Quasi-public, quasi-private trends in emerging market economies: The case of China

Comparative Politics

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 275-294

  Francis, Corinna Barbara ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039011717     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422404     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. For some general treatments of the distinction between public and private, see Morton J. Horwitz, "The History of the Public/Private Distinction," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (June 1982), 1423-28; Jeff Weintraub and Krishan Kumar, eds., Public and Private in Thought and Practice: Perspectives on a Grand Dichotomy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Paul Starr, "The Meaning of Privatization," in Sheila Kamerman and Alfred Kahn, eds., Privatization and the Welfare State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Albert O. Hirschman, Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982); Betty Mensch and Alan Freeman, "Liberalism's Public/Private Split," Tikkun, 3 (March-April 1998), 24-32.
2. For some general treatments of the distinction between public and private, see Morton J. Horwitz, "The History of the Public/Private Distinction," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (June 1982), 1423-28; Jeff Weintraub and Krishan Kumar, eds., Public and Private in Thought and Practice: Perspectives on a Grand Dichotomy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Paul Starr, "The Meaning of Privatization," in Sheila Kamerman and Alfred Kahn, eds., Privatization and the Welfare State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Albert O. Hirschman, Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982); Betty Mensch and Alan Freeman, "Liberalism's Public/Private Split," Tikkun, 3 (March-April 1998), 24-32.
3. For some general treatments of the distinction between public and private, see Morton J. Horwitz, "The History of the Public/Private Distinction," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (June 1982), 1423-28; Jeff Weintraub and Krishan Kumar, eds., Public and Private in Thought and Practice: Perspectives on a Grand Dichotomy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Paul Starr, "The Meaning of Privatization," in Sheila Kamerman and Alfred Kahn, eds., Privatization and the Welfare State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Albert O. Hirschman, Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982); Betty Mensch and Alan Freeman, "Liberalism's Public/Private Split," Tikkun, 3 (March-April 1998), 24-32.
4. For some general treatments of the distinction between public and private, see Morton J. Horwitz, "The History of the Public/Private Distinction," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (June 1982), 1423-28; Jeff Weintraub and Krishan Kumar, eds., Public and Private in Thought and Practice: Perspectives on a Grand Dichotomy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Paul Starr, "The Meaning of Privatization," in Sheila Kamerman and Alfred Kahn, eds., Privatization and the Welfare State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Albert O. Hirschman, Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982); Betty Mensch and Alan Freeman, "Liberalism's Public/Private Split," Tikkun, 3 (March-April 1998), 24-32.
5. For some general treatments of the distinction between public and private, see Morton J. Horwitz, "The History of the Public/Private Distinction," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (June 1982), 1423-28; Jeff Weintraub and Krishan Kumar, eds., Public and Private in Thought and Practice: Perspectives on a Grand Dichotomy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Paul Starr, "The Meaning of Privatization," in Sheila Kamerman and Alfred Kahn, eds., Privatization and the Welfare State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Albert O. Hirschman, Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982); Betty Mensch and Alan Freeman, "Liberalism's Public/Private Split," Tikkun, 3 (March-April 1998), 24-32.
6. See Christopher Hood, "The Hidden Public Sector: The 'Quangocratization' of the World?," in Franz-Xavier Kaufman, ed., The Public Sector: Challenge for Coordination and Learning (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1991); Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, "Community, Market, and State - and Associations? The Prospective Contribution of Interest Group Governance to Social Order," in Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, eds., Private Interest Government: Beyond Market and State (London: Sage, 1985); Martin Rein and Lee Rainwater, Public/Private Interplay in Social Protection (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1986); Martin Rein, "The Social Structure of Institutions: Neither Public nor Private," in Kamerman and Kahn, eds.
7. See Christopher Hood, "The Hidden Public Sector: The 'Quangocratization' of the World?," in Franz-Xavier Kaufman, ed., The Public Sector: Challenge for Coordination and Learning (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1991); Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, "Community, Market, and State - and Associations? The Prospective Contribution of Interest Group Governance to Social Order," in Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, eds., Private Interest Government: Beyond Market and State (London: Sage, 1985); Martin Rein and Lee Rainwater, Public/Private Interplay in Social Protection (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1986); Martin Rein, "The Social Structure of Institutions: Neither Public nor Private," in Kamerman and Kahn, eds.
