International conflict coverage in Japanese local daily newspapers

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 77, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 830-845

  Cho, Hiromi ^a   Lacy, Stephen ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039174369     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900007700407     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (NY: Macmillan, 1922).
2. Chin-Chuan Lee, "Media Images of America: A China Case Study," in International Perspectives on New, ed. L. Erwin Atwood, Stuart J. Bullion, and Sharon M. Murphy (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), 53-76; Daniel Riffe, "The Stability of 'Bad News' in Third World Coverage: 22 Years of The News York Times Foreign News," International Communication Bulletin 28(3/4) (1993): 6-12; Michael Salwen and Frances R. Matera, "Public Salience of Foreign News," Journalism Quarterly 69 (autumn 1992): 623-32.
3. Chin-Chuan Lee, "Media Images of America: A China Case Study," in International Perspectives on New, ed. L. Erwin Atwood, Stuart J. Bullion, and Sharon M. Murphy (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), 53-76; Daniel Riffe, "The Stability of 'Bad News' in Third World Coverage: 22 Years of The News York Times Foreign News," International Communication Bulletin 28(3/4) (1993): 6-12; Michael Salwen and Frances R. Matera, "Public Salience of Foreign News," Journalism Quarterly 69 (autumn 1992): 623-32.
4. Chin-Chuan Lee, "Media Images of America: A China Case Study," in International Perspectives on New, ed. L. Erwin Atwood, Stuart J. Bullion, and Sharon M. Murphy (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), 53-76; Daniel Riffe, "The Stability of 'Bad News' in Third World Coverage: 22 Years of The News York Times Foreign News," International Communication Bulletin 28(3/4) (1993): 6-12; Michael Salwen and Frances R. Matera, "Public Salience of Foreign News," Journalism Quarterly 69 (autumn 1992): 623-32.
5. Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes: Reporting the World for America (NY: Harper & Row, 1979); Donald Shanor and Donald Johnston, Third World News in America Media: Experience and Prospects (NY: Columbia University, 1983); John Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-51; Tony Rimmer, "Foreign News on UPI's 'A' Wire in the U.S.A.," Gazette 28 (1981): 35-49; Cleveland Wilhoit and David Weaver, "Foreign New Coverage in Two U.S. Wire Services: An Update," Journal of Communication 33 (spring 1983): 132-48; Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon Books, 1979); Daniel Riffe and Eugene F. Shaw, "Conflict and Consonance: Coverage of Third World in Two U.S. Papers," Journalism Quarterly 59 (winter 1982): 617-26.
6. Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes: Reporting the World for America (NY: Harper & Row, 1979); Donald Shanor and Donald Johnston, Third World News in America Media: Experience and Prospects (NY: Columbia University, 1983); John Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-51; Tony Rimmer, "Foreign News on UPI's 'A' Wire in the U.S.A.," Gazette 28 (1981): 35-49; Cleveland Wilhoit and David Weaver, "Foreign New Coverage in Two U.S. Wire Services: An Update," Journal of Communication 33 (spring 1983): 132-48; Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon Books, 1979); Daniel Riffe and Eugene F. Shaw, "Conflict and Consonance: Coverage of Third World in Two U.S. Papers," Journalism Quarterly 59 (winter 1982): 617-26.
7. Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes: Reporting the World for America (NY: Harper & Row, 1979); Donald Shanor and Donald Johnston, Third World News in America Media: Experience and Prospects (NY: Columbia University, 1983); John Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-51; Tony Rimmer, "Foreign News on UPI's 'A' Wire in the U.S.A.," Gazette 28 (1981): 35-49; Cleveland Wilhoit and David Weaver, "Foreign New Coverage in Two U.S. Wire Services: An Update," Journal of Communication 33 (spring 1983): 132-48; Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon Books, 1979); Daniel Riffe and Eugene F. Shaw, "Conflict and Consonance: Coverage of Third World in Two U.S. Papers," Journalism Quarterly 59 (winter 1982): 617-26.
8. Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes: Reporting the World for America (NY: Harper & Row, 1979); Donald Shanor and Donald Johnston, Third World News in America Media: Experience and Prospects (NY: Columbia University, 1983); John Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-51; Tony Rimmer, "Foreign News on UPI's 'A' Wire in the U.S.A.," Gazette 28 (1981): 35-49; Cleveland Wilhoit and David Weaver, "Foreign New Coverage in Two U.S. Wire Services: An Update," Journal of Communication 33 (spring 1983): 132-48; Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon Books, 1979); Daniel Riffe and Eugene F. Shaw, "Conflict and Consonance: Coverage of Third World in Two U.S. Papers," Journalism Quarterly 59 (winter 1982): 617-26.
9. Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes: Reporting the World for America (NY: Harper & Row, 1979); Donald Shanor and Donald Johnston, Third World News in America Media: Experience and Prospects (NY: Columbia University, 1983); John Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-51; Tony Rimmer, "Foreign News on UPI's 'A' Wire in the U.S.A.," Gazette 28 (1981): 35-49; Cleveland Wilhoit and David Weaver, "Foreign New Coverage in Two U.S. Wire Services: An Update," Journal of Communication 33 (spring 1983): 132-48; Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon Books, 1979); Daniel Riffe and Eugene F. Shaw, "Conflict and Consonance: Coverage of Third World in Two U.S. Papers," Journalism Quarterly 59 (winter 1982): 617-26.
10. Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes: Reporting the World for America (NY: Harper & Row, 1979); Donald Shanor and Donald Johnston, Third World News in America Media: Experience and Prospects (NY: Columbia University, 1983); John Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-51; Tony Rimmer, "Foreign News on UPI's 'A' Wire in the U.S.A.," Gazette 28 (1981): 35-49; Cleveland Wilhoit and David Weaver, "Foreign New Coverage in Two U.S. Wire Services: An Update," Journal of Communication 33 (spring 1983): 132-48; Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon Books, 1979); Daniel Riffe and Eugene F. Shaw, "Conflict and Consonance: Coverage of Third World in Two U.S. Papers," Journalism Quarterly 59 (winter 1982): 617-26.
11. Mort Rosenblum, Coups and Earthquakes: Reporting the World for America (NY: Harper & Row, 1979); Donald Shanor and Donald Johnston, Third World News in America Media: Experience and Prospects (NY: Columbia University, 1983); John Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-51; Tony Rimmer, "Foreign News on UPI's 'A' Wire in the U.S.A.," Gazette 28 (1981): 35-49; Cleveland Wilhoit and David Weaver, "Foreign New Coverage in Two U.S. Wire Services: An Update," Journal of Communication 33 (spring 1983): 132-48; Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon Books, 1979); Daniel Riffe and Eugene F. Shaw, "Conflict and Consonance: Coverage of Third World in Two U.S. Papers," Journalism Quarterly 59 (winter 1982): 617-26.
12. The first two types are explained in Tsan-Kuo Chang and Jae-Won Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection of Foreign News: A National Survey of Newspaper Editors," Journalism Quarterly 69 (autumn 1992): 554-61. The term "organizational variables" comes from Stephen Lacy, Tsan-Kuo Chang, and Tuen-yu Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions and Market Factors on Foreign News Coverage," Newspaper Research Journal 10 (fall 1989): 23-32. These variables, such as circulation size and dependence on wire services for international news, represent either characteristics of the organization or resource allocation decisions within the organization.
13. The first two types are explained in Tsan-Kuo Chang and Jae-Won Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection of Foreign News: A National Survey of Newspaper Editors," Journalism Quarterly 69 (autumn 1992): 554-61. The term "organizational variables" comes from Stephen Lacy, Tsan-Kuo Chang, and Tuen-yu Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions and Market Factors on Foreign News Coverage," Newspaper Research Journal 10 (fall 1989): 23-32. These variables, such as circulation size and dependence on wire services for international news, represent either characteristics of the organization or resource allocation decisions within the organization.
