Development of Identity: Gender Makes a Difference

Journal of Research in Personality

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 42-72

  Cramer, Phebe ^a  

^a WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039048233     PISSN: 00926566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jrpe.1999.2270     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Adams G. R., Shea J. A. The relationship between identity status, locus of control, and ego development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 8:1979;81-89.
2. Adams G. R., Abraham K. G., Markstrom C. A. The relations among identity development, self-consciousness, and self-focusing during middle and late adolescence. Developmental Psychology. 23:1987;292-297.
3. Adams G. R., Bennion L., Huh K. Objective measure of ego identity status: A reference manual. 1989;University of Guelph, Ontario.
4. Adams G. R., Ryan J. H., Hoffman J., Dobson W. R., Nielsen E. C. Ego-identity status, conformity behavior and personality in late adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 47:1985;1091-1104.
5. Archer S. L. Gender differences in identity development: Issues of process, domain and timing. Journal of Adolescence. 12:1989;117-138.
6. Archer S. L., Waterman A. S. Psychological individualism: Gender differences or gender neutrality? Human Development. 31:1988;65-81.
7. Bem D. J., Funder D. C. Predicting more of the people more of the time: Assessing the personality of situations. Psychological Review. 85:1978;485-501.
8. Bennion L. D., Adams G. R. A revision of the extended version of the objective measure of ego identity status: An identity instrument for use with late adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research. 1:1986;183-198.
9. Bilsker D., Marcia J. E. Adaptive regression and ego identity. Journal of Adolescence. 14:1991;75-84.
10. Block J. The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research. 1978;Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.
11. Block J., Block J. H. The role of ego control and ego resiliency in the organization of behavior. Collins W. A. The Minnesota symposia on child psychology. 1980;39-101 Erlbaum, Hillsdale.
12. Block J., Gjerde P. F., Block J. H. Personality antecedents of depressive tendencies in 18-year-olds: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 60:1991;726-738.
13. Block J., Robins R. A longitudinal study of consistency and change in self-esteem from early adolescence to early adulthood. Child Development. 64:1993;909-923.
14. Chodorow N. The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. 1978;Univ. of California Press, Berkeley.
15. Clancy S. M., Dollinger S. J. Identity, self and personality. I. Identity status and the Five-Factor Model of personality. Journal of Research in Adolescence. 3:1993;227-245.
16. Cohn L. D. Sex difference in the course of personality development: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. 109:1991;252-266.
17. Colvin C. R. Childhood antecedents of young-adult judgability. Journal of Personality. 61:1993;611-635.
18. Craig-Bray L., Adams G. R. Different methodologies in the assessment of identity: Congruence between self-report and interview techniques? Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 15:1986;191-204.
19. Cramer P. Identity, narcissism, and defense mechanisms in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality. 29:1995;341-361.
20. Cramer P. Identity, personality, and defense mechanisms: An observer-based study. Journal of Research in Personality. 31:1997;58-77.
21. Cramer P. Freshman to senior year: A follow-up study of identity, narcissism, and defense mechanisms. Journal of Research in Personality. 32:1998;156-172.
22. Erikson E. Childhood and society. 1950;W. W. Norton, New York.
23. Erikson E. Identity: Youth and crisis. 1968;W. W. Norton, New York.
24. Funder D. C. On seeing ourselves as others see us: Self-other agreement and discrepancy in personality ratings. Journal of Personality. 48:1980;473-493.
25. Funder D. C., Block J. The role of ego-control, ego-resiliency, and IQ in delay of gratification in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 57:1989;1041-1050.
26. Gilligan C. In a different voice. 1982;Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.
27. Gjerde P. F., Block J., Block J. H. Depressive symptoms and personality during late adolescence: Gender differences in the externalization-internalization of symptom expression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 97:1988;475-486.
28. Grotevant H. D. Assessment of identity development: Current issues and future directions. Journal of Adolescent Research. 1:1986;175-181.
29. Grotevant H. D. Toward a process model of identity formation. Journal of Adolescent Research. 2:1987;202-222.
30. Grotevant H. D., Adams G. R. Development of an objective measure to assess ego identity in adolescence: Validation and replication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 13:1984;419-438.
