Balancing business and the regions: British distribution of industry policy and the board of trade, 1945-51

Business History

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 77-99

  Rosevear, Stephen ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0039127877     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076799800000121     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. This is an extended version of a paper which was presented to the Economic History Society Conference at Lancaster University in March 1996, where it shared the new researchers' prize. I should like to thank conference delegates, Steve Broadberry, Nick Crafts, Peter Law, Roger Middleton, Carlo Morelli, Peter Scott, Jim Tomlinson and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. The work was funded by a University of Bristol Postgraduate Scholarship, and awards from the William Ashworth Bequest and Michael Postan travel scholarship.
2. Minutes of Evidence taken before the Royal Commission on the Geographical Distribution of the Industrial Population (1937), p.93.
3. For details of the history and nature of negative location controls in Europe see B. Nicol and R. Wettman, 'Background Notes to Restrictive Regional Policy Measures in the European Community', in K. Allen (ed.), Balanced Economic Growth (Lexington, MA, 1978), pp.157-230.
4. S.N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, 'British Economic Policy and Performance in the Early Post-War Period', Business History, Vol.38 (1996), pp.65-91; N. Tiratsoo and J. Tomlinson, Industrial Efficiency and State Intervention: Labour, 1939-51 (London, 1993).
5. S.N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, 'British Economic Policy and Performance in the Early Post-War Period', Business History, Vol.38 (1996), pp.65-91; N. Tiratsoo and J. Tomlinson, Industrial Efficiency and State Intervention: Labour, 1939-51 (London, 1993).
6. Tiratsoo and Tomlinson, Industrial Efficiency, p.19.
7. C.E. Heim, 'Government Research Establishments, State Capacity and Distribution of Industry Policy in Britain', Regional Studies, Vol.22 (1987), pp.375-86; J.D. McCallum, 'The Development of British Regional Policy', in D. Maclennan and J.B. Parr (eds.), Regional Policy: Past Experience and New Directions (Oxford, 1979), pp. 1-30; W. Parsons, The Political Economy of British Regional Policy (London, 1988).
8. C.E. Heim, 'Government Research Establishments, State Capacity and Distribution of Industry Policy in Britain', Regional Studies, Vol.22 (1987), pp.375-86; J.D. McCallum, 'The Development of British Regional Policy', in D. Maclennan and J.B. Parr (eds.), Regional Policy: Past Experience and New Directions (Oxford, 1979), pp. 1-30; W. Parsons, The Political Economy of British Regional Policy (London, 1988).
9. C.E. Heim, 'Government Research Establishments, State Capacity and Distribution of Industry Policy in Britain', Regional Studies, Vol.22 (1987), pp.375-86; J.D. McCallum, 'The Development of British Regional Policy', in D. Maclennan and J.B. Parr (eds.), Regional Policy: Past Experience and New Directions (Oxford, 1979), pp. 1-30; W. Parsons, The Political Economy of British Regional Policy (London, 1988).
10. Parsons, Political Economy, pp.49-57; also J.B. Cullingworth, Town and Country Planning in Britain (London, 1982), p.12.
11. Parsons, Political Economy, pp.49-57; also J.B. Cullingworth, Town and Country Planning in Britain (London, 1982), p.12.
12. A.E. Booth, 'The Second World War and the Origins of Modern Regional Policy', Economy and Society, Vol.11 (1982), pp.16-17.
13. Report of the Royal Commission for the Distribution of the Industrial Population (P.P. 1940, IV), p.144.
14. H.R. Southall, 'The Origins of the Depressed Areas: Unemployment, Growth, and Regional Economic Structure in Britain before 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.41 (1988), pp.236-58.
15. For a survey of the relevant literature on the inter-war economic policy debate, see G.C. Peden, Keynes, the Treasury and British Economic Policy (London, 1988). The Board of Trade's perspective on industrial location is less ambiguous. In The Location of Industry and the Depressed Areas (1939), p.30, S.R. Dennison noted that: 'The Evidence of the Board of Trade before the Royal Commission has quickly become the classic statement of the belief that considerations of cost play the primary - perhaps the only - part in the entrepreneur's decision, so that under laissez-faire industry will be situated in a fashion which gives the maximum degree of efficiency ... Further, the individual interests of the entrepreneur apparently coincides with that of the community, as the "present distribution of the industries of this country approximates very closely to the distribution which enables each of these industries to operate most economically and efficiently".'