8. See Christopher Hood, "The Hidden Public Sector: The 'Quangocratization' of the World?," in Franz-Xavier Kaufman, ed., The Public Sector: Challenge for Coordination and Learning (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1991); Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, "Community, Market, and State - and Associations? The Prospective Contribution of Interest Group Governance to Social Order," in Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, eds., Private Interest Government: Beyond Market and State (London: Sage, 1985); Martin Rein and Lee Rainwater, Public/Private Interplay in Social Protection (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1986); Martin Rein, "The Social Structure of Institutions: Neither Public nor Private," in Kamerman and Kahn, eds.
9. See Christopher Hood, "The Hidden Public Sector: The 'Quangocratization' of the World?," in Franz-Xavier Kaufman, ed., The Public Sector: Challenge for Coordination and Learning (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1991); Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, "Community, Market, and State - and Associations? The Prospective Contribution of Interest Group Governance to Social Order," in Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, eds., Private Interest Government: Beyond Market and State (London: Sage, 1985); Martin Rein and Lee Rainwater, Public/Private Interplay in Social Protection (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1986); Martin Rein, "The Social Structure of Institutions: Neither Public nor Private," in Kamerman and Kahn, eds.
10. See Merton J. Peck and Thomas J. Richardson, eds., What Is to Be Done? Proposals for the Soviet Transition to the Market (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991); Olivier Blanchard et al., Postcommunist Reforms: Pain and Progress (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); Jeffrey Sachs, "Privatization in Russia: Some Lessons from Eastern Europe," AEA Papers and Proceedings, 82 (May 1992), 43-48.
11. See Merton J. Peck and Thomas J. Richardson, eds., What Is to Be Done? Proposals for the Soviet Transition to the Market (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991); Olivier Blanchard et al., Postcommunist Reforms: Pain and Progress (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); Jeffrey Sachs, "Privatization in Russia: Some Lessons from Eastern Europe," AEA Papers and Proceedings, 82 (May 1992), 43-48.
12. See Merton J. Peck and Thomas J. Richardson, eds., What Is to Be Done? Proposals for the Soviet Transition to the Market (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991); Olivier Blanchard et al., Postcommunist Reforms: Pain and Progress (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); Jeffrey Sachs, "Privatization in Russia: Some Lessons from Eastern Europe," AEA Papers and Proceedings, 82 (May 1992), 43-48.
13. Liberalizing reforms in the economic realm increase the role of competition, hard budget constraints, profit-seeking, and other market mechanisms and in the political realm loosen the political control of the state over economic and social organizations and associational life, while not necessarily introducing national competitive elections.
14. David Stark, "Recombinant Property in East European Capitalism," American Journal of Sociology, 101 (January 1996); David Stark, "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy," in Victor Nee and David Stark, eds., Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989), pp. 137-68.
15. David Stark, "Recombinant Property in East European Capitalism," American Journal of Sociology, 101 (January 1996); David Stark, "Coexisting Organizational Forms in Hungary's Emerging Mixed Economy," in Victor Nee and David Stark, eds., Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989), pp. 137-68.
16. Michael Buroway and Kathryn Hendley, "Between Perestroika and Privatization: Divided Strategies and Political Crisis in a Soviet Enterprise," Soviet Studies, 44 (1992); Michael Buroway and Pavel Krotov, "The Soviet Transition from Socialism to Capitalism: Worker Control and Economic Bargaining in the Wood Industry," American Sociological Review, 57 (February 1992), 16-38.
17. Michael Buroway and Kathryn Hendley, "Between Perestroika and Privatization: Divided Strategies and Political Crisis in a Soviet Enterprise," Soviet Studies, 44 (1992); Michael Buroway and Pavel Krotov, "The Soviet Transition from Socialism to Capitalism: Worker Control and Economic Bargaining in the Wood Industry," American Sociological Review, 57 (February 1992), 16-38.
