Chinese Rural Enterprises in Transformation: The End of the Beginning

Issues and Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 11-12, 1998, Pages 1-28

  Lin, Nan ^a   Ye, Xiaolan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Daqiuzhuang; Local elites; Property rights; Rural enterprises; Shareholding

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039134774     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Gene Tidrick and Jiyuan Chen, eds., China's Industrial Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Cyril Zhiren Lin, "Open-ended Economic Reform in China," in Remarking the Economic Institutions of Socialism, ed. Victor Nee and David Stark (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989), 95-137; N. C. Sen, Rural Economy and Development in China (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1990); Rural Development Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Rural Industries in Chian (Beijing: CASS, 1990).
2. Gene Tidrick and Jiyuan Chen, eds., China's Industrial Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Cyril Zhiren Lin, "Open-ended Economic Reform in China," in Remarking the Economic Institutions of Socialism, ed. Victor Nee and David Stark (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989), 95-137; N. C. Sen, Rural Economy and Development in China (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1990); Rural Development Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Rural Industries in Chian (Beijing: CASS, 1990).
3. Gene Tidrick and Jiyuan Chen, eds., China's Industrial Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Cyril Zhiren Lin, "Open-ended Economic Reform in China," in Remarking the Economic Institutions of Socialism, ed. Victor Nee and David Stark (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989), 95-137; N. C. Sen, Rural Economy and Development in China (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1990); Rural Development Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Rural Industries in Chian (Beijing: CASS, 1990).
4. Gene Tidrick and Jiyuan Chen, eds., China's Industrial Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Cyril Zhiren Lin, "Open-ended Economic Reform in China," in Remarking the Economic Institutions of Socialism, ed. Victor Nee and David Stark (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989), 95-137; N. C. Sen, Rural Economy and Development in China (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1990); Rural Development Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Rural Industries in Chian (Beijing: CASS, 1990).
5. Li Yiandong, "Town and Village Enterprises: Reform and Consolidation," in Annals of Chinese Economic System Reform 1989 (Beijing: Gaige chubanshe, 1989), 15.
6. Lu Xueyi, Dangdai Zhongguo nongcun yu dangdai Zhongguo nongmin (Contemporary Chinese villages and Chinese peasants) (Beijing: Zhishi chubanske, 1991); Chun Chang and Yujiang Wang, "The Nature of the Township-Village Enterprise," Journal of Comparative Economics 19 (1994): 434-52.
7. Lu Xueyi, Dangdai Zhongguo nongcun yu dangdai Zhongguo nongmin (Contemporary Chinese villages and Chinese peasants) (Beijing: Zhishi chubanske, 1991); Chun Chang and Yujiang Wang, "The Nature of the Township-Village Enterprise," Journal of Comparative Economics 19 (1994): 434-52.
8. State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo tongji nianjian (Statistical yearbook of China), 1991, 1992, 1995, and 1996 issues (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe).
9. Ibid. The national labor force figure represented employments in both the industrial and agricultural sectors, while TVEs included only those in the industrial sector. Thus, the percentage of TVEs in the industrial sector labor force should be considerably higher.
10. For discussions of property rights, see Armen Alchian, "Some Economics of Property Rights," Il Politico 30, no. 4 (1965): 816-29; Armen Alchian and Harold Demsetz, "Production, Information, Costs, and Economic Organization," American Economic Review 62, no. 5 (1972): 777-95; idem, "The Property Right Paradigm," Journal of Economic History 33 (1973): 16-27; Eirik G. Furubotn and Svetozar Pejovich, The Economics of Property Rights (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1974).
11. For discussions of property rights, see Armen Alchian, "Some Economics of Property Rights," Il Politico 30, no. 4 (1965): 816-29; Armen Alchian and Harold Demsetz, "Production, Information, Costs, and Economic Organization," American Economic Review 62, no. 5 (1972): 777-95; idem, "The Property Right Paradigm," Journal of Economic History 33 (1973): 16-27; Eirik G. Furubotn and Svetozar Pejovich, The Economics of Property Rights (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1974).
