Uruk: Kleinfunde II: Metall und Asphalt, Farbreste, Fritte, Glas, Holz, Knochen/Elfenbein, Leder, Muschel/Perlmutt, Schnecke, Schilf, Textilien. Mainz: Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka, Endberichte, 7: 1992: 165, nos. 1225-1226. For an example from Bahrain, see Boucharlat R & Salles J-F. The Tylos Period. In: Lombard P & Kervran M, eds. Bahrain National Museum Archaeological Collections: A Selection of Pre-Islamic Antiquities. Bahrain: Directorate of Museum and Heritage, Ministry of Culture, 1989: 111, no. 193.
87. Negro Ponzi Mancini MM. Glassware from Choche (Central Mesopotamia). AOMIM: 34, nos. 10-13; van Ess M & Pedde F. Glasgefässe der parthischen und sasanidischen Zeit. In: van Ess M, ed. Uruk: Kleinfunde II: Metall und Asphalt, Farbreste, Fritte, Glas, Holz, Knochen/Elfenbein, Leder, Muschel/Perlmutt, Schnecke, Schilf, Textilien. Mainz: Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka, Endberichte, 7: 1992: 165, nos. 1225-1226. For an example from Bahrain, see Boucharlat R & Salles J-F. The Tylos Period. In: Lombard P & Kervran M, eds. Bahrain National Museum Archaeological Collections: A Selection of Pre-Islamic Antiquities. Bahrain: Directorate of Museum and Heritage, Ministry of Culture, 1989: 111, no. 193.
88. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 40, no. 94.
89. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 35-36, no. 80.
90. Harden et al, Glass of the Caesars: 133-135, nos. 62-64.
91. Negro Ponzi, Sasanian glassware: 336-341, nos. 31-43 etc, from Tell Mahuz; Negro Ponzi, Glassware from Abu Skhair: 229-230, nos. 34-38; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 165, no. 1222 from Uruk.
92. Negro Ponzi, Sasanian glassware: 336-341, nos. 31-13 etc, from Tell Mahuz; Negro Ponzi, Glassware from Abu Skhair: 229-230, nos. 34-38; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 165, no. 1222 from Uruk.
93. Negro Ponzi, Sasanian glassware: 336-341, nos. 31-13 etc, from Tell Mahuz; Negro Ponzi, Glassware from Abu Skhair: 229-230, nos. 34-38; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 165, no. 1222 from Uruk.
94. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 29, no. 68.
95. Isings, Roman glass from dated finds.
96. Stern EM. Ancient Glass at the Fondation Custodia (Collection Frits Lugt), Paris. Groningen: Archaeologica Traiectina Edita ab Academiae Rheno-Traiectinae Instituto Archaeologico, 12: 1977: 38-41, no. 8. For more recent reviews of the evidence for the date and distribution of Isings form 28a, see Biaggio Simona S. I vetri romani provenienti dalle terre dell'attuale Cantone Ticino. Locarno: Armando Dadò, 1991: 149-151; Whitehouse, Roman glass in the Corning Museum: 130-131, no. 209.
97. Stern EM. Ancient Glass at the Fondation Custodia (Collection Frits Lugt), Paris. Groningen: Archaeologica Traiectina Edita ab Academiae Rheno-Traiectinae Instituto Archaeologico, 12: 1977: 38-41, no. 8. For more recent reviews of the evidence for the date and distribution of Isings form 28a, see Biaggio Simona S. I vetri romani provenienti dalle terre dell'attuale Cantone Ticino. Locarno: Armando Dadò, 1991: 149-151; Whitehouse, Roman glass in the Corning Museum: 130-131, no. 209.
98. Stern EM. Ancient Glass at the Fondation Custodia (Collection Frits Lugt), Paris. Groningen: Archaeologica Traiectina Edita ab Academiae Rheno-Traiectinae Instituto Archaeologico, 12: 1977: 38-41, no. 8. For more recent reviews of the evidence for the date and distribution of Isings form 28a, see Biaggio Simona S. I vetri romani provenienti dalle terre dell'attuale Cantone Ticino. Locarno: Armando Dadò, 1991: 149-151; Whitehouse, Roman glass in the Corning Museum: 130-131, no. 209.
99. The pieces resembles Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 32, no. 74.
100. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 30-31, no. 71.
101. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 64-65.
102. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 39-43, nos. 92 and 101.
103. Isings, Roman glass from dated finds: 74-75.
104. Harden et al, Glass of the Caesars: 79, no. 34.
105. Biaggi Simona, I vetri romani: 204-205.
106. Clairmont, The Excavations at Dura-Europos: 29, no. 122.
107. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 34, no. 77.
108. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 34-35, no. 78.
109. Isings, Roman glass from dated finds: 32.
110. E.g. Grose DF. Roman Glass of the First Century A.D.: A dated deposit of glassware from Cosa, Italy. Annales du 6e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Cologne, 1-7 juillet 1973. Liège: Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, 1974: 31-52, from Cosa in Italy, buried no later than about AD 40-45; Ziviello A. I vetri. In: Ferrari O et al. Le collezioni del Museo Nazionale di Napoli. Rome: De Luca, 1986: 220, no. 23, from Pompeii, buried no later than AD 79; Ludwig R. Das frührömisch Brandgräberfeld von Schankweiler, Kreis BitburgPrüm. Trierer Zeitschrift 51: 1988: 96-97, from Schankweiler in Germany, buried in the third quarter of the first century.
111. E.g. Grose DF. Roman Glass of the First Century A.D.: A dated deposit of glassware from Cosa, Italy. Annales du 6e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Cologne, 1-7 juillet 1973. Liège: Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, 1974: 31-52, from Cosa in Italy, buried no later than about AD 40-45; Ziviello A. I vetri. In: Ferrari O et al. Le collezioni del Museo Nazionale di Napoli. Rome: De Luca, 1986: 220, no. 23, from Pompeii, buried no later than AD 79; Ludwig R. Das frührömisch Brandgräberfeld von Schankweiler, Kreis BitburgPrüm. Trierer Zeitschrift 51: 1988: 96-97, from Schankweiler in Germany, buried in the third quarter of the first century.
112. E.g. Grose DF. Roman Glass of the First Century A.D.: A dated deposit of glassware from Cosa, Italy. Annales du 6e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Cologne, 1-7 juillet 1973. Liège: Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, 1974: 31-52, from Cosa in Italy, buried no later than about AD 40-45; Ziviello A. I vetri. In: Ferrari O et al. Le collezioni del Museo Nazionale di Napoli. Rome: De Luca, 1986: 220, no. 23, from Pompeii, buried no later than AD 79; Ludwig R. Das frührömisch Brandgräberfeld von Schankweiler, Kreis BitburgPrüm. Trierer Zeitschrift 51: 1988: 96-97, from Schankweiler in Germany, buried in the third quarter of the first century.
113. Biaggi Simona, I vetri romani: 209-213.
114. Arakelian BN, Tiratsian GA & Khatchatrian GD. Steklo Drevney Armenii (I-IV vv). Yerevan: Arkheologicheskie Pamiatniki Drevney Armenii 3: Pamiatniki Drevney Epokhi, 1: 1969: 45, no. 73.
115. Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 97, no. 133.
116. Hayes, Roman and Pre-Roman Glass: 54, nos. 119-123.
117. Cf. Andrae W & Lenzen H. Die Partherstadt Assur. Leipzig: WVDOG, 57: 1933: 94-95, Pl. 46b, from a first century AD grave; Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europos: 30, 123, from tomb 55; Arakelian, Tiratsian and Khatchatrian, Steklo Drevney Armenii: 43, no. 66, from the Lake Sevan region of Georgia; Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 97, no. 132, from the Parthian cemetery at Warka in Iraq; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 161, no. 1191 =Strommenger E. Gefäße aus Uruk von der neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden. Berlin: Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka, 7: 1967: Pl. 47.10, also from Warka; al-Tikriti WY. The Excavations at Bidya, Fujairah: the 3rd and 2nd Millennia B.C. Culture. AUAE 5: 1989: Pl. 82B, from Bidya in the United Arab Emirates; Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos period: 115, no. 201, from al-Hajjar site 2, grave IB, on Bahrain.
