Loud tastes, colored fragrances, and scented sounds: How and when to mix the senses in persuasive communications

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 76, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 354-372

  Nelson, Michelle R ^a   Hitchon, Jacqueline C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039136354     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909907600212     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Lawrence E. Marks, The Unity of the Senses: Interrelations Among the Modalities (New York: Academic Press, 1978); Lawrence E. Marks, "On Colored-Hearing Synesthesia: Cross-Modal Translations of Sensory Dimensions," Psychological Bulletin 82 (3, 1975): 303-331.
2. Lawrence E. Marks, The Unity of the Senses: Interrelations Among the Modalities (New York: Academic Press, 1978); Lawrence E. Marks, "On Colored-Hearing Synesthesia: Cross-Modal Translations of Sensory Dimensions," Psychological Bulletin 82 (3, 1975): 303-331.
3. Lawrence E. Marks, "On Perceptual Metaphors," Metaphor and Symbol 11 (1, 1996): 39-66; Lawrence E. Marks, "Synesthetic Perception and Poetic Metaphor," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8 (1, 1982 a): 15-23.
4. Lawrence E. Marks, "On Perceptual Metaphors," Metaphor and Symbol 11 (1, 1996): 39-66; Lawrence E. Marks, "Synesthetic Perception and Poetic Metaphor," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8 (1, 1982 a): 15-23.
5. Richard E. Cytowic, Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses (New York: Vertag, 1989), 238-83; June E. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Philosophy 9 (1912): 490-98; Glenn O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 15 (4, 1957): 391-411; W. Silz, "Heine's Synesthesia," Publications of the Modern Language Association 57 (1942): 469-88; Carol Donnell-Kotrozo, "Intersensory Perception of Music," Music Educator's Journal 65 (1978): 32-37; Brooks Adams, "Quadrilateral Drift," Art in America 77 (May 1989): 188-91; Nancy Princenthal, "Jim Melchert at Holly Solomon," Art in America 79 (December 1991): 115-16; Susan Mc-Ghee-Daniels and Gary A. David, "The Imagery-Creativity Connection," Journal of Creative Behavior 28 (3, 1994): 151-76.
6. Richard E. Cytowic, Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses (New York: Vertag, 1989), 238-83; June E. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Philosophy 9 (1912): 490-98; Glenn O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 15 (4, 1957): 391-411; W. Silz, "Heine's Synesthesia," Publications of the Modern Language Association 57 (1942): 469-88; Carol Donnell-Kotrozo, "Intersensory Perception of Music," Music Educator's Journal 65 (1978): 32-37; Brooks Adams, "Quadrilateral Drift," Art in America 77 (May 1989): 188-91; Nancy Princenthal, "Jim Melchert at Holly Solomon," Art in America 79 (December 1991): 115-16; Susan Mc-Ghee-Daniels and Gary A. David, "The Imagery-Creativity Connection," Journal of Creative Behavior 28 (3, 1994): 151-76.
7. Richard E. Cytowic, Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses (New York: Vertag, 1989), 238-83; June E. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Philosophy 9 (1912): 490-98; Glenn O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 15 (4, 1957): 391-411; W. Silz, "Heine's Synesthesia," Publications of the Modern Language Association 57 (1942): 469-88; Carol Donnell-Kotrozo, "Intersensory Perception of Music," Music Educator's Journal 65 (1978): 32-37; Brooks Adams, "Quadrilateral Drift," Art in America 77 (May 1989): 188-91; Nancy Princenthal, "Jim Melchert at Holly Solomon," Art in America 79 (December 1991): 115-16; Susan Mc-Ghee-Daniels and Gary A. David, "The Imagery-Creativity Connection," Journal of Creative Behavior 28 (3, 1994): 151-76.
