Immigration to the United States

Population Bulletin

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 3-43

  Martin, Philip ^a   Midgley, Elizabeth ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039164025     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. An editorial on July 3, 1986, first made this proposal, which was repeated in an editorial on July 3, 1990.
2. Archbishop Roger Mahoney of Los Angeles has been quoted as saying: "The right to immigrate is more fundamental than that of nations to control their borders." Nicholas Capaldi, ed., Immigration: Debating the Issues (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1997): 17.
3. U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, Becoming an American: Immigration and Immigrant Policy (Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, 1997).
4. Applicants for diversity immigration visas must: (1) be nationals of countries that sent fewer than 50,000 immigrants to the United States during the past five years in the immediate family or employment preference categories and (2) have a high school education or equivalent work experience. See http://travel.state.gov.
5. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1996 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997): 196.
6. U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Inspector General, "The Department of Labor's Foreign Labor Certification Programs: The System Is Broken and Needs to Be Fixed," Report No. 06-96-002-03-321 (May 22, 1996). Accessed online at http://www.oig.dol.gov/ public/reports/oa/1996/foreign_labor_cert.pdf, on April 7, 1999.
7. Migration News, November 1998. Accessed online at http://www.migration.ucdavis.edu, on March 19, 1999.
8. Todd Davis, ed., Open Doors 1997/98 (New York: International Institute for Education, 1998). Excerpts accessed online at http://www.iie.org/opendoors, on March 16, 1999.
9. Casals and Associates, "Evaluation of Pilot Foreign Student Employment Program" (Arlington, VA: Casals and Associates, March 1994).
10. Jean M. Johnson, "Statistical Profiles of Foreign Doctoral Recipients in Science and Engineering: Plans to Stay in the United States," NSF 99-304 (Washington, DC: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, November 1998). Accessed online at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nsf99304/start.htm, on March 12, 1999.
11. U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, Migration Between Mexico and the United States: A Report of the Binational Study on Migration (Washington, DC: Commission on Immigration Reform, September 1997). Accessed online at http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/uscir/ binational.html, on March 16, 1999.
12. In 1953, for the only time in the past 70 years, did more than 10 percent of the public favor increasing immigration. Julian Simon, The Economic Consequences of Immigration (New York: Blackwell, 1989): 350.
13. This poll of 800 adults, conducted from July 31 to Aug. 17, 1997, for the PBS TV show, "State of the Union," was reported in Susan Page, "Fear of Immigration Eases," USA Today, Oct. 13, 1997, online edition: p. 1A.
14. Jackie Calmes, "Despite Buoyant Economic Times Americans Don't Buy Free Trade," Wall Street Journal, Dec. 10, 1998, online edition. A June 1997 Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll found that 49 percent of respondents thought that immigration has mostly negative effects on the United States and 44 percent thought that immigration has mostly positive effects.
15. Accessed online at http://www.ppic.org/publications/CalSurvey5/survey5.ch5.html, on April 6, 1999.
16. Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past: The Forces That Shaped Modern America, 2d ed. (New York: Harper&Row, 1970): 50.
17. Douglas S. Massey and Kristin Espinosa, "What's Driving Mexico-U.S. Migration? A Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Analysis," American Journal of Sociology 102 (1997): 939-99.
18. Douglas S. Massey, Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino, and J. Edward Taylor, "Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal," Population and Development Review 19, no. 3 (September 1993): 431-65.
19. Varden Fuller, Hired Hands in California's Farm Fields (Berkeley: Gianinni Foundation, 1991): vi.
20. Estimate based on figures in Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1996: 196; and U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, Migration Between Mexico and the United States: 6-12.
21. Estimate based on figures in Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1996: 196; and U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, Migration Between Mexico and the United States: 6-12.
22. U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, Migration Between Mexico and the United States: 8.
23. Ibid.
24. In a Sept. 10, 1992, speech to the Detroit Economic Club, President Bush said that the economic growth accelerated by NAFTA should "cut down on the cross-border flow of illegals that I think is burdening a lot of our country, particularly California." (Quoted in President Bush's letter to Congress, May 1, 1991): 17.