118. Cf. Andrae W & Lenzen H. Die Partherstadt Assur. Leipzig: WVDOG, 57: 1933: 94-95, Pl. 46b, from a first century AD grave; Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europos: 30, 123, from tomb 55; Arakelian, Tiratsian and Khatchatrian, Steklo Drevney Armenii: 43, no. 66, from the Lake Sevan region of Georgia; Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 97, no. 132, from the Parthian cemetery at Warka in Iraq; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 161, no. 1191 =Strommenger E. Gefäße aus Uruk von der neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden. Berlin: Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka, 7: 1967: Pl. 47.10, also from Warka; al-Tikriti WY. The Excavations at Bidya, Fujairah: the 3rd and 2nd Millennia B.C. Culture. AUAE 5: 1989: Pl. 82B, from Bidya in the United Arab Emirates; Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos period: 115, no. 201, from al-Hajjar site 2, grave IB, on Bahrain.
119. Cf. Andrae W & Lenzen H. Die Partherstadt Assur. Leipzig: WVDOG, 57: 1933: 94-95, Pl. 46b, from a first century AD grave; Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europos: 30, 123, from tomb 55; Arakelian, Tiratsian and Khatchatrian, Steklo Drevney Armenii: 43, no. 66, from the Lake Sevan region of Georgia; Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 97, no. 132, from the Parthian cemetery at Warka in Iraq; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 161, no. 1191 =Strommenger E. Gefäße aus Uruk von der neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden. Berlin: Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka, 7: 1967: Pl. 47.10, also from Warka; al-Tikriti WY. The Excavations at Bidya, Fujairah: the 3rd and 2nd Millennia B.C. Culture. AUAE 5: 1989: Pl. 82B, from Bidya in the United Arab Emirates; Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos period: 115, no. 201, from al-Hajjar site 2, grave IB, on Bahrain.
120. Cf. Andrae W & Lenzen H. Die Partherstadt Assur. Leipzig: WVDOG, 57: 1933: 94-95, Pl. 46b, from a first century AD grave; Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europos: 30, 123, from tomb 55; Arakelian, Tiratsian and Khatchatrian, Steklo Drevney Armenii: 43, no. 66, from the Lake Sevan region of Georgia; Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 97, no. 132, from the Parthian cemetery at Warka in Iraq; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 161, no. 1191 =Strommenger E. Gefäße aus Uruk von der neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden. Berlin: Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka, 7: 1967: Pl. 47.10, also from Warka; al-Tikriti WY. The Excavations at Bidya, Fujairah: the 3rd and 2nd Millennia B.C. Culture. AUAE 5: 1989: Pl. 82B, from Bidya in the United Arab Emirates; Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos period: 115, no. 201, from al-Hajjar site 2, grave IB, on Bahrain.
121. Cf. Andrae W & Lenzen H. Die Partherstadt Assur. Leipzig: WVDOG, 57: 1933: 94-95, Pl. 46b, from a first century AD grave; Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europos: 30, 123, from tomb 55; Arakelian, Tiratsian and Khatchatrian, Steklo Drevney Armenii: 43, no. 66, from the Lake Sevan region of Georgia; Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 97, no. 132, from the Parthian cemetery at Warka in Iraq; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 161, no. 1191 =Strommenger E. Gefäße aus Uruk von der neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden. Berlin: Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka, 7: 1967: Pl. 47.10, also from Warka; al-Tikriti WY. The Excavations at Bidya, Fujairah: the 3rd and 2nd Millennia B.C. Culture. AUAE 5: 1989: Pl. 82B, from Bidya in the United Arab Emirates; Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos period: 115, no. 201, from al-Hajjar site 2, grave IB, on Bahrain.
122. Cf. Andrae W & Lenzen H. Die Partherstadt Assur. Leipzig: WVDOG, 57: 1933: 94-95, Pl. 46b, from a first century AD grave; Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europos: 30, 123, from tomb 55; Arakelian, Tiratsian and Khatchatrian, Steklo Drevney Armenii: 43, no. 66, from the Lake Sevan region of Georgia; Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 97, no. 132, from the Parthian cemetery at Warka in Iraq; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 161, no. 1191 =Strommenger E. Gefäße aus Uruk von der neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden. Berlin: Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka, 7: 1967: Pl. 47.10, also from Warka; al-Tikriti WY. The Excavations at Bidya, Fujairah: the 3rd and 2nd Millennia B.C. Culture. AUAE 5: 1989: Pl. 82B, from Bidya in the United Arab Emirates; Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos period: 115, no. 201, from al-Hajjar site 2, grave IB, on Bahrain.