8. Richard E. Cytowic, Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses (New York: Vertag, 1989), 238-83; June E. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Philosophy 9 (1912): 490-98; Glenn O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 15 (4, 1957): 391-411; W. Silz, "Heine's Synesthesia," Publications of the Modern Language Association 57 (1942): 469-88; Carol Donnell-Kotrozo, "Intersensory Perception of Music," Music Educator's Journal 65 (1978): 32-37; Brooks Adams, "Quadrilateral Drift," Art in America 77 (May 1989): 188-91; Nancy Princenthal, "Jim Melchert at Holly Solomon," Art in America 79 (December 1991): 115-16; Susan Mc-Ghee-Daniels and Gary A. David, "The Imagery-Creativity Connection," Journal of Creative Behavior 28 (3, 1994): 151-76.
9. Richard E. Cytowic, Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses (New York: Vertag, 1989), 238-83; June E. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Philosophy 9 (1912): 490-98; Glenn O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 15 (4, 1957): 391-411; W. Silz, "Heine's Synesthesia," Publications of the Modern Language Association 57 (1942): 469-88; Carol Donnell-Kotrozo, "Intersensory Perception of Music," Music Educator's Journal 65 (1978): 32-37; Brooks Adams, "Quadrilateral Drift," Art in America 77 (May 1989): 188-91; Nancy Princenthal, "Jim Melchert at Holly Solomon," Art in America 79 (December 1991): 115-16; Susan Mc-Ghee-Daniels and Gary A. David, "The Imagery-Creativity Connection," Journal of Creative Behavior 28 (3, 1994): 151-76.
10. Richard E. Cytowic, Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses (New York: Vertag, 1989), 238-83; June E. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Philosophy 9 (1912): 490-98; Glenn O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 15 (4, 1957): 391-411; W. Silz, "Heine's Synesthesia," Publications of the Modern Language Association 57 (1942): 469-88; Carol Donnell-Kotrozo, "Intersensory Perception of Music," Music Educator's Journal 65 (1978): 32-37; Brooks Adams, "Quadrilateral Drift," Art in America 77 (May 1989): 188-91; Nancy Princenthal, "Jim Melchert at Holly Solomon," Art in America 79 (December 1991): 115-16; Susan Mc-Ghee-Daniels and Gary A. David, "The Imagery-Creativity Connection," Journal of Creative Behavior 28 (3, 1994): 151-76.
11. Richard E. Cytowic, Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses (New York: Vertag, 1989), 238-83; June E. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Philosophy 9 (1912): 490-98; Glenn O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 15 (4, 1957): 391-411; W. Silz, "Heine's Synesthesia," Publications of the Modern Language Association 57 (1942): 469-88; Carol Donnell-Kotrozo, "Intersensory Perception of Music," Music Educator's Journal 65 (1978): 32-37; Brooks Adams, "Quadrilateral Drift," Art in America 77 (May 1989): 188-91; Nancy Princenthal, "Jim Melchert at Holly Solomon," Art in America 79 (December 1991): 115-16; Susan Mc-Ghee-Daniels and Gary A. David, "The Imagery-Creativity Connection," Journal of Creative Behavior 28 (3, 1994): 151-76.
12. Richard E. Cytowic, Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses (New York: Vertag, 1989), 238-83; June E. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Philosophy 9 (1912): 490-98; Glenn O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 15 (4, 1957): 391-411; W. Silz, "Heine's Synesthesia," Publications of the Modern Language Association 57 (1942): 469-88; Carol Donnell-Kotrozo, "Intersensory Perception of Music," Music Educator's Journal 65 (1978): 32-37; Brooks Adams, "Quadrilateral Drift," Art in America 77 (May 1989): 188-91; Nancy Princenthal, "Jim Melchert at Holly Solomon," Art in America 79 (December 1991): 115-16; Susan Mc-Ghee-Daniels and Gary A. David, "The Imagery-Creativity Connection," Journal of Creative Behavior 28 (3, 1994): 151-76.
13. Michelle R. Nelson and Jacqueline C. Hitchon, "Theory of Synesthesia Applied to Persuasion in Print Advertising Headlines," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 346-60; Edward F. McQuarrie and David Glen Mick, "On Resonance: A Critical Pluralistic Inquiry into Advertising Rhetoric," Journal of Consumer Research 19 (September 1992): 180-97; Trudy Kehret-Ward, "The Use of Sensory Metaphors in Product Evalua-tion" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Consumer Research, New Orleans, 1989).