16. For a survey of the relevant literature on the inter-war economic policy debate, see G.C. Peden, Keynes, the Treasury and British Economic Policy (London, 1988). The Board of Trade's perspective on industrial location is less ambiguous. In The Location of Industry and the Depressed Areas (1939), p.30, S.R. Dennison noted that: 'The Evidence of the Board of Trade before the Royal Commission has quickly become the classic statement of the belief that considerations of cost play the primary - perhaps the only - part in the entrepreneur's decision, so that under laissez-faire industry will be situated in a fashion which gives the maximum degree of efficiency ... Further, the individual interests of the entrepreneur apparently coincides with that of the community, as the "present distribution of the industries of this country approximates very closely to the distribution which enables each of these industries to operate most economically and efficiently".'
17. For a survey of the relevant literature on the inter-war economic policy debate, see G.C. Peden, Keynes, the Treasury and British Economic Policy (London, 1988). The Board of Trade's perspective on industrial location is less ambiguous. In The Location of Industry and the Depressed Areas (1939), p.30, S.R. Dennison noted that: 'The Evidence of the Board of Trade before the Royal Commission has quickly become the classic statement of the belief that considerations of cost play the primary - perhaps the only - part in the entrepreneur's decision, so that under laissez-faire industry will be situated in a fashion which gives the maximum degree of efficiency ... Further, the individual interests of the entrepreneur apparently coincides with that of the community, as the "present distribution of the industries of this country approximates very closely to the distribution which enables each of these industries to operate most economically and efficiently".'
18. S. Foreman, Shoes and Ships and Sealing Wax: An Illustrated History of the Board of Trade, 1796-1986 (London, 1986), p.94.
19. On the Board's pre-1914 duties, see H.L. Smith, The Board of Trade (London, 1928).
20. Foreman, Shoes, p.94
21. B. Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (London, 1985), pp.392-407.
22. A. Meynell, Public Servant, Private Woman (London, 1988), p.205.
23. The relevant committees included the Committee of Reconstruction Priorities, Reconstruction Committee, Distribution of Industry Committee and Lord Presidents Committee. See B.W.E. Alford, R. Lowe and N. Rollings, Economic Planning, 1943-51: A Guide to Documents in the Public Records Office (London, 1992), pp.26-9.
24. For representative memoranda, see Public Record Office (hereafter PRO) CAB 87/7, R(44)6, 'Post War Employment - Note by the Minister of Reconstruction', 11 Jan. 1944; CAB 87/8, R(44)72, 'The Balanced Distribution of Industry: Note by the Minister of Town and Country Planning', 7 April 1944; CAB. 87/63, R(43)1, 'The Mobility of Labour and Structural Unemployment - Memorandum by the Minister of Labour', 15 Oct. 1943; CAB 87/63, EC 43(13), 'Location of Industry: Note by the Economic Section', 20 Oct. 1943; CAB 87/63, EC 43(21), 'Location of Industry: Note by the Ministry of Supply', 6 Nov. 1943. The key meeting which articulated these fears is minuted in CAB 87/5, R(44)11th, 28 Jan. 1944.
25. For representative memoranda, see Public Record Office (hereafter PRO) CAB 87/7, R(44)6, 'Post War Employment - Note by the Minister of Reconstruction', 11 Jan. 1944; CAB 87/8, R(44)72, 'The Balanced Distribution of Industry: Note by the Minister of Town and Country Planning', 7 April 1944; CAB. 87/63, R(43)1, 'The Mobility of Labour and Structural Unemployment - Memorandum by the Minister of Labour', 15 Oct. 1943; CAB 87/63, EC 43(13), 'Location of Industry: Note by the Economic Section', 20 Oct. 1943; CAB 87/63, EC 43(21), 'Location of Industry: Note by the Ministry of Supply', 6 Nov. 1943. The key meeting which articulated these fears is minuted in CAB 87/5, R(44)11th, 28 Jan. 1944.