123. Cf. Andrae W & Lenzen H. Die Partherstadt Assur. Leipzig: WVDOG, 57: 1933: 94-95, Pl. 46b, from a first century AD grave; Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europos: 30, 123, from tomb 55; Arakelian, Tiratsian and Khatchatrian, Steklo Drevney Armenii: 43, no. 66, from the Lake Sevan region of Georgia; Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 97, no. 132, from the Parthian cemetery at Warka in Iraq; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 161, no. 1191 =Strommenger E. Gefäße aus Uruk von der neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden. Berlin: Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka, 7: 1967: Pl. 47.10, also from Warka; al-Tikriti WY. The Excavations at Bidya, Fujairah: the 3rd and 2nd Millennia B.C. Culture. AUAE 5: 1989: Pl. 82B, from Bidya in the United Arab Emirates; Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos period: 115, no. 201, from al-Hajjar site 2, grave IB, on Bahrain.
124. Cf. Andrae W & Lenzen H. Die Partherstadt Assur. Leipzig: WVDOG, 57: 1933: 94-95, Pl. 46b, from a first century AD grave; Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europos: 30, 123, from tomb 55; Arakelian, Tiratsian and Khatchatrian, Steklo Drevney Armenii: 43, no. 66, from the Lake Sevan region of Georgia; Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 97, no. 132, from the Parthian cemetery at Warka in Iraq; van Ess & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 161, no. 1191 =Strommenger E. Gefäße aus Uruk von der neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden. Berlin: Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka, 7: 1967: Pl. 47.10, also from Warka; al-Tikriti WY. The Excavations at Bidya, Fujairah: the 3rd and 2nd Millennia B.C. Culture. AUAE 5: 1989: Pl. 82B, from Bidya in the United Arab Emirates; Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos period: 115, no. 201, from al-Hajjar site 2, grave IB, on Bahrain.
125. Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 92.
126. Fremersdorf F. Römische Gläser mit buntgefleckter Oberfläche. In: von Petrokovits H & Steeger A, eds. Festscrift für August Oxé zum 75. Geburtstag, 23. Juli 1938. Darmstadt: L. C. Wittich Verlag, 1938: 116-121.
127. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 42-43, no. 101.
128. Sternini M. La Verrerie romaine du Musée Archéologique de Nîmes, 2e partie. Siena and Paris: Cahiers des Musées et Monuments de Nîmes, University of Siena and Direction des Musées de France, 8: 1991: 134, nos. 541-543; Whitehouse, Roman glass in the Corning Museum: 208, no. 358.
129. Sternini M. La Verrerie romaine du Musée Archéologique de Nîmes, 2e partie. Siena and Paris: Cahiers des Musées et Monuments de Nîmes, University of Siena and Direction des Musées de France, 8: 1991: 134, nos. 541-543; Whitehouse, Roman glass in the Corning Museum: 208, no. 358.
130. E.g. Harden et al, Glass of the Caesars: 109, no. 42; van Lith SME. First-Century Cantharoi with a Stemmed Foot: Their Distribution and Social Context. In: Newby & Painter, Roman Glass: 99-102.
131. E.g. Harden et al, Glass of the Caesars: 109, no. 42; van Lith SME. First-Century Cantharoi with a Stemmed Foot: Their Distribution and Social Context. In: Newby & Painter, Roman Glass: 99-102.
132. Czurda-Ruth, Die römischen Gläser: 37, nos. 324-418.
133. Cool and Price, Roman vessel glass: 64-66.
134. Berger L. Römische Gläser aus Vindonissa. Basel: Veröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft Pro Vindonissa, 4: 1960: 43; Isings C. Glass from the Canabae Legionis at Nijmegen. Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemondersoek 30: 1980: 281.
135. Berger L. Römische Gläser aus Vindonissa. Basel: Veröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft Pro Vindonissa, 4: 1960: 43; Isings C. Glass from the Canabae Legionis at Nijmegen. Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemondersoek 30: 1980: 281.
136. van Lith, First-Century Cantharoi: 99-110.
137. Potts, The Danish excavations: 22.
138. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 43-44, no. 102.
139. Vine P. Bahrain National Museum. London: Immel, 1993: 68, far right=Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos period: 117, no. 208.
140. Isings, Roman glass from dated finds; 78-81; Price & Cottam, Romano-British Glass Vessels: 188-190.
141. Isings, Roman glass from dated finds; 78-81; Price & Cottam, Romano-British Glass Vessels: 188-190.
142. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur. 35, no. 79.