14. Michelle R. Nelson and Jacqueline C. Hitchon, "Theory of Synesthesia Applied to Persuasion in Print Advertising Headlines," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 346-60; Edward F. McQuarrie and David Glen Mick, "On Resonance: A Critical Pluralistic Inquiry into Advertising Rhetoric," Journal of Consumer Research 19 (September 1992): 180-97; Trudy Kehret-Ward, "The Use of Sensory Metaphors in Product Evalua-tion" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Consumer Research, New Orleans, 1989).
15. Michelle R. Nelson and Jacqueline C. Hitchon, "Theory of Synesthesia Applied to Persuasion in Print Advertising Headlines," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 346-60; Edward F. McQuarrie and David Glen Mick, "On Resonance: A Critical Pluralistic Inquiry into Advertising Rhetoric," Journal of Consumer Research 19 (September 1992): 180-97; Trudy Kehret-Ward, "The Use of Sensory Metaphors in Product Evalua-tion" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Consumer Research, New Orleans, 1989).
16. Nelson and Hitchon, "Theory of Synesthesia," 346-60.
17. Emma Vorlat, "Metaphors and Their Aptness in Trade Names for Perfumes" in The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought, ed. Wolf Paprotte and Rene Dirven (Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1985); Johan Arndt, "The Tyranny of Paradigms: The Case for Paradigmatic Pluralism in Marketing" (paper presented at the Alternative Paradigms in Marketing Workshop, American Marketing Association, 1983); Robert W. Boozer, David C. Wyld, and James Grant, "Using Metaphor to Create More Effective Sales Messages," Journal of Consumer Marketing 8 (2, 1991): 59-67; Barbara B. Stern, "Medieval Allegory: Roots of Advertising Strategy for the Mass Market," Journal of Marketing 52 (1988 b): 84-94;
18. Emma Vorlat, "Metaphors and Their Aptness in Trade Names for Perfumes" in The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought, ed. Wolf Paprotte and Rene Dirven (Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1985); Johan Arndt, "The Tyranny of Paradigms: The Case for Paradigmatic Pluralism in Marketing" (paper presented at the Alternative Paradigms in Marketing Workshop, American Marketing Association, 1983); Robert W. Boozer, David C. Wyld, and James Grant, "Using Metaphor to Create More Effective Sales Messages," Journal of Consumer Marketing 8 (2, 1991): 59-67; Barbara B. Stern, "Medieval Allegory: Roots of Advertising Strategy for the Mass Market," Journal of Marketing 52 (1988 b): 84-94;
19. Emma Vorlat, "Metaphors and Their Aptness in Trade Names for Perfumes" in The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought, ed. Wolf Paprotte and Rene Dirven (Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1985); Johan Arndt, "The Tyranny of Paradigms: The Case for Paradigmatic Pluralism in Marketing" (paper presented at the Alternative Paradigms in Marketing Workshop, American Marketing Association, 1983); Robert W. Boozer, David C. Wyld, and James Grant, "Using Metaphor to Create More Effective Sales Messages," Journal of Consumer Marketing 8 (2, 1991): 59-67; Barbara B. Stern, "Medieval Allegory: Roots of Advertising Strategy for the Mass Market," Journal of Marketing 52 (1988 b): 84-94;
20. Emma Vorlat, "Metaphors and Their Aptness in Trade Names for Perfumes" in The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought, ed. Wolf Paprotte and Rene Dirven (Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1985); Johan Arndt, "The Tyranny of Paradigms: The Case for Paradigmatic Pluralism in Marketing" (paper presented at the Alternative Paradigms in Marketing Workshop, American Marketing Association, 1983); Robert W. Boozer, David C. Wyld, and James Grant, "Using Metaphor to Create More Effective Sales Messages," Journal of Consumer Marketing 8 (2, 1991): 59-67; Barbara B. Stern, "Medieval Allegory: Roots of Advertising Strategy for the Mass Market," Journal of Marketing 52 (1988 b): 84-94;
21. Stephanie A. Gray and Rita Snyder, "Metaphor in Advertising: Effects on Memory," Proceedings of the Society for Consumer Psychology-Division 23, ed. Meryl P. Gardner (American Psychological Association, 1989), 85-87;
22. Jacqueline C. Hitchon, "Effects of Metaphorical vs. Literal Headlines on Advertising Persuasion," in Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 18, ed. Rebecca H. Holman and Michael Solomon (Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1991), 752-53;
23. Francoise Jaffe, "Metaphors and Memory: A Study in Persuasion" (Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 1988).
