International migration: A global challenge

Population Bulletin

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 2-44

  Martin, Philip ^b   Widgren, Jonas ^a  

^a Intl Ctr Migration Plcy Devmt   (Austria)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039021330     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Wayne Cornelius, Philip Martin, and James Hollifield, eds., Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994): 34.
2. World Bank, World Development Report 1995 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995): 65-66; World Tables 1995 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): various tables.
3. World Bank, World Development Report 1995 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995): 65-66; World Tables 1995 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): various tables.
4. World Bank, World Development Report 1995.
5. UN, World Population Prospects: The 1994 Revision (New York: United Nations, 1994).
6. ILO, Economically Active Population 1950-2025 (Geneva: ILO, 1986): 115.
7. World Bank, World Development Report 1995: 9.
8. In 1995, there were about 382 million workers in the high-income countries (World Bank, World Development Report 1995: 2, 9).
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.: table 11.
11. U.S. Commission for the Study of International Migration and Cooperative Economic Development, Unauthorized Migration: An Economic Development Response (Washington, DC: GPO, 1990): xiv.
12. Douglas S. Massey, Joaquin Arango, Grame Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pelligrino, and J. Edward Taylor, "Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal," Population and Development Review 19, no. 3 (Sept. 1993): 431-65.
13. UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees 1993 (New York: Penguin, 1993): 147.
14. UNHCR, The State of the Worlds Refugees 1995 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995): 83-85.
15. Ibid.: tables 1, 14, 15.
16. UNRWA, UNRWA Annual Report, 1994/1995 (Vienna: UNRWA, 1995): 6, 36-37.
17. Declaration adopted by the UN General Assembly, Dec. 13, 1985.
18. Estimates from the International Center for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), Vienna, Austria. The costs of processing and accommodating asylum-seekers vary significantly from country to country. Scandinavian countries such as Denmark and Norway generally spend the most per person on housing and food for asylum applicants, as well as integration assistance for refugees. In 1994, these countries spent about $15,000 per foreigner. Austria and Switzerland, by contrast, spent about $4,000 per person.
19. ICMPD, 1995.
20. Ibid. Few countries had consulates that issued visas in Bosnia in the mid-1990s. Less than 10 percent of the 700,000 to 800,000 nationals from former Yugoslavia with Temporary Protected Status in western Europe had been granted formal refugee status.
21. INS, Fact Sheet, "Asylum Reform: A Year of Success," Jan. 4, 1996.
22. Philip Martin and Elizabeth Midgley, "Immigration to the United States: Journey to an Uncertain Destination," Population Bulletin 49, no. 2 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, Inc., 1994).
23. INS, The Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 1994 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1996): table 38.
24. Migration News (Davis, CA), Jan. 1995.
25. Robert Warren, "Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States by Country of Origin and State of Residence: October 1992" (Paper presented at the California Immigration 1994 Seminar, Sacramento, CA, April 1994).
26. INS, preliminary figures for 1995.
27. Manuel Garcia y Griego, "Canada: Flexibility and Control in Immigration and Refugee Policy," in Controlling Migration: A Global Perspective, eds. Wayne Cornelius, Philip Martin, and James Hollifield (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994): 119-42.
28. Statistics Canada, Quarterly Demographic Statistics, October-December 1994 8, no. 4; and Immigration Statistics, 1992 (Hull, Quebec: Canada, 1994): table 11.
29. Statistics Canada, Quarterly Demographic Statistics, October-December 1994 8, no. 4; and Immigration Statistics, 1992 (Hull, Quebec: Canada, 1994): table 11.
30. Craig McKie, "Temporary Residents of Canada," Canadian Social Trends, no. 32 (Spring 1994): 12-15; and Margaret Michalowski, "Redefining the Concept of Immigration in Canada," Canadian Studies in Population 20, no. 1 (1993): 59-84.
31. Craig McKie, "Temporary Residents of Canada," Canadian Social Trends, no. 32 (Spring 1994): 12-15; and Margaret Michalowski, "Redefining the Concept of Immigration in Canada," Canadian Studies in Population 20, no. 1 (1993): 59-84.
32. Brian Harrison, "I Can't Speak English or French," Canadian Social Trends, no. 31 (Winter 1993): 26-28.
33. The Toronto Star, June 20, 1995.
34. Ibid.
35. Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, Atlas of World Population History (London: Penguin Books Ltd., and Allen Lane, 1978): 31.
36. Jonas Widgren, The Key to Europe - A Comparative Analysis of Entry and Asylum Policies in Western Countries (Vienna: ICMPD, 1994).
37. OECD, Trends in International Migration: Continuing Reporting System on Migration, Annual Report 1994 (Paris: OECD, 1995).
38. Celestine Bohlen, "Italy Rebuked by Vatican Over Migrants," The New York Times, Nov. 20, 1995, sec. A7; and "Italy Confronts Immigration Dilemma," The Washington Times, Nov. 20, 1995, sec. A14.