143. Andrae & Lenzen, Die Partherstadt: Pl. 46b.
144. Strommenger, Gefässe aus Uruk: Pl. 47.10-11
145. = van Esse & Pedde, Glasgefässe: 161, nos. 1191-1192.
146. Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos period: 121-122, nos. 216-221.
147. von Saldern A. Ancient and Byzantine Glass from Sardis. Cambridge: Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Monographs, 6: 1980: 85.
148. Goethert-Polaschek K. Katalog der römischen Gläser des Rheinschen Landesmuseums Trier. Mainz: Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen, 9: 1977: 352, forms 123 and 129.
149. Sternini M. Il vetro in Italia tra V e IX secoli. In: Foy D, ed. Le Verre de l'Antiquité tardive et du haut Moyen Age. Guiry-en-Vexin: Association Française pour l'Archéologie du Verre et Musée Départemental du Val d'Oise, 1995: 279, nos. 119-120.
150. Stern EM. The Toledo Museum of Art. Roman Mould-Blown Glass, the First through Sixth Centuries. Rome: Bretschneider, 1995: 65-69.
151. Price J. Decorated mould-blown glass tablewares in the first century AD. In: Newby & Painter, Roman Glass: 56-75.
152. Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass: 92, 94, no.120.
153. Potts, The Danish excavations: 14, Fig. D; Potts, The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity: 286, Fig. 22e.
154. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 103-105.
155. E.g. by Eisen G (assisted by Kouchakji F). Glass: Its Origin, History, Chronology, Technic and Classification to the Sixteenth Century. New York: William Edwin Rudge, 1: 1927: 290.
156. E.g. by Harden et al, Masterpieces of glass: 55, no. 66.
157. First suggested by Isings C. Exchanged for Sulphur. In: Festoen Opgedragen aan A. N. Zadoks-Josephus Jitta bij haar zeventigst vernhaardag. Groningen: Scripta Archaeologica Groningana, 6: 1976: 353.
158. Koltes J. Catalogue des collections archéologiques de Besançon. VII - La verrerie gallo-romaine. Paris: Annales Littérales de l'Université de Besançon, 270: 1982: 62-63, no. 172; Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 107, n. 38.
159. Koltes J. Catalogue des collections archéologiques de Besançon. VII - La verrerie gallo-romaine. Paris: Annales Littérales de l'Université de Besançon, 270: 1982: 62-63, no. 172; Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 107, n. 38.
160. Charlesworth D. The Glass. In: Frere SS. Verulamium Excavations. London: Society of Antiquaries, 1: 1972: 197-198, Fig. 74.3.
161. Alarcao J. Verres, In: Fouilles de Conimbriga, v. 6, Céramiques diverses et verres, Paris: Boccard, 1976: 177, no. 45.
162. Barag D. The contribution of Masada to the history of early Roman glass. In: Newby & Painter, Roman Glass: 139.
163. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 104.
164. Scatozza Höricht, I vetri romani di Ercolano: 19, Pl. 1, top centre; Scatozza Höricht LA. Syrian Elements among the Glass from Pompeii and Herculaneum. In: Newby & Painter, Roman Glass: 82, Fig. 16. a-b.
165. Scatozza Höricht, I vetri romani di Ercolano: 19, Pl. 1, top centre; Scatozza Höricht LA. Syrian Elements among the Glass from Pompeii and Herculaneum. In: Newby & Painter, Roman Glass: 82, Fig. 16. a-b.
166. Cf. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 129-133, nos. 36-39, 'Hexagonal bottle, fruit type, series A'. 116. Cf. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 166-169, nos. 75-78.
167. Cf. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 129-133, nos. 36-39, 'Hexagonal bottle, fruit type, series A'. 116. Cf. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 166-169, nos. 75-78.
168. Cf. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 169-172, nos. 79-82.
169. The Constable Maxwell collection of ancient glass. London: Sotheby Parker Burnet Sale Catalogue, 4-5 June 1979: 96, lots 153-154.
170. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 47-48, no. 109.
171. Stern, Ancient glass at the Fondation Custodia: 44-46.
172. Goethert-Polaschek, Katalog der römischen Gläser: 96, no. 453.
173. Scatozza Höricht, I vetri romani di Ercolano: 52, no. 105.
174. Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic glass: 93-94, nos. 119-120.
175. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 47-48, nos. 109-111.
176. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 64-65.
177. Ziviello, I vetri: 226, no. 48, left; Scatozza Höricht, Syrian elements: 83-84, Fig. 17.
178. Ziviello, I vetri: 226, no. 48, left; Scatozza Höricht, Syrian elements: 83-84, Fig. 17.
179. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 130-132.
180. Cf. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 180, nos. 109-110. For an example from the cemetery at al-Hajjar, Site 2, Bahrain, see Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos Period: 115, no. 202.
181. Cf. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 180, nos. 109-110. For an example from the cemetery at al-Hajjar, Site 2, Bahrain, see Boucharlat & Salles, The Tylos Period: 115, no. 202.
182. Cf. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 190-191, no. 119.
183. Isings, Roman glass from dated finds: 108-109; Whitehouse, Glass of the Caesars: 170, no. 91.
184. Isings, Roman glass from dated finds: 108-109; Whitehouse, Glass of the Caesars: 170, no. 91.
185. Masri A-R. Collection du verre du Musée de Hama. Bulletin de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre 3: 1964: 72, no. 4 and perhaps Auth SH. Ancient Glass at the Newark Museum, Newark: The museum, 1976: 72, no. 71.
186. Masri A-R. Collection du verre du Musée de Hama. Bulletin de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre 3: 1964: 72, no. 4 and perhaps Auth SH. Ancient Glass at the Newark Museum, Newark: The museum, 1976: 72, no. 71.
187. Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europus: 39-40, nos. 148-149.
188. Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europus: 39 noted an example in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
189. Ziviello, I vetri: 226, no. 48.
190. Carington Smith J. A Roman chamber tomb on the southeast slopes of Monasteriaki Kephala, Knossos. Annual of the British School at Athens 77: 1982: 280-281, nos. 70-71.
191. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 48-49, no. 112.
192. Clairmont, The excavations at Dura-Europus: 39.
193. Students of glass usually classify objects in terms of technique, cf. Whitehouse, Glass of the Caesars.
194. Begun in Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 65-67.
195. Brill, Appendix.
196. Potts, The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity: 264-271; Haerinck E. The Shifting Pattern of Overland and Seaborne Trade in SE-Arabia: Foreign Pre-Islamic Coins from Mleiha (Emirate of Sharjah, U.A.E.). Akkadica 106: 1998: 22-40.
197. Potts, The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity: 264-271; Haerinck E. The Shifting Pattern of Overland and Seaborne Trade in SE-Arabia: Foreign Pre-Islamic Coins from Mleiha (Emirate of Sharjah, U.A.E.). Akkadica 106: 1998: 22-40.
198. Casson L. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989: 41.
199. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 60.
200. Clairmont, The Excavations at Dura-Europos: 22-23, nos. 76-86 and 62, nos. 237-239.
201. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 62-65.
202. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 10, no. 17. The museum at Sharjah has another specimen, from Mleiha.
203. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur. 30-31, no. 71.
204. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 43-44, no. 102.
205. Stern, The Toledo Museum of Art: 130.
206. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 29-35, 43-46, nos. 68-71, nos. 73-78, nos. 102-105.
207. Lecomte, Ed-Dur: 214, Fig. 14.2.
208. Whitehouse, Excavations at ed-Dur: 65-67.
209. Turner PJ. Roman Coins from India. London: Royal Numismatic Society Special Publications 22 and Institute of Archaeology Occasional Publication 12, 1989: 20-27; MacDowall DW. The Evidence of the Gazetteer of Roman Artifacts in India. In: Ray HP & Salles J-F, eds. Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean. New Delhi: Manohar, 1994: 91-94.
210. Turner PJ. Roman Coins from India. London: Royal Numismatic Society Special Publications 22 and Institute of Archaeology Occasional Publication 12, 1989: 20-27; MacDowall DW. The Evidence of the Gazetteer of Roman Artifacts in India. In: Ray HP & Salles J-F, eds. Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean. New Delhi: Manohar, 1994: 91-94.
211. Casson, The Periplus Maris Erythraei: 6-7.
212. Meyer C. Glass from Quseir al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade. Chicago: SAOC, 53: 1992: 4-5.
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