24. M. Burgoon and G. R. Miller, "An Expectancy Interpretation of Language and Persuasion," in Recent Advances in Language, Communication, and Social Psychology, ed. H. Giles and R. N. St. Clare (London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985).
25. D. D. Morley and K. B. Walker, The Role of Importance, Novelty, and Plausibility in Producing Belief Change, Communication Monographs, no. 54 (1993), 436-42; Burgoon and Miller, "An Expectancy Interpretation"; Michael D. Santos, Craig Leve, and Anthony R. Pratkanis, "Hey Buddy, Can You Spare Seventeen Cents? Mindful Persuasion and the Pique Technique," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24 (9, 1994): 755-64.
26. D. D. Morley and K. B. Walker, The Role of Importance, Novelty, and Plausibility in Producing Belief Change, Communication Monographs, no. 54 (1993), 436-42; Burgoon and Miller, "An Expectancy Interpretation"; Michael D. Santos, Craig Leve, and Anthony R. Pratkanis, "Hey Buddy, Can You Spare Seventeen Cents? Mindful Persuasion and the Pique Technique," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24 (9, 1994): 755-64.
27. D. D. Morley and K. B. Walker, The Role of Importance, Novelty, and Plausibility in Producing Belief Change, Communication Monographs, no. 54 (1993), 436-42; Burgoon and Miller, "An Expectancy Interpretation"; Michael D. Santos, Craig Leve, and Anthony R. Pratkanis, "Hey Buddy, Can You Spare Seventeen Cents? Mindful Persuasion and the Pique Technique," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24 (9, 1994): 755-64.
28. Elizabeth C. Hirschman and Morris B. Holbrook, "Hedonic Consumption: Emerging Concepts, Methods and Propositions," Journal of Marketing 46 (1982): 92-101.
29. Naomi Quinn, "The Cultural Bases of Metaphor," in Beyond Metaphor: The Theory of Tropes in Anthropology, ed. James W. Fernandez (Standford, CA: Standford University Press, 1991), 57.
30. Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (NY: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1985).
31. John A. Waterman, "Creativity and Sensation: The Case for Synaesthetic Media," Leonardo 30 (4, 1997): 327
32. David J. Sapir, "The Anatomy of Metaphor," in The Social Use of Metaphor, ed. J. David Sapir and J. Christopher Crocker (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977), 3-32.
33. James W. Fernandez, Persuasions and Performances: The Play of Tropes in Culture (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986), 37.
34. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, "Conceptual Metaphors in Everyday Language," The Journal of Philosophy LXVII (8, 1980): 453-586; George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1980).
35. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, "Conceptual Metaphors in Everyday Language," The Journal of Philosophy LXVII (8, 1980): 453-586; George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1980).
36. Barbara B. Stern, "How Does An Ad Mean? Language in Advertising," Journal of Advertising 17 (1988): 3-14;
37. Stern, "Medieval Allegory," 84-94;
38. Jacqueline C. Hitchon, "The Locus of Metaphorical Persuasion: An Empirical Test," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74 (spring 1997): 55-68.
