Between the crescent and the star-spangled banner: American Muslims and US foreign policy

International Affairs

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 493-506

  Mazrui, Ali A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039015483     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2625553     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. In August 1995, the New York Times estimated the US population to be 6 million. See front page article on Islam in America, New York Times, 28 Aug. 1995. A 1993 report estimated the number of American Muslims to be between 4 and 6 million, while the number of Jews was estimated to be 5.94 million. See Mary H. Cooper, 'Muslims in America', CQ Researcher 33: 16, 30 April 1993. See also Fareed H. Numani, The Muslim population in the United States: a brief statement (Washington DC: American Muslim Council, 1992). The number of Muslims is expanding rapidly.
2. In August 1995, the New York Times estimated the US population to be 6 million. See front page article on Islam in America, New York Times, 28 Aug. 1995. A 1993 report estimated the number of American Muslims to be between 4 and 6 million, while the number of Jews was estimated to be 5.94 million. See Mary H. Cooper, 'Muslims in America', CQ Researcher 33: 16, 30 April 1993. See also Fareed H. Numani, The Muslim population in the United States: a brief statement (Washington DC: American Muslim Council, 1992). The number of Muslims is expanding rapidly.
3. For an overview of Muslims in America, see Yvonne Y. Haddad, The Muslims of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
4. See Cooper, 'Muslims in America', p. 364 for a breakdown of the ethnicity of American Muslims.
5. Other groups and organizations established by Muslims in the United States to correct stereotypes and influence policy, include the Council for American Islamic Relations, based in Washington DC, and the Muslim Public Affairs Council. See 'Muslims learn to pull political ropes in US', Christian Science Monitor, 5 Feb. 1996, pp. 1, 10, 12.
6. Ibid., p. 10.
7. James Brooke, 'Amid Islam's growth in the US, Muslims face a surge in attacks', New York Times (front page), 28 Aug. 1995.
8. See the estimate in Gregory Orfalea, Before the flames: a quest for the history of Arab Americans (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1988), p. 318. See e.g. Edward Tivnan, Jewish political power and American foreign policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).
9. See the estimate in Gregory Orfalea, Before the flames: a quest for the history of Arab Americans (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1988), p. 318. See e.g. Edward Tivnan, Jewish political power and American foreign policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).
10. Some statistics on the nature of Arab Americans, and their migration to the United States may be found in Orfalea, Before the flames, pp. 316-17, and Elias T. Nigem, 'Arab Americans: migration, socioeconomic, and democraphic charateristics', International Migration Review 20, Fall 1986, pp. 629-49.
11. Some statistics on the nature of Arab Americans, and their migration to the United States may be found in Orfalea, Before the flames, pp. 316-17, and Elias T. Nigem, 'Arab Americans: migration, socioeconomic, and democraphic charateristics', International Migration Review 20, Fall 1986, pp. 629-49.
12. See Cooper, 'Muslims in America', p. 364.
13. Human rights violations in Kashmir by the Indian government are covered in Patricia Gossman, The crackdown in Kashmir (Boston, MA, New York: Physicians for Humans Rights and Asia Watch, 1993); Gossman, The human rights crisis in Kashmir (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993).
14. Human rights violations in Kashmir by the Indian government are covered in Patricia Gossman, The crackdown in Kashmir (Boston, MA, New York: Physicians for Humans Rights and Asia Watch, 1993); Gossman, The human rights crisis in Kashmir (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993).
15. For a recent analysis of the Kashmir conundrum, see Mushtaqur Rahman, Divided Kashmir: old problems, new opportunities for India, Pakistan, and the Kashmiri people (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996).
16. See Martha F. Lee, The Nation of Islam: an American millennarian movement (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1988), pp. 30-31.
17. For a biography, see Malu Halassa, Elijah Muhammad (New York: Chelsea House, 1990).
18. Lee, The Nation of Islam, p. 37.
19. The Supreme Court's verdict, with an 8-0 margin, was reported in the New York Times, 29 June 1971, p. 5.
20. See the reports in the Amsterdam News, 3 Feb. 1996; New York Times, 22 Feb. 1996; Afro-American, 10 Feb. 1996; Chicago Tribune, 22 Feb. 1996; Chicago Defender, 1 February 1996, among others.
21. See the reports in the Amsterdam News, 3 Feb. 1996; New York Times, 22 Feb. 1996; Afro-American, 10 Feb. 1996; Chicago Tribune, 22 Feb. 1996; Chicago Defender, 1 February 1996, among others.
22. See the reports in the Amsterdam News, 3 Feb. 1996; New York Times, 22 Feb. 1996; Afro-American, 10 Feb. 1996; Chicago Tribune, 22 Feb. 1996; Chicago Defender, 1 February 1996, among others.
23. See the reports in the Amsterdam News, 3 Feb. 1996; New York Times, 22 Feb. 1996; Afro-American, 10 Feb. 1996; Chicago Tribune, 22 Feb. 1996; Chicago Defender, 1 February 1996, among others.
24. See the reports in the Amsterdam News, 3 Feb. 1996; New York Times, 22 Feb. 1996; Afro-American, 10 Feb. 1996; Chicago Tribune, 22 Feb. 1996; Chicago Defender, 1 February 1996, among others.
25. See 'Muslims learn to pull political ropes in US', p. 10.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Emerson's article appeared in the Wall Street Journal 13 Mar. 1996, p. 14.
29. Maboud Ansari, The making of the Iranian community in America (New York: Pardis Press, 1992) pp. 146-7.
30. For percentages by geographical origin of Muslims in the United States, see Cooper, 'Muslims in America', p. 64. See also Jonathan Friedlander, Anita Colby et al., Irangeles: Iranians in Los Angeles (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993).
31. For percentages by geographical origin of Muslims in the United States, see Cooper, 'Muslims in America', p. 64. See also Jonathan Friedlander, Anita Colby et al., Irangeles: Iranians in Los Angeles (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993).
32. 'Muslims learn to pull political ropes in US', p. 10
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. See Cooper, 'Muslims in America', p. 367.
36. Even liberal intellectuals in France opposed the freedom of Muslim schoolgirls to wear headscarves. For one analysis of this event, see Norma C. Moruzzi, 'A problem with headscarves: contemporary complexities of political and social identity', Political Theory 22, Nov. 1994, pp. 653-72.
37. See e.g. Anson Rabinbach, 'Fire and blood in Germany', Dissent 40, Fall 1993, pp. 416-18.
38. 'Muslims learn to pull political ropes in US', p. 12.
39. A recent analysis of Eisenhower's handling of the Suez crisis may be found in Cole C. Kingseed, Eisenhower and the Suez crisis of 1956 (Baton Rouge: University of Louisiana Press, 1995).
40. For a comparative analysis of US foreign policy under Nixon and his predecessor, see Lloyd I. Rudolph, The regional imperative: the administration of US foreign policy towards South Asian states under Presidents Johnson and Nixon (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1990).
41. Reports on this controversial clash may be found in the Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 49, 14 Sept. 1991, pp. 2035-6, 2649.
42. See e.g. Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990); John Snetsinger, Truman, the Jewish vote, and the creation of Israel (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1974).
43. See e.g. Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990); John Snetsinger, Truman, the Jewish vote, and the creation of Israel (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1974).
44. On Johnson and the war, see William B. Quandt, 'Lyndon Johnson and the June 1967 war: what color was the light?', Middle East Journal 46, Spring 1992, pp. 198-228.
45. See e.g. the report 'Clinton to order halt to all US trade with Iran', Oil and Gas Journal 93, 8 May 1995, p. 26.