14. For example, Tsan-Kuo Chang, Pamela Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media," Communication Research 14 (August 1987): 396-414.
15. For examples, Chang and Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Sophia Peterson, "Foreign News Gatekeepers and Criteria of Newsworthiness," Journalism Quarterly 56 (spring 1979): 116-25; Sophia Peterson, "International News Selection by Elite Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 45 (1981): 143-63; Riffe, "The Stability of 'Bad News' in Their World Coverage."
16. For examples, Chang and Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Sophia Peterson, "Foreign News Gatekeepers and Criteria of Newsworthiness," Journalism Quarterly 56 (spring 1979): 116-25; Sophia Peterson, "International News Selection by Elite Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 45 (1981): 143-63; Riffe, "The Stability of 'Bad News' in Their World Coverage."
17. For examples, Chang and Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Sophia Peterson, "Foreign News Gatekeepers and Criteria of Newsworthiness," Journalism Quarterly 56 (spring 1979): 116-25; Sophia Peterson, "International News Selection by Elite Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 45 (1981): 143-63; Riffe, "The Stability of 'Bad News' in Their World Coverage."
18. For examples, Chang and Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Sophia Peterson, "Foreign News Gatekeepers and Criteria of Newsworthiness," Journalism Quarterly 56 (spring 1979): 116-25; Sophia Peterson, "International News Selection by Elite Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 45 (1981): 143-63; Riffe, "The Stability of 'Bad News' in Their World Coverage."
19. For examples, Chang and Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection"; Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage"; Sophia Peterson, "Foreign News Gatekeepers and Criteria of Newsworthiness," Journalism Quarterly 56 (spring 1979): 116-25; Sophia Peterson, "International News Selection by Elite Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 45 (1981): 143-63; Riffe, "The Stability of 'Bad News' in Their World Coverage."
20. Elie Abel, "Television in International Conflict," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. Andrew Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984), 63-70; Robert L. Stevenson, "International Communication," in An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, ed. Michael B. Salwen and Don W. Stacks (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996), 181-193.
21. Elie Abel, "Television in International Conflict," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. Andrew Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984), 63-70; Robert L. Stevenson, "International Communication," in An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, ed. Michael B. Salwen and Don W. Stacks (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996), 181-193.
22. The local Japanese dailies total 19,158,293 circulation daily, compared to 35,902,726 for the national dailies.
23. Yasuo Koike and Akira Imada, "Kokusai nyusu no hodo jyokyo," in Nihon shinbun kyokai nenpo, ed. The Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association (Tokyo: The Nihon Shinbun Kyokai, 1989), 1-47.
24. Hiromi Cho and Stephen Lacy, "International News Coverage in Local Japanese Newspapers," Web Journal of Mass Communication Research 2(2) (March 1999):http://www.scripps.ohiou.edu/wjmcr/vol02/2-2a.HTM.
25. Jim A. Hart, "The Flow of International News into Ohio," Journalism Quarterly 38 (autumn 1961): 541-43.
26. Chang, Shoemaker, and Brendlinger, "Determinants of International News Coverage."
27. Wilbur Schramm, "Circulation of News in the Third World: A Study of Asia," in Mass Communication Review Yearbook, ed. Cleveland Wilhoit and Harrold DeBock (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1980), 589-619.
28. Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
29. Joan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News: The Presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises in Four Norwegian Newspapers," Journal of Peace Research 2 (1965): 64-91.
30. Peterson, "Foreign News Gatekeepers and Criteria of Newsworthiness"; Peterson, "International News Selection by Elite Press."
31. Peterson, "Foreign News Gatekeepers and Criteria of Newsworthiness"; Peterson, "International News Selection by Elite Press."
32. Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News into Korea," Gazette 15 (1970): 14-26.
33. Yasuo Koike and Akira Imada, "Kokusai nyusu no hodo jyokyo."
34. Yukiyo Kitagawa, Michael B. Salwen, and Paul D. Driscoll, "International News on Japanese and American Network Television: Regionalism and Conflict," Gazette 54 (1994): 87-93.