39. Richard E. Cytowic, The Man Who Tasted Shapes (New York, NY: Warner Books, Inc., 1993).
40. Isaac Newton, Optiks, 4th ed. (New York: Dover Publications, 1952), 1730.
41. L.B. Castel, "Calvecin par les yeux, avec l'art de peindre les sons, & toutes sortes de pieces de musique," Mercure de France, 1725: 2552-2557; L.B. Castel, "Nouvelles Experiences d'optique & k'acoustique," Memories pour l'Historie des Sciences et des Beaux Arts, 1735: 1444-1482, 1619-1666, 2018-2053, 2335-2372, 2642-2798.
42. L.B. Castel, "Calvecin par les yeux, avec l'art de peindre les sons, & toutes sortes de pieces de musique," Mercure de France, 1725: 2552-2557; L.B. Castel, "Nouvelles Experiences d'optique & k'acoustique," Memories pour l'Historie des Sciences et des Beaux Arts, 1735: 1444-1482, 1619-1666, 2018-2053, 2335-2372, 2642-2798.
43. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," 490-98; O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," 391-411; Marks, The Unity of the Senses; see also John Harrison and Simon Cohen, "Synaesthesia: Music and Art" http://nevis.strir.ac.uk:80/~/ dg/.
44. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," 490-98; O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," 391-411; Marks, The Unity of the Senses; see also John Harrison and Simon Cohen, "Synaesthesia: Music and Art" http://nevis.strir.ac.uk:80/~/ dg/.
45. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," 490-98; O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," 391-411; Marks, The Unity of the Senses; see also John Harrison and Simon Cohen, "Synaesthesia: Music and Art" http://nevis.strir.ac.uk:80/~/ dg/.
46. Downey, "Literary Synesthesia," 490-98; O'Malley, "Literary Synesthesia," 391-411; Marks, The Unity of the Senses; see also John Harrison and Simon Cohen, "Synaesthesia: Music and Art" http://nevis.strir.ac.uk:80/~/ dg/.
47. H. C. Plummer, "Color Music-A New Art Created with the Aid of Science. The Color Organ Used in Scriabin's Symphony 'Prometheus,'" Scientific American, 10 April 1915; J. W. N. Sullivan, "An Organ On Which Color Compositions are Played. The New Art of Color Music and Its Mechanism," Scientific American, 10 February 1914.
48. H. C. Plummer, "Color Music-A New Art Created with the Aid of Science. The Color Organ Used in Scriabin's Symphony 'Prometheus,'" Scientific American, 10 April 1915; J. W. N. Sullivan, "An Organ On Which Color Compositions are Played. The New Art of Color Music and Its Mechanism," Scientific American, 10 February 1914.
49. Cytowic, The Man Who Tasted Shapes.
50. Georgia O'Keefe, Catalog Notes, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. (1 November-21 February 1987).
51. Cytowic, The Man Who Tasted Shapes.
52. Clare Cannon and Vanessa C. Penna, "Beauty Marks: Bottled Color," New Woman, December 1995, 28.
53. Mary Meehan, Larry Samuel, and Vickie Abrahamson, The Future Aint's What It Used to Be: the 40 Cultural Trends Transforming Your Job, Your Life, Your World (NY: Riverhead Books, 1998).
54. Cytowic, The Man Who Tasted Shapes, 81.
55. Simon Baron Cohen and John E. Harrison, Synaesthesia: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers, Inc., 1997).
56. Cytowic, The Man Who Tasted Shapes, 81.
57. Cytowic, The Man Who Tasted Shapes, 81.
58. Marks, The Unity of the Senses.
59. Aristotle, De Anima, trans. R. D. Hicks (New York: Arno, 1976) (c.330 B.C.).
60. Cytowic, The Man Who Tasted Shapes, 96-97.
61. Joseph M. Williams, "Synaesthetic Adjectives: A Possible Law of Semantic Change," Language 52 (2, 1976): 461-77.
62. R. E. Petty, M. Ostrom, and T. C. Brock, Cognitive Responses in Persuasion (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1981).
63. Nelson and Hitchon, "Theory of Synesthesia," 346-60.
64. Burgoon and Miller, "An Expectancy Interpretation"; Santos, Leve, and Pratkanis, "Hey, Buddy," 755-64; Morley and Walker, "The Role of Importance," 436-42.