18. This case study draws on forty-three interviews conducted by the author in the PRC in 1993 and 1996, with managers, employees, and staff in private and state-owned work units, including universities, enterprises and firms, hospitals, and sanitation departments. All were located in the Beijing area.
19. Jean Oi, "Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China," World Politics, 45 (October 1992), 99-126; Andrew Walder, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights in China," in Vedat Milor, ed., Changing Political Economies: Privatization in Post-Communist and Reforming Communist States (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 53-66; Jane Duckett, "The Emergence of the Entrepreneurial State in Contemporary China," The Pacific Review, 9 (1996), 180-98; Marc Blecher, "Developmental State, Entrepreneurial State: The Political Economy of Socialist Reform in Xinju Municipality and Guanghan County," in Gordon White, ed., The Chinese State in the Era of Economic Reform: The Road to Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1991).
20. Jean Oi, "Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China," World Politics, 45 (October 1992), 99-126; Andrew Walder, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights in China," in Vedat Milor, ed., Changing Political Economies: Privatization in Post-Communist and Reforming Communist States (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 53-66; Jane Duckett, "The Emergence of the Entrepreneurial State in Contemporary China," The Pacific Review, 9 (1996), 180-98; Marc Blecher, "Developmental State, Entrepreneurial State: The Political Economy of Socialist Reform in Xinju Municipality and Guanghan County," in Gordon White, ed., The Chinese State in the Era of Economic Reform: The Road to Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1991).
21. Jean Oi, "Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China," World Politics, 45 (October 1992), 99-126; Andrew Walder, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights in China," in Vedat Milor, ed., Changing Political Economies: Privatization in Post-Communist and Reforming Communist States (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 53-66; Jane Duckett, "The Emergence of the Entrepreneurial State in Contemporary China," The Pacific Review, 9 (1996), 180-98; Marc Blecher, "Developmental State, Entrepreneurial State: The Political Economy of Socialist Reform in Xinju Municipality and Guanghan County," in Gordon White, ed., The Chinese State in the Era of Economic Reform: The Road to Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1991).
22. Jean Oi, "Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China," World Politics, 45 (October 1992), 99-126; Andrew Walder, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights in China," in Vedat Milor, ed., Changing Political Economies: Privatization in Post-Communist and Reforming Communist States (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 53-66; Jane Duckett, "The Emergence of the Entrepreneurial State in Contemporary China," The Pacific Review, 9 (1996), 180-98; Marc Blecher, "Developmental State, Entrepreneurial State: The Political Economy of Socialist Reform in Xinju Municipality and Guanghan County," in Gordon White, ed., The Chinese State in the Era of Economic Reform: The Road to Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1991).
23. X. L. Ding, "Institutional Amphibiousness and the Transition from Communism: The Case of China," British Journal of Political Science, 24 (July 1994), 293-318.
24. See Christopher Nevitt, "Private Business Associations in China: Evidence of Civil Society or Local State Power?," The China Journal, 36 (July 1996), 25-46; Dorothy Solinger, "Urban Entrepreneurs and the State: The Merger of State and Society," in Arthur Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992).
25. See Christopher Nevitt, "Private Business Associations in China: Evidence of Civil Society or Local State Power?," The China Journal, 36 (July 1996), 25-46; Dorothy Solinger, "Urban Entrepreneurs and the State: The Merger of State and Society," in Arthur Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992).
26. John Keane, "Despotism and Democracy: The Origins and Development of the Distinction between Civil Society and the State, 1750-1850," in John Keane, ed., Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives (London: Verso, 1988).
27. Quentin Skinner, "The State," in Terence Ball, James Farr, and Russell Hanson, eds., Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Keane, "Despotism and Democracy."
28. Quentin Skinner, "The State," in Terence Ball, James Farr, and Russell Hanson, eds., Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Keane, "Despotism and Democracy."