39. Celestine Bohlen, "Italy Rebuked by Vatican Over Migrants," The New York Times, Nov. 20, 1995, sec. A7; and "Italy Confronts Immigration Dilemma," The Washington Times, Nov. 20, 1995, sec. A14.
40. UNHCR, State of the World's Refugees 1995: 249-50.
41. Jerold Huguet, "The Future of Migration Within Asia," Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 2 (1992): 251.
42. Migration News, Dec. 1995.
43. "Introduction," Malaysia's Five Year Plan, 1990-1995.
44. Gary Fields, "The Migration Transition in Asia," Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 1 (1994): 7-30. Fields argues that a key feature of the Asian experience was that the benefits of growth in export-oriented manufacturing were shared throughout society by integrated labor markets - in the form of job creation, rising real wages, or both.
45. Philip L. Martin, Andrew Mason, and Ching-lung Tsay, "Overview," ASEAN Economic Bulletin on Labor Migration in Asia 12, no. 2 (Special Issue, Nov. 1995).
46. World Bank, World Development Report 1995: 167.
47. South Africa's population is projected to grow by 2.2 percent per year in the 1990s, among the fastest growth rates for countries at the $2,500 to $3,000 GDP per capita level - adding 880,0000 people annually. The labor force is projected to grow even faster - 2.7 percent or 350,000 per year in the 1990s.
48. Most foreign miners have 12-month contracts, and are paid over half of their $200 monthly wages at the border upon their return, where the miners are taxed, e.g., by Mozambican officials. Lesotho, Swaziland, and Mozambique depend on mining remittances and taxes collected on miners' earnings.
49. See UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees 1995.
50. John Battersby, "Palestinian Exodus from Libya Poses Threat to Peace," The Christian Science Monitor, Sept. 15, 1995: p. 1; and John Lancaster, "Libya Sends Palestinians 'Home,' Straining Peace Accord," The Washington Post, Sept. 10, 1995: p. 1.
51. John Battersby, "Palestinian Exodus from Libya Poses Threat to Peace," The Christian Science Monitor, Sept. 15, 1995: p. 1; and John Lancaster, "Libya Sends Palestinians 'Home,' Straining Peace Accord," The Washington Post, Sept. 10, 1995: p. 1.
52. Abdel R. Omran and Farzaneh Roudi, "The Middle East Population Puzzle," Population Bulletin 48, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, Inc., 1993): 22-27.
53. UN, International Migration Policies 1995 (New York: UN, 1996).
54. Batsheva Tsur, "77,000 Immigrants Arrived Here This Year," Jerusalem Post, Dec. 29, 1993: p. 4; and U.S. Committee on Refugees, World Refugee Survey 1995 (Washington, DC: Immigration Refugee Services of America, 1995): 116-17.
55. Batsheva Tsur, "77,000 Immigrants Arrived Here This Year," Jerusalem Post, Dec. 29, 1993: p. 4; and U.S. Committee on Refugees, World Refugee Survey 1995 (Washington, DC: Immigration Refugee Services of America, 1995): 116-17.
56. Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller, The Age of Migration (New York: The Guilford Press, 1993): 150-52; and U.S. Committee on Refugees, World Refugee Survey 1995: 177-81.
57. Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller, The Age of Migration (New York: The Guilford Press, 1993): 150-52; and U.S. Committee on Refugees, World Refugee Survey 1995: 177-81.
58. U.S. Committee on Refugees, World Refugee Survey 1995: 177-81.
59. Mario Osava, "MERCOSUR: De Facto Integration of Labor Force Already Exists," Inter Press Service, Aug. 28, 1995.
60. Alberto Garnica, "Venezuela to Crack Down on Illegals," United Press International, Mar. 22, 1995; and British Broadcasting Corporation, Sept. 9, 1995.
61. U.S. Commission for the Study of International Migration and Cooperative Economic Development (1990): xv-xvi.
62. The New York Times, May 26, 1995, sec. C2.
63. There are several definitions and estimates of foreign investment. FDI in 1994 was estimated at $205 billion, with $80 billion or 40 percent going to developing countries, including $30 billion in China and $8 billion in Mexico (Forbes, April 10, 1995: 41).
64. An estimated 80 percent of the foreign investment in China is made by so-called overseas Chinese - immigrants or children of immigrants from China. In mid-1994, foreign investments in China included estimates of $40 billion from Hong Kong, $8 billion from Southeast Asia, and $5 billion from Taiwan. The estimated 23 million ethnic Chinese are 5 percent of Southeast Asia's population and wield considerable economic power in Asia. Far Eastern Economic Review, July 14, 1994: 47.
65. World Bank, World Development Report 1995. Four of the 21 OECD countries providing aid reached the UN target of contributing 0.7 percent of GDP in 1993 - Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands. OECD nations collectively provided aid to equal 0.3 of GDP.
66. Ibid.: 196-99.
67. W.R. Böhning and M. Schloeter-Paredes, "Economic Haven or Political Refugees: Can Aid Reduce the Need for Migration?" Proceedings of ILO-UNHCR Conference, May 1992 (Geneva: ILO-UNHCR, 1993).
68. The World Bank does not report economic data for Haiti. The $1.5 billion estimate is based on a per capita GDP estimate of $200 and population of 7 million.
69. There is considerable internal migration, especially rural-urban migration, in large countries such as China. There are an estimated 100 million internal migrants within China. If China's provinces were independent countries, the world's migrant population might double in size.