12. For discussions of property rights, see Armen Alchian, "Some Economics of Property Rights," Il Politico 30, no. 4 (1965): 816-29; Armen Alchian and Harold Demsetz, "Production, Information, Costs, and Economic Organization," American Economic Review 62, no. 5 (1972): 777-95; idem, "The Property Right Paradigm," Journal of Economic History 33 (1973): 16-27; Eirik G. Furubotn and Svetozar Pejovich, The Economics of Property Rights (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1974).
13. For discussions of property rights, see Armen Alchian, "Some Economics of Property Rights," Il Politico 30, no. 4 (1965): 816-29; Armen Alchian and Harold Demsetz, "Production, Information, Costs, and Economic Organization," American Economic Review 62, no. 5 (1972): 777-95; idem, "The Property Right Paradigm," Journal of Economic History 33 (1973): 16-27; Eirik G. Furubotn and Svetozar Pejovich, The Economics of Property Rights (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1974).
14. Martin L. Weitzman and Chenggang Xu, "Chinese Township-Village Enterprises as Vaguely Defined Cooperatives," Journal of Comparative Economics 18 (1994): 121-45; Jean C. Oi, "The Role of the Local State in China's Transitional Economy," The China Quarterly, no. 144 (December 1995): 1132-49; Jonathan Unger and Anita Chan, "China, Corporatism, and the East Asian Model," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 33 (January 1995): 29-53.
15. Martin L. Weitzman and Chenggang Xu, "Chinese Township-Village Enterprises as Vaguely Defined Cooperatives," Journal of Comparative Economics 18 (1994): 121-45; Jean C. Oi, "The Role of the Local State in China's Transitional Economy," The China Quarterly, no. 144 (December 1995): 1132-49; Jonathan Unger and Anita Chan, "China, Corporatism, and the East Asian Model," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 33 (January 1995): 29-53.
16. Martin L. Weitzman and Chenggang Xu, "Chinese Township-Village Enterprises as Vaguely Defined Cooperatives," Journal of Comparative Economics 18 (1994): 121-45; Jean C. Oi, "The Role of the Local State in China's Transitional Economy," The China Quarterly, no. 144 (December 1995): 1132-49; Jonathan Unger and Anita Chan, "China, Corporatism, and the East Asian Model," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 33 (January 1995): 29-53.
17. Nan Lin and Chih-jou Chen, "Local Elites as Officials and Owners: Shareholding and Property Rights in Daqiuzhuang Industry," in Property Rights and Economic Reform in China, ed. Jean C. Oi and Andrew G. Walder (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, forthcoming).
18. Jiang Zemin, "Hold High the Great Banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory for an All-Round Advancement of the Cause of Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics to the Tweny-first Century" (Report at the CCP's Fifteenth National Congress, Beijing, September 12, 1997; passed on September 18, 1997).
19. Our data comes from various sources: local informants, a participant observer, and extensive local and informal documents - e.g., Yu Zuomin, Zongjingli de baogao (Report of the CEO) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Daqiuzhuang jueqi de mimi (The secrets of the rise of Daqiuzhuang) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Sishinian de zhuiqiu (Forty years' pursuit) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Shijian he gouxiang (Implementation and conceptualization) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1989). The senior author has visited the community numerous times (at least once a year) since 1988, including the most recent trip in December 1997. During these trips, he conducted interviews with local leaders (including party secretaries of the village and village heads), enterprise executives (including several directors and deputy directors of the boards and the CEOs), key actors (including Liu Wanmin, the steel worker who helped start the first plant) and workers (both local and hired hands from outside). Journals were kept for all interviews and voice-recordings were made whenever allowed. Inconsistencies were found in different documents. Most of the inconsistencies, we felt, were due to the lack of sophistication and imprecision of calculations in the accounting system in earlier years and the habit of using rounded numbers, rather than deliberate falsification. In such cases, we use the figures reported in most recent documents, and estimates repeated in different documents. While these figures may only be approximate, they cannot be deliberately construed because certain figures are publicly verifiable (taxes, wages, bonuses, investments in schools, the hospital, and payments to retirees). Errors are inevitable and the figures should be seen as illustrations of general trends rather than precise estimations. Other information (e.g., number of hired laborers - the outside workers and their conditions, actual benefits of the top managers, and relationships among them) is not documented and must be obtained from informants whose provision of information had proven to be valid in general. At best, these estimates provide only a general picture and trends.