26. For representative memoranda, see Public Record Office (hereafter PRO) CAB 87/7, R(44)6, 'Post War Employment - Note by the Minister of Reconstruction', 11 Jan. 1944; CAB 87/8, R(44)72, 'The Balanced Distribution of Industry: Note by the Minister of Town and Country Planning', 7 April 1944; CAB. 87/63, R(43)1, 'The Mobility of Labour and Structural Unemployment - Memorandum by the Minister of Labour', 15 Oct. 1943; CAB 87/63, EC 43(13), 'Location of Industry: Note by the Economic Section', 20 Oct. 1943; CAB 87/63, EC 43(21), 'Location of Industry: Note by the Ministry of Supply', 6 Nov. 1943. The key meeting which articulated these fears is minuted in CAB 87/5, R(44)11th, 28 Jan. 1944.
27. For representative memoranda, see Public Record Office (hereafter PRO) CAB 87/7, R(44)6, 'Post War Employment - Note by the Minister of Reconstruction', 11 Jan. 1944; CAB 87/8, R(44)72, 'The Balanced Distribution of Industry: Note by the Minister of Town and Country Planning', 7 April 1944; CAB. 87/63, R(43)1, 'The Mobility of Labour and Structural Unemployment - Memorandum by the Minister of Labour', 15 Oct. 1943; CAB 87/63, EC 43(13), 'Location of Industry: Note by the Economic Section', 20 Oct. 1943; CAB 87/63, EC 43(21), 'Location of Industry: Note by the Ministry of Supply', 6 Nov. 1943. The key meeting which articulated these fears is minuted in CAB 87/5, R(44)11th, 28 Jan. 1944.
28. For representative memoranda, see Public Record Office (hereafter PRO) CAB 87/7, R(44)6, 'Post War Employment - Note by the Minister of Reconstruction', 11 Jan. 1944; CAB 87/8, R(44)72, 'The Balanced Distribution of Industry: Note by the Minister of Town and Country Planning', 7 April 1944; CAB. 87/63, R(43)1, 'The Mobility of Labour and Structural Unemployment - Memorandum by the Minister of Labour', 15 Oct. 1943; CAB 87/63, EC 43(13), 'Location of Industry: Note by the Economic Section', 20 Oct. 1943; CAB 87/63, EC 43(21), 'Location of Industry: Note by the Ministry of Supply', 6 Nov. 1943. The key meeting which articulated these fears is minuted in CAB 87/5, R(44)11th, 28 Jan. 1944.
29. The term 'unjustifiable disadvantages' is found in PRO, CAB 87/15, EC(43)21, 'Memorandum by the Ministry of Supply', 6 Nov. 1943. It continues: 'In general, a policy of banning would penalise the efficient and enterprising, and if effective would involve those sections of industry which can make the greatest contribution to the general economic well-being.' The term 'community efficiency' is promoted in PRO, CAB 87/5, EC(43)63, 'Memorandum by the Ministry of Town and Country Planning', 2 Nov. 1943.
30. On managerial expertise and departmental convictions in Whitehall, see D. Edgerton, 'Whatever Happened to the British Warfare State? The Ministry of Supply, 1945-51', in H. Mercer, N. Rollings and J. Tomlinson (eds.), The 1945 Labour Government and Private Industry (Edinburgh, 1992), pp.91-116.
31. Report of the Royal Commission, pp.197-8.
32. This is not to say that externalities necessarily provide a regional policy rationale. 'Marshallian Districts' and agglomeration economies can be used to counter calls for relocation, although there is little evidence of Board of Trade officials using these terms in their negotiations with other departments and businesses.
33. Ibid.
34. Evidence of popular fears of post-war regional unemployment were noted in PRO, CAB 124/221, Peat to Jowett, 18 Dec. 1943: 'All the classes in the North East, and especially the working classes, are obsessed with the fear that the Government are not making effective plans to avoid the North East coast becoming a depressed area when the war and its immediate aftermath of productive activity are over.'