65. Burgoon and Miller, "An Expectancy Interpretation"; Santos, Leve, and Pratkanis, "Hey, Buddy," 755-64; Morley and Walker, "The Role of Importance," 436-42.
66. Burgoon and Miller, "An Expectancy Interpretation"; Santos, Leve, and Pratkanis, "Hey, Buddy," 755-64; Morley and Walker, "The Role of Importance," 436-42.
67. R. E. Petty, M. Ostrom, and T. C. Brock, Cognitive Responses in Persuasion (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1981).
68. R. Batra and M. L. Ray, "Affective Responses Mediating Acceptance of Advertising," Journal of Consumer Research 13 (2, 1986): 234-49; A. Chattopadhyah and J.W. Alba, "The Situational Importance of Recall and Inference in Consumer Decision Making," Journal of Consumer Research 15 (1, 1988): 1-12; C. Leavitt, C. Waddell, and W. Wells, "Improving Day-After Recall Techniques," Journal of Advertising Research, 10 (3, 1970): 13-17; J. Lutz and S. B. Mackenzie, "Construction of a Diagnostic Cognitive Responses Model for use in Commercial Pretesting," in Straight Talk About Attitude Research, ed. M. J. Naples and J. S. Chasin (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1982), 145-56;
69. R. Batra and M. L. Ray, "Affective Responses Mediating Acceptance of Advertising," Journal of Consumer Research 13 (2, 1986): 234-49; A. Chattopadhyah and J.W. Alba, "The Situational Importance of Recall and Inference in Consumer Decision Making," Journal of Consumer Research 15 (1, 1988): 1-12; C. Leavitt, C. Waddell, and W. Wells, "Improving Day-After Recall Techniques," Journal of Advertising Research, 10 (3, 1970): 13-17; J. Lutz and S. B. Mackenzie, "Construction of a Diagnostic Cognitive Responses Model for use in Commercial Pretesting," in Straight Talk About Attitude Research, ed. M. J. Naples and J. S. Chasin (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1982), 145-56;
70. R. Batra and M. L. Ray, "Affective Responses Mediating Acceptance of Advertising," Journal of Consumer Research 13 (2, 1986): 234-49; A. Chattopadhyah and J.W. Alba, "The Situational Importance of Recall and Inference in Consumer Decision Making," Journal of Consumer Research 15 (1, 1988): 1-12; C. Leavitt, C. Waddell, and W. Wells, "Improving Day-After Recall Techniques," Journal of Advertising Research, 10 (3, 1970): 13-17; J. Lutz and S. B. Mackenzie, "Construction of a Diagnostic Cognitive Responses Model for use in Commercial Pretesting," in Straight Talk About Attitude Research, ed. M. J. Naples and J. S. Chasin (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1982), 145-56;
71. R. Batra and M. L. Ray, "Affective Responses Mediating Acceptance of Advertising," Journal of Consumer Research 13 (2, 1986): 234-49; A. Chattopadhyah and J.W. Alba, "The Situational Importance of Recall and Inference in Consumer Decision Making," Journal of Consumer Research 15 (1, 1988): 1-12; C. Leavitt, C. Waddell, and W. Wells, "Improving Day-After Recall Techniques," Journal of Advertising Research, 10 (3, 1970): 13-17; J. Lutz and S. B. Mackenzie, "Construction of a Diagnostic Cognitive Responses Model for use in Commercial Pretesting," in Straight Talk About Attitude Research, ed. M. J. Naples and J. S. Chasin (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1982), 145-56;
72. M. R. Nelson, S. Shavitt, A. Schennum, and J. Barkmeier, "Prediction of Long-Term Advertising Effectiveness: New Cognitive Response Approaches," in Measuring Advertising Effectiveness, ed. William D. Wells (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987), 133-56.