20. Our data comes from various sources: local informants, a participant observer, and extensive local and informal documents - e.g., Yu Zuomin, Zongjingli de baogao (Report of the CEO) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Daqiuzhuang jueqi de mimi (The secrets of the rise of Daqiuzhuang) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Sishinian de zhuiqiu (Forty years' pursuit) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Shijian he gouxiang (Implementation and conceptualization) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1989). The senior author has visited the community numerous times (at least once a year) since 1988, including the most recent trip in December 1997. During these trips, he conducted interviews with local leaders (including party secretaries of the village and village heads), enterprise executives (including several directors and deputy directors of the boards and the CEOs), key actors (including Liu Wanmin, the steel worker who helped start the first plant) and workers (both local and hired hands from outside). Journals were kept for all interviews and voice-recordings were made whenever allowed. Inconsistencies were found in different documents. Most of the inconsistencies, we felt, were due to the lack of sophistication and imprecision of calculations in the accounting system in earlier years and the habit of using rounded numbers, rather than deliberate falsification. In such cases, we use the figures reported in most recent documents, and estimates repeated in different documents. While these figures may only be approximate, they cannot be deliberately construed because certain figures are publicly verifiable (taxes, wages, bonuses, investments in schools, the hospital, and payments to retirees). Errors are inevitable and the figures should be seen as illustrations of general trends rather than precise estimations. Other information (e.g., number of hired laborers - the outside workers and their conditions, actual benefits of the top managers, and relationships among them) is not documented and must be obtained from informants whose provision of information had proven to be valid in general. At best, these estimates provide only a general picture and trends.
21. Our data comes from various sources: local informants, a participant observer, and extensive local and informal documents - e.g., Yu Zuomin, Zongjingli de baogao (Report of the CEO) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Daqiuzhuang jueqi de mimi (The secrets of the rise of Daqiuzhuang) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Sishinian de zhuiqiu (Forty years' pursuit) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Shijian he gouxiang (Implementation and conceptualization) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1989). The senior author has visited the community numerous times (at least once a year) since 1988, including the most recent trip in December 1997. During these trips, he conducted interviews with local leaders (including party secretaries of the village and village heads), enterprise executives (including several directors and deputy directors of the boards and the CEOs), key actors (including Liu Wanmin, the steel worker who helped start the first plant) and workers (both local and hired hands from outside). Journals were kept for all interviews and voice-recordings were made whenever allowed. Inconsistencies were found in different documents. Most of the inconsistencies, we felt, were due to the lack of sophistication and imprecision of calculations in the accounting system in earlier years and the habit of using rounded numbers, rather than deliberate falsification. In such cases, we use the figures reported in most recent documents, and estimates repeated in different documents. While these figures may only be approximate, they cannot be deliberately construed because certain figures are publicly verifiable (taxes, wages, bonuses, investments in schools, the hospital, and payments to retirees). Errors are inevitable and the figures should be seen as illustrations of general trends rather than precise estimations. Other information (e.g., number of hired laborers - the outside workers and their conditions, actual benefits of the top managers, and relationships among them) is not documented and must be obtained from informants whose provision of information had proven to be valid in general. At best, these estimates provide only a general picture and trends.
22. Our data comes from various sources: local informants, a participant observer, and extensive local and informal documents - e.g., Yu Zuomin, Zongjingli de baogao (Report of the CEO) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Daqiuzhuang jueqi de mimi (The secrets of the rise of Daqiuzhuang) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Sishinian de zhuiqiu (Forty years' pursuit) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1988); idem, Shijian he gouxiang (Implementation and conceptualization) (Daqiuzhuang, mimeographed, 1989). The senior author has visited the community numerous times (at least once a year) since 1988, including the most recent trip in December 1997. During these trips, he conducted interviews with local leaders (including party secretaries of the village and village heads), enterprise executives (including several directors and deputy directors of the boards and the CEOs), key actors (including Liu Wanmin, the steel worker who helped start the first plant) and workers (both local and hired hands from outside). Journals were kept for all interviews and voice-recordings were made whenever allowed. Inconsistencies were found in different documents. Most of the inconsistencies, we felt, were due to the lack of sophistication and imprecision of calculations in the accounting system in earlier years and the habit of using rounded numbers, rather than deliberate falsification. In such cases, we use the figures reported in most recent documents, and estimates repeated in different documents. While these figures may only be approximate, they cannot be deliberately construed because certain figures are publicly verifiable (taxes, wages, bonuses, investments in schools, the hospital, and payments to retirees). Errors are inevitable and the figures should be seen as illustrations of general trends rather than precise estimations. Other information (e.g., number of hired laborers - the outside workers and their conditions, actual benefits of the top managers, and relationships among them) is not documented and must be obtained from informants whose provision of information had proven to be valid in general. At best, these estimates provide only a general picture and trends.