35. The alternatives were either an Industrial Commission or a body headed by the Ministries of Labour or Town and Country Planning.
36. Quoted in PRO CAB 87/8, R(44)72, 'The Balanced Distribution of Industry - Memorandum by the Ministry of Town and Country Planning', 7 April 1944.
37. PRO, BT177/600, 'Jay to Thorneycroft', 26 Feb. 1953.
38. PRO, LAB 8/2411, 'Distribution of Industry - Memorandum Proposing the Transfer of the Main Responsibility from the Board of Trade to the Ministry of Labour', undated, but believed to be late 1954.
39. PRO, LAB 8/2411, excerpts from minutes and letters by Ernest Bevin, Sir Thomas Phillips, Sir Godfrey Ince, Sir G. Myrddin-Evans, etc. on the Draft White Paper on Employment, dated various 1943-44.
40. Barnett's discussion in Lost Victory is based on a perverse interpretation of this evidence. Taking five cases, GEC, Ford, Vauxhall, Champion Spark Plugs and De Havilland, he recognises that 'productive efficiency triumphed over the social aims of regional policy', p.340 . Yet Barnett concludes that 'regional policy's real concern lay not [emphasis added] with productive efficiency, which it served to hinder, but with jobs', p.343. Further, he identifies delay and prevarication as constraints on entrepreneurial activity. But Chick has demonstrated that excess demand for private investment persisted beyond 1947, and that resources were often spread too widely to enable project completion (M. Chick, 'Private Industrial Investment', in H. Mercer, N. Rollings and J. Tomlinson (eds.), The 1945 Labour Government and Private Industry (Edinburgh, 1992), p.77). In this context, administrative delay cannot be characterised as an additional constraint.
41. The Act replaced earlier legislation and defined slightly enlarged Development Areas. The Board of Trade retained its wartime role and was granted significant new powers.
42. PRO, CAB 87/63 EC 43(23rd), 16 Nov. 1943. For a retrospective view of the Information Room's success see, PRO, BT 177/1456, The Meynell Report', Feb. 1957.
43. PRO, CAB 124/645, 'Interdepartmental Committee on the Balanced Distribution of Industry. Panel A, Principles to be Applied in Considering Building Projects', Jan. 1946.
44. PRO, BT 177/1456, 'Distribution of Industry in the United Kingdom, Policy and Practice, a Report to SVIMEZ, by Alix Meynell, DBE, Under-Secretary at the Board of Trade', Feb. 1957
45. Ibid.
46. PRO BT 177/1592, Regional Controllers' Conference, Dec. 1955
47. A. Meynell, 'Location of Industry', Public Administration (1959), p.15.
48. Board of Trade, 'Ten Years of Industrial Building in Great Britain, Board of Trade Journal, Vol.169 (1955), p.425.
49. See PRO, T229/582, 'Report of the Working Party on the Labour Position in the Coventry Area', Aug. 1951, para.17. Also cited in N. Tiratsoo, Reconstruction Affluence and Labour Politics: Coventry, 1945-60 (London, 1990), p.22.
50. See PRO, T229/582, 'Report of the Working Party on the Labour Position in the Coventry Area', Aug. 1951, para.17. Also cited in N. Tiratsoo, Reconstruction Affluence and Labour Politics: Coventry, 1945-60 (London, 1990), p.22.
51. For a discussion of Coventry's position, see K. Richardson, Twentieth Century Coventry (1972), p.224. A general survey is provided in A.E. Holmans, Housing Policy in Britain: A History (London, 1987), pp.91-166.
52. For a discussion of Coventry's position, see K. Richardson, Twentieth Century Coventry (1972), p.224. A general survey is provided in A.E. Holmans, Housing Policy in Britain: A History (London, 1987), pp.91-166.