29. Civil society in its earliest usage did not refer to a specific realm within the broader society but rather to a type of total community or commonwealth of individuals governed by laws, legitimized through popular sovereignty, and intent on preserving individual freedoms. See Keane, "Despotism and Democracy." Locke used the concept of civil authority primarily in distinction to religious authority, rather than as government distinguished from society, and as a way to distinguish a type of civilized association of individuals from the state of nature. See John Locke, "Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government," in Ernest Baker, Social Contract: Essays by Locke, Hume, and Rousseau (London: Oxford University Press, 1960).
30. Civil society in its earliest usage did not refer to a specific realm within the broader society but rather to a type of total community or commonwealth of individuals governed by laws, legitimized through popular sovereignty, and intent on preserving individual freedoms. See Keane, "Despotism and Democracy." Locke used the concept of civil authority primarily in distinction to religious authority, rather than as government distinguished from society, and as a way to distinguish a type of civilized association of individuals from the state of nature. See John Locke, "Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government," in Ernest Baker, Social Contract: Essays by Locke, Hume, and Rousseau (London: Oxford University Press, 1960).
31. Skinner; Horwitz, pp. 1423-28.
32. Stephen Holmes, Benjamin Constant and the Making of Modern Liberalism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984).
33. Max Weber, Economy and Society (New York: Bedminster Press, 1968).
34. Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965).
35. Jeff Weintraub, "The Theory and Politics of the Public/Private Distinction," in Weintraub and Kumar, eds.
36. See Peck and Richardson; Blanchard et al.; Sachs.
37. See Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1956); Harry T. Rigby, "Stalinism and the Mono-organizational Society," in Robert Tucker, ed., Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977).
38. See Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1956); Harry T. Rigby, "Stalinism and the Mono-organizational Society," in Robert Tucker, ed., Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977).
39. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
40. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
41. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
42. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
43. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
44. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
45. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
46. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
47. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
48. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
49. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
50. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
51. Marcia A. Weigle and Jim Butterfield, "Civil Society in Reforming Communist Systems: The Logic of Emergence," Comparative Politics, 25 (October 1992), 1-23; Zbigniew Rau, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Rau, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991); Gail Lapidus, "State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 121-47; Frederick Starr, "Soviet Union: A Civil Society in the Making?," Foreign Policy, 70 (Spring 1988), 26-43; Ferenc Miszlivetz, "Civil Society in Eastern Europe? The Case of Hungary," World Futures, 29 (1990), 81-94; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-1981," Telos, 47 (Spring 1981), 23-47; Andrew Arato, "Civil Society, History and Socialism: Reply to John Keane," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 133-51; Zbigniew Rau, "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach," Political Studies, 35 (December 1987), 573-92; Mojmir Krizan, "Civil Society - A New Paradigm in the Yugoslav Theoretical Discussion," Praxis Internationale, 9 (April-July 1989), 152-63. For analyses of China that utilize this concept, see Martin K. Whyte, "Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?," in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Lawrence Sullivan, "The Emergence of Civil Society in China, Spring 1989," Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Thomas Gold, "Tiananmen and Beyond: The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990); Thomas Gold, "Autonomy versus Authoritarianism," in George Hicks, ed., The Broken Mirror (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), pp. 196-211.
52. For critical perspectives on this paradigm, see "Symposium on the Public/Private Distinction (University of Pennsylvania)," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (June 1982), esp. Henry J. Friendly, "Introduction: The Public/Private Penumbra - Fourteen Years Later"; Duncan Kennedy, "The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction"; Karl E. Klare, "The Public/Private Distinction in Labor Law"; and Robert H. Mnookin, "The Public/Private Dichotomy: Political Disagreement and Academic Repudiation."
53. For critical perspectives on this paradigm, see "Symposium on the Public/Private Distinction (University of Pennsylvania)," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (June 1982), esp. Henry J. Friendly, "Introduction: The Public/Private Penumbra - Fourteen Years Later"; Duncan Kennedy, "The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction"; Karl E. Klare, "The Public/Private Distinction in Labor Law"; and Robert H. Mnookin, "The Public/Private Dichotomy: Political Disagreement and Academic Repudiation."