73. Hirschman and Holbrook, "Hedonic Consumption," 92-101.
74. Peter McKellar, "Synaesthesia and Imagery: Fantasia Revisited," Journal of Mental Imagery 21 (3-4, 1997): 41-53.
75. Nelson and Hitchon, "Theory of Synesthesia," 346-60.
76. For example, certain cable channels may vary in sound and picture quality, such as Nickelodeon, which airs mainly syndicated shows from the past (e.g., Bewitched in black and white) which do not present the same picture or sound quality as those shown on major networks today. In fact, with the advent of high-definition TVs, flat TVs and digital-quality, it is likely that there will be increasingly greater difference in sound and picture quality across channels/stations. In addition, with the range and greater use of high-tech digital, editing, and audio equipment available to radio stations, the sound quality is likely to vary across market sizes and between radio conglomerates and, for example, some college radio stations.
77. The print ad was created for the Sony Corporation by Waring & Larosa, Inc., and appeared in Sandra E. Moriarty, Creative Advertising: Theory and Practice (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986), 215.
78. J. T. Cacioppo and R. E. Petty, "Social Psychological Procedures for Cognitive Response Assessment: The Thought-Listing Technique" in Cognitive Assessment, ed. E. M. Clark, T. C. Brock and D. W. Steward (NY: Guilford, 1981), 309-342: Thought-listing instructions: We are now interested in your thoughts and reactions to the ad you've just read. The next page in your folder is the form we have prepared for you to list your thoughts and feelings. This form contains boxes in which to write your thoughts. Please list in these boxes the thoughts and feelings that went through your mind as you read the advertisement. Please list only feeling or thought in a box. You might have positive thoughts, negative thoughts, or neutral thoughts. ALL ARE FINE. You may ignore spelling, grammar, or punctuation, and you may use phrases. Simply write down the first thought that occurs to you in the first box, the second thought in the second box, and so on. Don't worry if you don't fill every box. Just write down as many thoughts, feelings, and reactions as occur to you.
79. Mark Snyder and Kenneth G. DeBono, "Appeals to Image and Claims About Quality: Understanding the Psychology of Advertising," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49 (3, 1985): 586-97.
80. Edward W. Minium, Bruce M. King, and Gordon Bear, Statistical Reasoning in Psychology and Education (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993), 331.
81. Morley and Walker, "The Role of Importance," 436-42.
82. 2 = 21.78, df = 1, p < .001).
83. David A. Tubbs, "Virtual Sets: Studios in a Box," Broadcast Engineering (November 1998): 90-92.
84. Marc Boeddeker, "Graphics & Effects Technology," Broadcast Engineering (October 1998): 87-91.
85. On a synesthetic discussion group on the Internet, the viability of an artificially-induced synesthetic experience was debated. One person described such an experience that would allow us to "map taste, or smell, onto another medium like vision or sound, that can be transmitted over a computer system using current technology." The discussion acknowledged the use of sound (e.g., click here to hear the sound of this pizza) or sight (e.g., click here to see the pizza), but questioned the use of other computer-induced senses.
86. Waterman, "Creativity and Sensation," 327.
87. Thomas C. O'Guinn, Chris T. Allen, and Richard J. Semenik, Advertising (Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing, 1998), 469-92.
88. Stephen P. Needel, "Understanding Consumer Response to Category Management Through Virtual Reality," Journal of Advertising Research (July/ August 1998): 61-67.
89. See http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www/colordemo.html.
90. See The Music Animation Machine at http://www.well.com/uers/ smalin/mam.html.
91. S. Ullmann, Language and Style (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1964); C. Classen, Worlds of Sense (London and New York: Rutledge, 1993); Sean Day, "Synaesthesia and Synaesthetic Metaphors," Psyche: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Consciousness 2 (July 1996).
92. S. Ullmann, Language and Style (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1964); C. Classen, Worlds of Sense (London and New York: Rutledge, 1993); Sean Day, "Synaesthesia and Synaesthetic Metaphors," Psyche: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Consciousness 2 (July 1996).
93. S. Ullmann, Language and Style (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1964); C. Classen, Worlds of Sense (London and New York: Rutledge, 1993); Sean Day, "Synaesthesia and Synaesthetic Metaphors," Psyche: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Consciousness 2 (July 1996).
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