53. PRO, BT177/214, 'Factors Affecting Location in Recent Years - Report by H.S. Phillips', 30 Nov. 1949.
54. P. Scott, 'The Worst of Both Worlds: British Regional Policy, 1951-64', Business History, Vol.38 (1996), Table 1.
55. W.F. Luttrell, Factory Location and Industrial Movement: A Study of Recent Experience in Great Britain (London, 1962).
56. S. Morewood, Pioneers and Inheritors: Top Management in the Coventry Motor Industry, 1896-1972 (Coventry, 1990).
57. D. Thorns and T. Donnelly, The Motor Car Industry in Coventry since the 1890s (London, 1985), p.153; D.G. Rhys, The Motor Industry: An Economic Survey (1972), p. 177; and J. Foreman-Peck, S. Bowden and A. McKinlay, The British Motor Industry (Manchester, 1995), p.205.
58. D. Thorns and T. Donnelly, The Motor Car Industry in Coventry since the 1890s (London, 1985), p.153; D.G. Rhys, The Motor Industry: An Economic Survey (1972), p. 177; and J. Foreman-Peck, S. Bowden and A. McKinlay, The British Motor Industry (Manchester, 1995), p.205.
59. D. Thorns and T. Donnelly, The Motor Car Industry in Coventry since the 1890s (London, 1985), p.153; D.G. Rhys, The Motor Industry: An Economic Survey (1972), p. 177; and J. Foreman-Peck, S. Bowden and A. McKinlay, The British Motor Industry (Manchester, 1995), p.205.
60. PRO, CAB 124/658, BDI (A) Case #1207, 9 Sept. 1946.
61. Clyde Valley Regional Planning Committee, Clyde Valley Regional Plan 1946 (1948), p.98.
62. Records show that up to the end of January 1946 Panel A had deliberated on 801 building cases, of which only 18 (2.2 per cent) had been cancelled or refused, PRO, CAB 124/646, BDI(A)31/6, 4 Feb. 1946. Although summary statistics are unavailable for the remainder of 1946, it is clear that the trend continued. For example, from October 1946 to January 1947, when the Panel considered over 100 cases, only two refusals were noted, PRO, CAB 124/649, Minutes and Memoranda, Oct. 1946 to Jan. 1947.
63. Compare with N. Tiratsoo, Reconstruction Affluence, pp.20-27.
64. 50. PRO, CAB 124/658, BDI(A) Case #1261, 28 Oct. 1946. 51. PRO, CAB 134/636, PC(48)21st:3, 29 Oct. 1948.
65. PRO, CAB 134/130, DI(48)35, 10 Dec. 1948.
66. Price taken from Modern Records Centre (hereafter MRC), British Motor Industry Heritage Trust Papers (hereafter BMIHT), MSS 226/ST/3/F/2/44, 'Cost Analysis', 16 April 1946.
67. MRC, BMIHT, MSS 226/ST/3/F/5/29, 'Ferguson to Cripps', 5 April 1948.
68. This was despite planned rises in employment by other motor manufacturing firms in the area, for example, Briggs Motors, PRO, CAB 134/130, DI(48)31, 24 July 1948.
69. PRO, CAB 134/131, DI(49)2nd:1, 8 March 1949.
70. On the general theme of institutional capture, see H. Mercer, Constructing a Competitive Order: The Hidden History of British Antitrust Policies (Cambridge, 1995).
71. For a discussion of this problem in inter-war regional policy, see R. Middleton, 'Unemployment in the North East During the Interwar Period', in R.A. Chapman (ed.), Public Policy Studies (Edinburgh, 1987), p.31; and A.E. Booth, 'The Timing and Content of Government Policies to Assist the Depressed Areas 1920-1939' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Kent, 1975), p.151.
72. For a discussion of this problem in inter-war regional policy, see R. Middleton, 'Unemployment in the North East During the Interwar Period', in R.A. Chapman (ed.), Public Policy Studies (Edinburgh, 1987), p.31; and A.E. Booth, 'The Timing and Content of Government Policies to Assist the Depressed Areas 1920-1939' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Kent, 1975), p.151.