23. For details of the reform developments in Daqiuzhuang, see Nan Lin and Mai-shou Hao, "Getting Rich First at Daqiuzhuang: A Cast Study of Rural Development in China" (Durham, North Carolina, 1991); Nan Lin, "Local Market Socialism: Local Corporatism in Action on Rural China," Theory and Society 24 (1995): 301-54; Nan Lin and Chih-jou Chen, "Local Elites and Shareholding: Property Rights Transformation of Rural Enterprises in China," (Paper delivered at the Conference on Property Rights in China, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 1996); Lin and Chen, "Local Elites as Officials and Owners."
24. For details of the reform developments in Daqiuzhuang, see Nan Lin and Mai-shou Hao, "Getting Rich First at Daqiuzhuang: A Cast Study of Rural Development in China" (Durham, North Carolina, 1991); Nan Lin, "Local Market Socialism: Local Corporatism in Action on Rural China," Theory and Society 24 (1995): 301-54; Nan Lin and Chih-jou Chen, "Local Elites and Shareholding: Property Rights Transformation of Rural Enterprises in China," (Paper delivered at the Conference on Property Rights in China, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 1996); Lin and Chen, "Local Elites as Officials and Owners."
25. For details of the reform developments in Daqiuzhuang, see Nan Lin and Mai-shou Hao, "Getting Rich First at Daqiuzhuang: A Cast Study of Rural Development in China" (Durham, North Carolina, 1991); Nan Lin, "Local Market Socialism: Local Corporatism in Action on Rural China," Theory and Society 24 (1995): 301-54; Nan Lin and Chih-jou Chen, "Local Elites and Shareholding: Property Rights Transformation of Rural Enterprises in China," (Paper delivered at the Conference on Property Rights in China, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 1996); Lin and Chen, "Local Elites as Officials and Owners."
26. For details of the reform developments in Daqiuzhuang, see Nan Lin and Mai-shou Hao, "Getting Rich First at Daqiuzhuang: A Cast Study of Rural Development in China" (Durham, North Carolina, 1991); Nan Lin, "Local Market Socialism: Local Corporatism in Action on Rural China," Theory and Society 24 (1995): 301-54; Nan Lin and Chih-jou Chen, "Local Elites and Shareholding: Property Rights Transformation of Rural Enterprises in China," (Paper delivered at the Conference on Property Rights in China, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 1996); Lin and Chen, "Local Elites as Officials and Owners."
27. This section is based on interview with Liu Wanmin, June 1994.
28. Lin and Hao, "Getting Rich First at Daqiuzhuang"; Lin, "Local Market Socialism"; Lin and Chen, "Local Elites as Officials and Owners."
29. Lin and Hao, "Getting Rich First at Daqiuzhuang"; Lin, "Local Market Socialism"; Lin and Chen, "Local Elites as Officials and Owners."
30. Lin and Hao, "Getting Rich First at Daqiuzhuang"; Lin, "Local Market Socialism"; Lin and Chen, "Local Elites as Officials and Owners."
31. Later on, a fifth group was created for the agricultural sector.
32. In addition, a Miss Shi was the director of the Office of Administration, and her family members were in charge of the electricity office, the electronic company, and Daqiuzhuang's branch offices in Tianjin and in the Development Zone on the coast. As it turned out, Miss Shi was Yu's mistress and bore him a son. Lin, "Local Market Socialism," n. 90.