31. Grotevant H. D., Cooper C. R. Patterns of interaction in family relationships and the development of identity exploration in adolescence. Child Development. 56:1985;415-428.
32. Grotevant H. D., Thorbecke W., Meyer M. L. An extension of Marcia's identity status interview into the interpersonal domain. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 11:1982;33-47.
33. Helson R. Women's difficult times and the rewriting of the life story. Psychology of Women's Quarterly. 16:1992;331-347.
34. Helson R., Stewart A. J., Ostrove J. Identity in three cohorts of midlife women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 69:1995;544-557.
35. Hodgson J. W., Fischer J. L. Sex differences in identity and intimacy development in college youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 8:1979;37-50.
36. John O., Cheek J., Klohnen E. On the nature of self-monitoring: Construct explication wit Q-sort ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 71:1996;763-776.
37. Josselson R. Psychodynamic aspects of identity formation in college women. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2:1973;329-358.
38. Josselson R., Greenberger E., McConochie D. Phenomenological aspects of psychosocial maturity in adolescence. Part II. Girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 6:1977;145-167.
39. Kohlar D. W., Funder D. C., Colvin C. R. Comparing the accuracy of personality judgments by the self and knowledgeable others. Journal of Personality. 64:1996;311-337.
40. Kremen, A. M. 1990, Observer-measured personality correlates of self-reported susceptibility to anxiety: Some sex differences. Unpublished master's thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
41. Kremen A. M. Depressive tendencies and susceptibility to anxiety: Differential personality correlates. Journal of Personality. 64:1996;209-242.
42. Kroger J. Gender and identity: The intersection of structure, content, and context. Sex Roles. 36:1997;747-770.
43. Lanning K., Gough H. Shared variance in the California Psychological Inquiry and the California Q-set. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 60:1991;596-606.
44. Mahler M. S., Pine F., Bergman A. The psychological birth of the human infant. 1975;Basic Books, New York.
45. Mallory M. E. Q-sort definition of ego identity status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 18:1989;399-411.
46. Marcia J. E. Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 3:1966;551-558.
47. Marcia J. E. Identity in adolescence. Adelson J. Handbook of adolescent psychology. 1980;159-187 Wiley, New York.
48. Marcia J. E., Friedman M. L. Ego identity status in college women. Journal of Personality. 38:1970;249-263.
49. Matterson D. R. Exploration and commitment: Sex differences and methodological problems in the use of identity status categories. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 6:1972;353-374.
50. McCrae R. R., Costa P. T. Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52:1987;81-90.
51. McCrae R. R., Costa P. T., Bushc C. M. Evaluating comprehensiveness in personality systems: The California Q-set and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality. 54:1986;430-446.
52. Orlofsky J. L., Marcia J. E., Lesser J. M. Ego identity status and the intimacy versus isolation crisis of young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 27:1973;211-219.
53. Pastorino E., Dunham R. M., Kidwell J., Bacho R., Lamborn S. D. Domain-specific gender comparisons in identity development among college youth: Ideology and relationships. Adolescence. 32:1997;559-577.
54. Patterson S., Sochting I., Marcia J. The inner space and beyond: Women and identity. Adams G., Gullotta T., Montemayor R. Adolescent identity formation. 1992;9-24 Sage, Newbury Park.
55. Radloff L. S. The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 3:1977;385-401.
56. Reese S. P., Oliver C. J. Development of a California Q-set indicator of primary psychopathy. Journal of Personality Assessment. 62:1994;130-144.
57. Schenkel S. Relationship among ego identity status, field-independence, and traditional femininity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 4:1975;73-82.
58. Schiedel D. G., Marcia J. E. Ego identity, intimacy, sex role orientation, and gender. Developmental Psychology. 21:1985;149-160.
59. Stephen J., Fraser E., Marcia J. E. Moratorium-achievement (Mama) cycles in lifespan identity development: Value orientations and reasoning system correlates. Journal of Adolescence. 15:1992;283-300.
60. Thorbecke W., Grotevant H. D. Gender differences in adolescent interpersonal identity formation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 11:1982;479-492.
61. Toder N. L., Marcia J. E. Ego identity status and response to conformity pressure in college women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 26:1973;287-294.
62. Waterman A. S. Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental Psychology. 18:1982;341-358.
63. Waterman A. S. Finding something to do or someone to be: A Eudaimonist perspective on identity formation. Kroger J. Discussions on ego identity. 1993;Erlbaum, Hillsdale.