73. C.E. Heim, 'R & D, Defense and Spatial Division of Labour in Twentieth Century Britain', Journal of Economic History; Vol.47 (1987), pp.365-78
74. Heim, 'Government', p.379.
75. PRO LAB 8/2081, 'Economic research into the problems of the distribution of industry, note by the Board of Trade', July 1947.
76. PRO, BT177/214, 'Factors Influencing Location in Recent Years - Report by H.G. Philips', 30 Nov. 1949.
77. Current is defined as post-1930.
78. The bibliography included A. Weber, Alfred Weber's Theory of the Location of Industries, translated by C.J. Freidrich from Über den Standorten der Industrienn (Chicago, 1926), E.M. Hoover, The Location of Economic Activity (New York, 1948), and Dennison, Location, but omitted P.S. Florence, Investment, Location and Size of Plant (London, 1948). Many of the key texts were yet to be translated into English, see A.J. Brown, 'Surveys of Applied Economics: Regional Economics, with Special Reference to the United Kingdom', Economic Journal, Vol.LXXIX (1969), p.775.
79. The bibliography included A. Weber, Alfred Weber's Theory of the Location of Industries, translated by C.J. Freidrich from Über den Standorten der Industrienn (Chicago, 1926), E.M. Hoover, The Location of Economic Activity (New York, 1948), and Dennison, Location, but omitted P.S. Florence, Investment, Location and Size of Plant (London, 1948). Many of the key texts were yet to be translated into English, see A.J. Brown, 'Surveys of Applied Economics: Regional Economics, with Special Reference to the United Kingdom', Economic Journal, Vol.LXXIX (1969), p.775.
80. The bibliography included A. Weber, Alfred Weber's Theory of the Location of Industries, translated by C.J. Freidrich from Über den Standorten der Industrienn (Chicago, 1926), E.M. Hoover, The Location of Economic Activity (New York, 1948), and Dennison, Location, but omitted P.S. Florence, Investment, Location and Size of Plant (London, 1948). Many of the key texts were yet to be translated into English, see A.J. Brown, 'Surveys of Applied Economics: Regional Economics, with Special Reference to the United Kingdom', Economic Journal, Vol.LXXIX (1969), p.775.
81. The bibliography included A. Weber, Alfred Weber's Theory of the Location of Industries, translated by C.J. Freidrich from Über den Standorten der Industrienn (Chicago, 1926), E.M. Hoover, The Location of Economic Activity (New York, 1948), and Dennison, Location, but omitted P.S. Florence, Investment, Location and Size of Plant (London, 1948). Many of the key texts were yet to be translated into English, see A.J. Brown, 'Surveys of Applied Economics: Regional Economics, with Special Reference to the United Kingdom', Economic Journal, Vol.LXXIX (1969), p.775.
82. The bibliography included A. Weber, Alfred Weber's Theory of the Location of Industries, translated by C.J. Freidrich from Über den Standorten der Industrienn (Chicago, 1926), E.M. Hoover, The Location of Economic Activity (New York, 1948), and Dennison, Location, but omitted P.S. Florence, Investment, Location and Size of Plant (London, 1948). Many of the key texts were yet to be translated into English, see A.J. Brown, 'Surveys of Applied Economics: Regional Economics, with Special Reference to the United Kingdom', Economic Journal, Vol.LXXIX (1969), p.775.
83. The bibliography included A. Weber, Alfred Weber's Theory of the Location of Industries, translated by C.J. Freidrich from Über den Standorten der Industrienn (Chicago, 1926), E.M. Hoover, The Location of Economic Activity (New York, 1948), and Dennison, Location, but omitted P.S. Florence, Investment, Location and Size of Plant (London, 1948). Many of the key texts were yet to be translated into English, see A.J. Brown, 'Surveys of Applied Economics: Regional Economics, with Special Reference to the United Kingdom', Economic Journal, Vol.LXXIX (1969), p.775.
84. R.A. Chapman, Ethics in the British Civil Service (London, 1988), p.33.
85. Ibid.
86. PRO, LAB 8/2081. Also see PRO, BT 177/440, 'Minutes of the First Meeting of the Parliamentary Secretary's Study Group on Distribution of Industry Policy', 26 July 1949.