35. For example, Phyllis Kaniss, Making Local News (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Herbert Altschull, From Milton to McLuhan: The Ideas Behind American Journalism (NY: Longman, 1990).
36. For example, Phyllis Kaniss, Making Local News (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Herbert Altschull, From Milton to McLuhan: The Ideas Behind American Journalism (NY: Longman, 1990).
37. For example, Charles Whitney and Lee Becker, "'Keeping the Gates' for Gatekeepers: The Effects of Wire News," Journalism Quarterly 59 (spring 1982): 60-65; David White, "The 'Gatekeeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News," Journalism Quarterly 27 (fall 1950): 383-90; Walter Gieber, "Two Communicators of the News: A Study of the Roles of Sources and Reporters," Social Forces 39 (1960): 76-83.
38. For example, Charles Whitney and Lee Becker, "'Keeping the Gates' for Gatekeepers: The Effects of Wire News," Journalism Quarterly 59 (spring 1982): 60-65; David White, "The 'Gatekeeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News," Journalism Quarterly 27 (fall 1950): 383-90; Walter Gieber, "Two Communicators of the News: A Study of the Roles of Sources and Reporters," Social Forces 39 (1960): 76-83.
39. For example, Charles Whitney and Lee Becker, "'Keeping the Gates' for Gatekeepers: The Effects of Wire News," Journalism Quarterly 59 (spring 1982): 60-65; David White, "The 'Gatekeeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News," Journalism Quarterly 27 (fall 1950): 383-90; Walter Gieber, "Two Communicators of the News: A Study of the Roles of Sources and Reporters," Social Forces 39 (1960): 76-83.
40. For example, Vernone Sparkes, "The Flow of News Between Canada and the United States," Journalism Quarterly 55 (summer 1978): 260-68; Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; and Pamela Shoemaker, Lucig Danielian, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests: The Newsworthiness of World Events," Journalism Quarterly 68 (winter 1991): 781-95.
41. For example, Vernone Sparkes, "The Flow of News Between Canada and the United States," Journalism Quarterly 55 (summer 1978): 260-68; Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; and Pamela Shoemaker, Lucig Danielian, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests: The Newsworthiness of World Events," Journalism Quarterly 68 (winter 1991): 781-95.
42. For example, Vernone Sparkes, "The Flow of News Between Canada and the United States," Journalism Quarterly 55 (summer 1978): 260-68; Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; and Pamela Shoemaker, Lucig Danielian, and Nancy Brendlinger, "Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests: The Newsworthiness of World Events," Journalism Quarterly 68 (winter 1991): 781-95.
43. For example, Thomas Ahern Jr., "Determinants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. Newspapers," in Foreign News and the New World Information Order, ed. Robert Stevenson and Donald Shaw (Ames, IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-36; Andrew Semmel, "The Elite Press, the Global System, and Foreign News Attention," International Interactions: A Transnational Multidisciplinary Journal 3 (October 1977): 317-28; Shoemaker, Danielian, and Brendlinger, "Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests."
44. For example, Thomas Ahern Jr., "Determinants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. Newspapers," in Foreign News and the New World Information Order, ed. Robert Stevenson and Donald Shaw (Ames, IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-36; Andrew Semmel, "The Elite Press, the Global System, and Foreign News Attention," International Interactions: A Transnational Multidisciplinary Journal 3 (October 1977): 317-28; Shoemaker, Danielian, and Brendlinger, "Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests."
45. For example, Thomas Ahern Jr., "Determinants of Foreign Coverage in U.S. Newspapers," in Foreign News and the New World Information Order, ed. Robert Stevenson and Donald Shaw (Ames, IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1984), 217-36; Andrew Semmel, "The Elite Press, the Global System, and Foreign News Attention," International Interactions: A Transnational Multidisciplinary Journal 3 (October 1977): 317-28; Shoemaker, Danielian, and Brendlinger, "Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests."