33. Lin and Chen, "Local Elites as Officials and Owners."
34. Yu was sentenced to a twenty-year prison term. His son was sentenced to ten years, Miss Shi one year, and five others received sentences ranging from two to four years (People's Daily, Overseas edition, August 28, 1993). On August 27, eighteen more were sentenced, including one with a death sentence (to be delayed for two years), two with a life sentence, and others ranging from five to fifteen-year prison terms.
35. The Daqiuzhuang United Corporation was changed to the Daqiuzhuang General Corporation in the early 1990s.
36. All workers since the mid-1980s have been from outside the village, as all Daqiuzhuang residents have become managers.
37. Group Y is also exploring another method: the joint-stock system. For enterprises which are bigger and more profitable, the joint-stock method would be used to absorb more cash and technology. For example, the group's steel plate plant attracted twelve outside companies (customers) who contributed 230 million yuan of the total 660 million yuan, to establish a second thin-plate steel plant with a production goal of 120,000 tons per month. Another company, the Jin Mon Steel Tube Plant, has amassed assets of 120 million yuan in cooperation with an Inner Mongolian company. This system has no individual shares.
38. Zhou Haile, ed., A Report on the Development of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou Regions (Beijing: Renmin ribao chubanshe, 1994); Zhou Haile and Zhou Dexin, eds., Research on the Developmental Characteristics of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou Regions (Beijing: Renmin ribao chubanshe, 1996); Xu Yuanmin, Shi Xunru, and Zhou Fachi, eds., Jiangsu xiangzhen qiye xinlun (Jiangsu township-village enterprises: New perspectives) (Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 1997).
39. Zhou Haile, ed., A Report on the Development of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou Regions (Beijing: Renmin ribao chubanshe, 1994); Zhou Haile and Zhou Dexin, eds., Research on the Developmental Characteristics of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou Regions (Beijing: Renmin ribao chubanshe, 1996); Xu Yuanmin, Shi Xunru, and Zhou Fachi, eds., Jiangsu xiangzhen qiye xinlun (Jiangsu township-village enterprises: New perspectives) (Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 1997).
40. Zhou Haile, ed., A Report on the Development of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou Regions (Beijing: Renmin ribao chubanshe, 1994); Zhou Haile and Zhou Dexin, eds., Research on the Developmental Characteristics of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou Regions (Beijing: Renmin ribao chubanshe, 1996); Xu Yuanmin, Shi Xunru, and Zhou Fachi, eds., Jiangsu xiangzhen qiye xinlun (Jiangsu township-village enterprises: New perspectives) (Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 1997).
41. Zhou Haile, "Changes in the Sunan Model" (Paper delivered at the Workshop on the Recent Trends in Rural Development in China, Nanjing University, December 1997).
42. Ibid.
43. Christine P.W. Wong, "Between Plan and Market," Journal of Comparative Economics 11 (1987): 385-98; Victor Nee, "A Theory of Market Transition: From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism," American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 663-81; idem, "Social Inequalities in Reforming State Socialism: Between Redistribution and Markets in China," ibid. 56 (1991): 267-82; idem, "The Emergence of a Market Society: Changing Mechanisms of Stratification in China," American Journal of Sociology 101, no. 4 (1996): 908-49.
44. Christine P.W. Wong, "Between Plan and Market," Journal of Comparative Economics 11 (1987): 385-98; Victor Nee, "A Theory of Market Transition: From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism," American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 663-81; idem, "Social Inequalities in Reforming State Socialism: Between Redistribution and Markets in China," ibid. 56 (1991): 267-82; idem, "The Emergence of a Market Society: Changing Mechanisms of Stratification in China," American Journal of Sociology 101, no. 4 (1996): 908-49.
45. Christine P.W. Wong, "Between Plan and Market," Journal of Comparative Economics 11 (1987): 385-98; Victor Nee, "A Theory of Market Transition: From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism," American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 663-81; idem, "Social Inequalities in Reforming State Socialism: Between Redistribution and Markets in China," ibid. 56 (1991): 267-82; idem, "The Emergence of a Market Society: Changing Mechanisms of Stratification in China," American Journal of Sociology 101, no. 4 (1996): 908-49.