87. White Paper on Employment Policy (P.P. 1943-44, VIII), para.27.
88. PRO, LAB 8/2081, Woods to Ince, 15 Nov. 1946.
89. Ibid.
90. PRO, LAB 8/2081, CC(47)1st, 'Clay Committee, Minutes of First Meeting', 25 July 1947.
91. PRO, BT 177/205, Shackle to Hall, 11 Sept. 1948.'
92. PRO, LAB 8/2081, undated.
93. PRO, LAB 8/2081, CC51(2), 'NIESR, Co-ordination of Research into Industrial Location', Jan. 1951.
94. Other publications to arise from the project included: D.C. Hague and P.K. Newman, Costs in Alternative Locations: The Clothing Industry (Cambridge, 1952); G. Picton, 'Notes on the Establishment of Branch Factories', Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol.1 (1953), pp. 126-31; J.H. Dunning and D.C. Hague, 'Costs in Alternative Locations: The Radio Industry', Review of Economic Studies, Vol.22 (1954), pp.203-13.
95. Other publications to arise from the project included: D.C. Hague and P.K. Newman, Costs in Alternative Locations: The Clothing Industry (Cambridge, 1952); G. Picton, 'Notes on the Establishment of Branch Factories', Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol.1 (1953), pp. 126-31; J.H. Dunning and D.C. Hague, 'Costs in Alternative Locations: The Radio Industry', Review of Economic Studies, Vol.22 (1954), pp.203-13.
96. Other publications to arise from the project included: D.C. Hague and P.K. Newman, Costs in Alternative Locations: The Clothing Industry (Cambridge, 1952); G. Picton, 'Notes on the Establishment of Branch Factories', Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol.1 (1953), pp. 126-31; J.H. Dunning and D.C. Hague, 'Costs in Alternative Locations: The Radio Industry', Review of Economic Studies, Vol.22 (1954), pp.203-13.
97. PRO, LAB 8/2081, CC51(17th), 'Clay Committee, Minutes of Seventeenth Meeting', 18 Nov. 1952.
98. B.J. Loasby, 'Location of Industry: Thirty Years of "Planning"', District Bank Review, Vol.56 (1965), pp.28-52; G. McCrone, Regional Policy in Britain (London, 1969), p.115.
99. B.J. Loasby, 'Location of Industry: Thirty Years of "Planning"', District Bank Review, Vol.56 (1965), pp.28-52; G. McCrone, Regional Policy in Britain (London, 1969), p.115.
100. P. Scott, 'British Regional Policy 1945-51: A Lost Opportunity?', Twentieth Century History (forthcoming).
101. Ibid., shows how the government's development area factory building programme was significantly scaled down.
102. PRO, BT177/278, 'Ad Hoc Meeting to Discuss Open Favouritism for Dollar Earning Firms', 25 May 1950.
103. P.J. Randall, 'The History of British Regional Policy', in G. Hallet, P. Randall and E.G. West (eds.), Regional Policy Forever? (London, 1973), p.28.
104. PRO, BT 177/214, 'Report by H.G. Philips', 30 Nov. 1949.
105. A.J. Brown, The Framework of Regional Economics in the United Kingdom (Cambridge, 1972), p.292; A.J. Odber, Area Redevelopment Policies in Britian and the Countries of the Common Market (US Dept of Commerce, 1962).
106. A.J. Brown, The Framework of Regional Economics in the United Kingdom (Cambridge, 1972), p.292; A.J. Odber, Area Redevelopment Policies in Britian and the Countries of the Common Market (US Dept of Commerce, 1962).
107. PRO, CAB 87/7, R(44)23, 'Location of Industry, Memorandum by the Secretary, Department of Overseas Trade', 27 Jan. 1946.
108. A phrase borrowed from D. Henderson, Innocence and Design: The Influence of Economic Ideas on Policy (Oxford, 1986).
109. G.C. Peden, 'Economic Knowledge and the State in Modern Britain', in S.J.D. Green and R.C. Whiting (eds.), The Boundaries of the State in Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1996), p.178.