25. Stanley Lebergott, The Americans: An Economic Record (New York: Norton, 1986): 182-85.
26. Vernon J. Briggs, Mass Immigration and the National Interest (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1992): 56-57.
27. Ibid.: 45.
28. The 1790 Act established the first uniform rules for acquiring U.S. citizenship. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1996: A.1-1.
29. Woodrow Wilson, A History of the American People, Vol. IV (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1901): 212-13.
30. Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Immigration Policy and the American Labor Force (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984): 24-28.
31. Oscar Handlin, "Memorandum Concerning the Origins of the National Origin Quota System," in Hearings Before the President's Commission on Immigration and Naturalization, 82d Congress, 2d sess. (Washington, DC: U.S Government Printing Office, 1952): 755.
32. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, House Report 1365, 82d Congress, 2d Session, Feb. 14, 1952: 37.
33. Robert Devine, American Immigration Policy: 1924-1952 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957): 104.
34. Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy (SCIRP), U.S. Immigration Policy and the National Interest (Washington, DC: SCIRP, 1981).
35. Philip L. Martin, "Good Intentions Gone Awry: IRCA and U.S. Agriculture," The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science 534 (July 1994): 44-57.
36. Significant legislation in the early 1990s included the Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992, which permitted Chinese nationals living the United States in 1989-1990 to adjust to permanent resident status, and the North American Free Trade Agreement, which permitted some Canadian and Mexican professionals to enter the United States for employment. See Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1996: A.1-21-22.
37. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P25-1130 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).
38. James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997): 76-134.
39. Ben Wattenberg, The Birth Dearth: What Happens When People in Free Countries Don't Have Enough Babies? (New York: Pharos Books, 1987).
40. Smith and Edmonston, The New Americans: 3-50.
41. Council of Economic Advisors, The Economic Effects of Immigration (Washington, DC: Council of Economic Advisors, 1986): 213-34.
42. Richard Mines and Philip L. Martin, "Immigrant Workers and the California Citrus Industry," Industrial Relations 23, no. 1 (January 1984): 139-49.
43. Smith and Edmonston, The New Americans: 135-65.
44. General Accounting Office, Illegal Aliens: Influence of Illegal Workers on the Wages and Working Conditions of Legal Workers, PEMD-88-13BR (Washington, DC: General Accounting Office, 1988): 39-41.
45. George J. Borjas, Friends or Strangers: The Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy (New York: Basic Books, 1990): 81.
46. David Card, "The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 43 (1990): 245-57.
47. William H. Frey, "The New White Flight," American Demographics (April 1994): 40-48; and George J. Borjas, "The Economics of Immigration," Journal of Economic Literature XXXII (December 1994): 1667-717.
48. William H. Frey, "The New White Flight," American Demographics (April 1994): 40-48; and George J. Borjas, "The Economics of Immigration," Journal of Economic Literature XXXII (December 1994): 1667-717.
49. Philip L. Martin, "The Missing Bridge: How Immigrant Networks Keep Americans Out of Dirty Jobs," Population and Environment 14, no. 6 (July 1993): 539-64.
50. J. Edward Taylor, Philip Martin, and Michael Fix, Poverty Amid Prosperity: Immigration and the Changing Face of Rural California (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997).
51. Smith and Edmonston, The New Americans: 5-33.
52. Barry Chiswick, "The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign-Born Men," Journal of Political Economy 86 (October 1978): 897-921.
53. Between 1970 and 1990, the proportion of the U.S. male labor force who had not completed high school by age 25 fell from about 40 percent to 15 percent, while the proportion of immigrants without a high school diploma fell only from 48 percent to 37 percent. See George Borjas, "Assimilation and Changes in Cohort Quality Revisited: What Happened to Immigrant Earnings in the 1980s?" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 4866 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1994).