46. Christine P.W. Wong, "Between Plan and Market," Journal of Comparative Economics 11 (1987): 385-98; Victor Nee, "A Theory of Market Transition: From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism," American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 663-81; idem, "Social Inequalities in Reforming State Socialism: Between Redistribution and Markets in China," ibid. 56 (1991): 267-82; idem, "The Emergence of a Market Society: Changing Mechanisms of Stratification in China," American Journal of Sociology 101, no. 4 (1996): 908-49.
47. Nan Lin, "Chinese Family Structure and Chinese Society," Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology 65 (1989): 382-99; Lin, "Local Market Socialism."
48. Nan Lin, "Chinese Family Structure and Chinese Society," Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology 65 (1989): 382-99; Lin, "Local Market Socialism."
49. Victor Nee and Lian Peng, "Sleeping with the Enemy: A Dynamic Model of Declining Political Commitment in State Socialism," Theory and Society 23 (1994): 253-96; Andrew G. Walder, "Property Rights and Stratification in Socialist Redistributive Economies," American Sociological Review 57 (1992): 524-39; idem, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights," in Changing Political Economies: Privatization in Post-Communist and Reforming Communist States, ed. Vedat Milor (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1994), 53-66; idem, "The Decline of Communist Power: Elements of a Theory of Institutional Change," Theory and Society 23 (1994): 297-323; idem, "China's Transitional Economy: Interpreting Its Significance," The China Quarterly, no. 144 (December 1995): 963-79.
50. Victor Nee and Lian Peng, "Sleeping with the Enemy: A Dynamic Model of Declining Political Commitment in State Socialism," Theory and Society 23 (1994): 253-96; Andrew G. Walder, "Property Rights and Stratification in Socialist Redistributive Economies," American Sociological Review 57 (1992): 524-39; idem, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights," in Changing Political Economies: Privatization in Post-Communist and Reforming Communist States, ed. Vedat Milor (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1994), 53-66; idem, "The Decline of Communist Power: Elements of a Theory of Institutional Change," Theory and Society 23 (1994): 297-323; idem, "China's Transitional Economy: Interpreting Its Significance," The China Quarterly, no. 144 (December 1995): 963-79.
51. Victor Nee and Lian Peng, "Sleeping with the Enemy: A Dynamic Model of Declining Political Commitment in State Socialism," Theory and Society 23 (1994): 253-96; Andrew G. Walder, "Property Rights and Stratification in Socialist Redistributive Economies," American Sociological Review 57 (1992): 524-39; idem, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights," in Changing Political Economies: Privatization in Post-Communist and Reforming Communist States, ed. Vedat Milor (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1994), 53-66; idem, "The Decline of Communist Power: Elements of a Theory of Institutional Change," Theory and Society 23 (1994): 297-323; idem, "China's Transitional Economy: Interpreting Its Significance," The China Quarterly, no. 144 (December 1995): 963-79.
52. Victor Nee and Lian Peng, "Sleeping with the Enemy: A Dynamic Model of Declining Political Commitment in State Socialism," Theory and Society 23 (1994): 253-96; Andrew G. Walder, "Property Rights and Stratification in Socialist Redistributive Economies," American Sociological Review 57 (1992): 524-39; idem, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights," in Changing Political Economies: Privatization in Post-Communist and Reforming Communist States, ed. Vedat Milor (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1994), 53-66; idem, "The Decline of Communist Power: Elements of a Theory of Institutional Change," Theory and Society 23 (1994): 297-323; idem, "China's Transitional Economy: Interpreting Its Significance," The China Quarterly, no. 144 (December 1995): 963-79.
53. Victor Nee and Lian Peng, "Sleeping with the Enemy: A Dynamic Model of Declining Political Commitment in State Socialism," Theory and Society 23 (1994): 253-96; Andrew G. Walder, "Property Rights and Stratification in Socialist Redistributive Economies," American Sociological Review 57 (1992): 524-39; idem, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights," in Changing Political Economies: Privatization in Post-Communist and Reforming Communist States, ed. Vedat Milor (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1994), 53-66; idem, "The Decline of Communist Power: Elements of a Theory of Institutional Change," Theory and Society 23 (1994): 297-323; idem, "China's Transitional Economy: Interpreting Its Significance," The China Quarterly, no. 144 (December 1995): 963-79.