46. For example, Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News"; Herbert Kariel and Lynn Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Shoemaker, Danielian, and Brendlinger, "Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests."
47. For example, Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News"; Herbert Kariel and Lynn Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Shoemaker, Danielian, and Brendlinger, "Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests."
48. For example, Einar Ostgaard, "Factors Influencing the Flow of News"; Herbert Kariel and Lynn Rosenvall, "Factors Influencing International News Flow," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 509-516; Shoemaker, Danielian, and Brendlinger, "Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests."
49. For example, Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980); Lee Becker, "Foreign Policy and Press Performance," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 364-68.
50. For example, Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980); Lee Becker, "Foreign Policy and Press Performance," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 364-68.
51. For example, Semmel, "The Elite Press, the Global System"; Robert Stevenson and Gary Gaddy, "Bad News and the Third World," in Foreign News and the New World Information Order, ed. Stevenson and Shaw, 88-97; Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
52. For example, Semmel, "The Elite Press, the Global System"; Robert Stevenson and Gary Gaddy, "Bad News and the Third World," in Foreign News and the New World Information Order, ed. Stevenson and Shaw, 88-97; Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
53. For example, Semmel, "The Elite Press, the Global System"; Robert Stevenson and Gary Gaddy, "Bad News and the Third World," in Foreign News and the New World Information Order, ed. Stevenson and Shaw, 88-97; Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
54. Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese, Mediating the Message, 2d ed. (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996); Chang and Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection"; Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
55. Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese, Mediating the Message, 2d ed. (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996); Chang and Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection"; Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
56. Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese, Mediating the Message, 2d ed. (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996); Chang and Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection"; Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
57. For example, William R. Lindley, "Gatekeepers' Avoidance of Group Opinion Sources," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 724-25; Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; John A. Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-52; David Gold and Jerry L. Simmons, "News Selection Patterns Among Iowa Dailies," Public Opinion Quarterly 29 (fall 1965): 425-30; James W. Markham, "Foreign News in the United States and South American Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 25 (summer 1961): 251-54; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News."
58. For example, William R. Lindley, "Gatekeepers' Avoidance of Group Opinion Sources," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 724-25; Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; John A. Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-52; David Gold and Jerry L. Simmons, "News Selection Patterns Among Iowa Dailies," Public Opinion Quarterly 29 (fall 1965): 425-30; James W. Markham, "Foreign News in the United States and South American Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 25 (summer 1961): 251-54; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News."
59. For example, William R. Lindley, "Gatekeepers' Avoidance of Group Opinion Sources," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 724-25; Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; John A. Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-52; David Gold and Jerry L. Simmons, "News Selection Patterns Among Iowa Dailies," Public Opinion Quarterly 29 (fall 1965): 425-30; James W. Markham, "Foreign News in the United States and South American Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 25 (summer 1961): 251-54; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News."
60. For example, William R. Lindley, "Gatekeepers' Avoidance of Group Opinion Sources," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 724-25; Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; John A. Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-52; David Gold and Jerry L. Simmons, "News Selection Patterns Among Iowa Dailies," Public Opinion Quarterly 29 (fall 1965): 425-30; James W. Markham, "Foreign News in the United States and South American Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 25 (summer 1961): 251-54; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News."
61. For example, William R. Lindley, "Gatekeepers' Avoidance of Group Opinion Sources," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 724-25; Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; John A. Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-52; David Gold and Jerry L. Simmons, "News Selection Patterns Among Iowa Dailies," Public Opinion Quarterly 29 (fall 1965): 425-30; James W. Markham, "Foreign News in the United States and South American Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 25 (summer 1961): 251-54; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News."
62. For example, William R. Lindley, "Gatekeepers' Avoidance of Group Opinion Sources," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 724-25; Galtung and Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News"; John A. Lent, "Foreign News in American Media," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 46-52; David Gold and Jerry L. Simmons, "News Selection Patterns Among Iowa Dailies," Public Opinion Quarterly 29 (fall 1965): 425-30; James W. Markham, "Foreign News in the United States and South American Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 25 (summer 1961): 251-54; Sunwoo Nam, "The Flow of International News."
63. Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
64. Chang and Lee, "Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection."
65. Melissa Johnson, "Predicting News Flow from Mexico," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74 (summer 1997): 315-30.
66. Philip Gaunt, Choosing the News: The Profit Factor in News Selection (NY: Greenwood Press, 1990).
67. Schramm, "Circulation of News."
68. Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions"; and Johnson, "Predicting News Flow from Mexico."
69. Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions"; and Johnson, "Predicting News Flow from Mexico."
70. Seventy local Japanese newspaper companies were registered to the Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association, excluding professional, business, special service dailies, sports, and foreign language newspapers. Among them, twenty-six newspaper companies (37 percent) published both morning and evening editions; thirty-two newspaper companies (46 percent) published only morning editions; and twelve newspaper companies (17 percent) published only evening editions. Each of these groups was sampled proportionate to their percentage of the population. These local newspapers differ from the four national Japanese daily newspapers and are equivalent to the average newspaper found in the United States. Their primary coverage area is a province, although they carry some national and international news.
71. Sampled dates are: Sunday, 4 June; Monday, 13 March; Tuesday, 7 March; Wednesday, 25 January; Thursday, 18 May; Friday, 24 February; and Saturday, 11 March. A constructed week was selected because advertiser and reader demand sets up cycles within a week. It avoids the possibility of over sampling Sundays or Saturdays, when large or small newsholes are usually published. The six-month period was a convenient time, but there was no evidence of international events during this period that would have caused a systematic variation from the normal range of international coverage in these newspapers. The sample was originally used as part of a thesis by the first author. Although the data are five years old, there is little reason to believe it would be inconsistent with more current data. In addition, samples of Japan local papers are rare in the study of international news coverage, and a probability sample representing all such papers is unheard of. Of course, a replication is needed to confirm these results, but the absence of any current studies about these important dailies in a country with powerful international economic influence makes this research worthwhile.
72. These categorizations and definitions were taken from Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
73. After the initial reliability check, the reasons for the disagreements were discussed in an effort to establish a common frame of reference. See Daniel Riffe, Stephen Lacy, and Frederick Fico, Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates, 1998), 119-22. The higher agreement in the second reliability check indicated this helped improve reliability.
74. These control variables were introduced as independent variables in the multiple regression analysis to remove their influence. This provides for tests of the hypotheses with the impact of the control variables removed.
75. Cho and Lacy, "International News Coverage."
76. Bank of Japan, Department of Research and Statistics, Economic Statistics Annual by Prefecture 1995 (Tokyo, 1996).
77. For example, Jeff Charles, Larry Shore, and Rusty Todd, "The New York Times Coverage of Equatorial and Lower Africa," Journal of Communication 29 (spring 1979): 148-55; Semmel, "The Elite Press, the Global System."
78. For example, Jeff Charles, Larry Shore, and Rusty Todd, "The New York Times Coverage of Equatorial and Lower Africa," Journal of Communication 29 (spring 1979): 148-55; Semmel, "The Elite Press, the Global System."
79. Hiromi Cho, "Factors Influencing International News Coverage in Japanese Local Newspapers" (master's thesis, Michigan State University, 1996).
80. Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association, Zenkoku shimbun gaido 1996 (Tokyo: Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association, 1997).
81. Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
82. Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association, Zenkoku shimbun gaido 1996.
83. Norman Nie, Hadlai Hull, Jean Jenkins, Karin Steinbrenner, and Dale Bent, SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 2d ed. (NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975), 327, 344, 383-97.
84. Lacy, Chang, and Lau, "Impact of Allocation Decisions."
85. Johnson, "Predicting News Flow from Mexico."
86. Kitagawa, Salwen, and Driscoll, "International News on Japanese."