54. Alejandro Portes, ed., The Economic Sociology of Immigration (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995): 29. See also "Immigrant Entrepreneurs," Research Perspectives on Migration 1, no. 2 (January/February 1997): 11-12.
55. Alejandro Portes, ed., The Economic Sociology of Immigration (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995): 29. See also "Immigrant Entrepreneurs," Research Perspectives on Migration 1, no. 2 (January/February 1997): 11-12.
56. Randall Filer, Daniel Hamermesh, and Albert Rees, The Economics of Work and Pay (New York: HarperCollins, 1996): 364; and Borjas, Friends or Strangers: 163.
57. Randall Filer, Daniel Hamermesh, and Albert Rees, The Economics of Work and Pay (New York: HarperCollins, 1996): 364; and Borjas, Friends or Strangers: 163.
58. Alejandro Portes and Robert L. Bach, Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
59. Migration News, September 1995 and August 1997. Accessed online at http://www.migration.ucdavis.edu, on March 19, 1999.
60. Portes, ed., The Economic Sociology of Immigration: 29.
61. Smith and Edmonston, The New Americans: 52-61.
62. Sacramento Bee, Aug. 15, 1993: p. A-5.
63. Smith and Edmonston, The New Americans: Table 6.3.
64. Ibid.
65. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1996: 143-44.
66. Peter Schuck and R. Smith, Citizenship Without Consent: Illegal Aliens in the American Polity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).
67. Janin Raskin, "Time to Give Aliens the Vote (Again)," The Nation, April 5, 1993: 451. A Pennsylvania judge in 1809 upheld an alien's right to vote in Pittsburgh, stating: " ... being an inhabitant, and ... paying tax ... give an interest ... therefore, to a voice."
68. "Naturalization Controversy," Migration News 3, no. 10 (October 1996).
69. Ibid.
70. Roger Hernández, "The Republican Debacle Among Hispanics," King Features, Nov. 10, 1996. Accessed online at http://www.latinolink.com, on April 9, 1999.
71. Sharon M. Lee, "Asian Americans: Diverse and Growing," Population Bulletin 53, no. 2 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, June 1998): 30-31.
72. Louis DeSipio, Counting on the Latino Vote: Latinos as a New Electorate (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1996).
73. Loretta E. Bass and Lynne M. Casper, "Are There Differences in Registrations and Voting Behavior Between Naturalized and Native-Born Americans?" Population Division Working Paper no. 28. Accessed online at http://www.census.gov/population/www/ documentation/twps0028/twps.html, on March 19, 1999.
74. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920): 22-23.
75. E. Digby Baltzell, The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America (New York: Vintage Books, 1964): 30.
76. Robert Bach, Changing Relations: Newcomers and Established Residents in U.S. Communities (New York: The Ford Foundation, 1992): 49.
77. Francois Grosjean, Life with Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1982): Chapter 2.
78. Calvin Veltmann, The Future of the Spanish Language in the United States (Hispanic Policy Development Project, Washington, DC, and New York, 1988): Chapter 8.
79. Alejandro Portes and Richard Schauffler, "Language and the Second Generation: Bilingualism Yesterday and Today," in The New Second Generation, ed. Alejandro Portes (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996): 8-29.
80. Rodolfo O. de la Garza, Louis DeSipio, F. Chris Garcia, John Garcia, and Angelo Falcon, Latino Voices (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992): 42.
81. Joseph R. Meisenheimer II, "How Do Immigrants Fare in the U.S. Labor Market?" Monthly Labor Review (December 1992): 17.
82. Barry Chiswick and Paul Miller, "Language in the Immigrant Labor Market," in Immigration, Language and Ethnicity: Canada and the U.S., ed. Barry Chiswick (Washington DC: The AEI Press, 1992): 277.
83. de la Garza, DeSipio, Garcia, Garcia, and Falcon, Latino Voices: 98.
84. National Research Council, Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children: A Research Agenda (Washington, DC: Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, 1997).
85. Ibid.: 156.