54. For critical perspectives on this paradigm, see "Symposium on the Public/Private Distinction (University of Pennsylvania)," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (June 1982), esp. Henry J. Friendly, "Introduction: The Public/Private Penumbra - Fourteen Years Later"; Duncan Kennedy, "The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction"; Karl E. Klare, "The Public/Private Distinction in Labor Law"; and Robert H. Mnookin, "The Public/Private Dichotomy: Political Disagreement and Academic Repudiation."
55. For critical perspectives on this paradigm, see "Symposium on the Public/Private Distinction (University of Pennsylvania)," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (June 1982), esp. Henry J. Friendly, "Introduction: The Public/Private Penumbra - Fourteen Years Later"; Duncan Kennedy, "The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction"; Karl E. Klare, "The Public/Private Distinction in Labor Law"; and Robert H. Mnookin, "The Public/Private Dichotomy: Political Disagreement and Academic Repudiation."
56. For critical perspectives on this paradigm, see "Symposium on the Public/Private Distinction (University of Pennsylvania)," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 130 (June 1982), esp. Henry J. Friendly, "Introduction: The Public/Private Penumbra - Fourteen Years Later"; Duncan Kennedy, "The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction"; Karl E. Klare, "The Public/Private Distinction in Labor Law"; and Robert H. Mnookin, "The Public/Private Dichotomy: Political Disagreement and Academic Repudiation."
57. Franz-Xavier Kaufman, "The Blurring of the Distinction 'State versus Society' in the Idea and Practice of the Welfare State," in Kaufman, ed., pp. 151-64; Lloyd D. Musolf and Harold Seidman, "The Blurred Boundaries of Public Administration," Public Administration Review, 140 (March-April 1980), 124-30; Charles Maier, Changing Boundaries of the Political: Essays on the Evolving Balance between the State and Society, Public and Private in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), Introduction.
58. Franz-Xavier Kaufman, "The Blurring of the Distinction 'State versus Society' in the Idea and Practice of the Welfare State," in Kaufman, ed., pp. 151-64; Lloyd D. Musolf and Harold Seidman, "The Blurred Boundaries of Public Administration," Public Administration Review, 140 (March-April 1980), 124-30; Charles Maier, Changing Boundaries of the Political: Essays on the Evolving Balance between the State and Society, Public and Private in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), Introduction.
59. Franz-Xavier Kaufman, "The Blurring of the Distinction 'State versus Society' in the Idea and Practice of the Welfare State," in Kaufman, ed., pp. 151-64; Lloyd D. Musolf and Harold Seidman, "The Blurred Boundaries of Public Administration," Public Administration Review, 140 (March-April 1980), 124-30; Charles Maier, Changing Boundaries of the Political: Essays on the Evolving Balance between the State and Society, Public and Private in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), Introduction.
60. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon, 1957).
61. Kiren Aziz Chaudhry, "The Myths of the Market and the Common History of Late Developers," Politics and Society, 21 (September 1993), 245-74.
62. Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State (Cambridge, Mass.; MIT Press, 1984); Salvador Giner, "The Withering Away of Civil Society," Praxis Internationale, 5 (1985), 247-67.
63. Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State (Cambridge, Mass.; MIT Press, 1984); Salvador Giner, "The Withering Away of Civil Society," Praxis Internationale, 5 (1985), 247-67.
64. Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1962); Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford: Oxford Umversity Press, 1989); Stephan Haggard and Tun Jen-cheng, "State and Foreign Capital in the East Asian NICs," in Frederic C. Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987); Gary Gereffi and Donald Wyman, eds., Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
65. Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1962); Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford: Oxford Umversity Press, 1989); Stephan Haggard and Tun Jen-cheng, "State and Foreign Capital in the East Asian NICs," in Frederic C. Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987); Gary Gereffi and Donald Wyman, eds., Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
66. Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1962); Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford: Oxford Umversity Press, 1989); Stephan Haggard and Tun Jen-cheng, "State and Foreign Capital in the East Asian NICs," in Frederic C. Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987); Gary Gereffi and Donald Wyman, eds., Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
67. Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1962); Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford: Oxford Umversity Press, 1989); Stephan Haggard and Tun Jen-cheng, "State and Foreign Capital in the East Asian NICs," in Frederic C. Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987); Gary Gereffi and Donald Wyman, eds., Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
68. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966), and Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), critique the invasion of the public arena of common good, university, rationality, and noncoercive interaction by the particular interests, selfishness, irrationality, and coercive interaction of the private realm.
69. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966), and Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), critique the invasion of the public arena of common good, university, rationality, and noncoercive interaction by the particular interests, selfishness, irrationality, and coercive interaction of the private realm.
70. Kenneth J. Meier, Politics and Bureaucracy: Policymaking in the Fourth Branch of Government (Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1993); see also Hood, p. 189.
71. Kenneth J. Meier, Politics and Bureaucracy: Policymaking in the Fourth Branch of Government (Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1993); see also Hood, p. 189.
72. See W. Henry Lambright, Governing Science and Technology (New York: Oxford Universrty Press, 1976); Ronald Moe and Thomas Stanton, "Government Sponsored Enterprises as Federal Instrumentalities: Reconciling Private Management with Public Accountability," Public Administration Review, 49 (July-August 1989), 321-29; Jeffrey Henig, "Privatization in the United States: Theory and Practice," Political Science Quarterly, 104 (Winter 1989-90), 649-70.
73. See W. Henry Lambright, Governing Science and Technology (New York: Oxford Universrty Press, 1976); Ronald Moe and Thomas Stanton, "Government Sponsored Enterprises as Federal Instrumentalities: Reconciling Private Management with Public Accountability," Public Administration Review, 49 (July-August 1989), 321-29; Jeffrey Henig, "Privatization in the United States: Theory and Practice," Political Science Quarterly, 104 (Winter 1989-90), 649-70.
74. See W. Henry Lambright, Governing Science and Technology (New York: Oxford Universrty Press, 1976); Ronald Moe and Thomas Stanton, "Government Sponsored Enterprises as Federal Instrumentalities: Reconciling Private Management with Public Accountability," Public Administration Review, 49 (July-August 1989), 321-29; Jeffrey Henig, "Privatization in the United States: Theory and Practice," Political Science Quarterly, 104 (Winter 1989-90), 649-70.
75. Steven Rathgeb Smith and Michael Lipsky, Nonprofits for Hire: The Welfare State in the Age of Contracting (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); Harold W. Demone, Jr. and Margaret Gibelman, eds., Services for Sale: Purchasing Health and Human Services (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989).
76. Steven Rathgeb Smith and Michael Lipsky, Nonprofits for Hire: The Welfare State in the Age of Contracting (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); Harold W. Demone, Jr. and Margaret Gibelman, eds., Services for Sale: Purchasing Health and Human Services (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989).
77. Philippe Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards
78. Philippe Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979); Philippe Schmitter, "Modes of Interest Intermediation and Models of Societal Change in Western Europe," Comparative Political Studies, 10 (April 1977); Philippe Schmitter, "Interest Intermediation and Regime Governability in Contemporary Western Europe and North America," in Suzanne Berger, ed., Organizing Interests in Western Europe: Pluralism, Corporatism, and the Transformation of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
79. Philippe Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979); Philippe Schmitter, "Modes of Interest Intermediation and Models of Societal Change in Western Europe," Comparative Political Studies, 10 (April 1977); Philippe Schmitter, "Interest Intermediation and Regime Governability in Contemporary Western Europe and North America," in Suzanne Berger, ed., Organizing Interests in Western Europe: Pluralism, Corporatism, and the Transformation of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
80. Nicolas van de Walle, "Privatization in Developing Countries: A Review of the Issues," World Development, 17 (1989), argues that the exigencies and costs of state regulation of market economies are greater than direct state ownership.
81. Corinna-Barbara Francis, "Reproduction of Danwei Institutional Patterns in the Context of China's Market Economy: The Case of China's High-Tech Sector," China Quarterly, 147 (September 1996), 839-59.
82. On-Kit Tam, "The Development of China's Financial System," Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 17 (January 1987), 95-113.
83. Ibid.
84. On-Kit Tam, "Capital Market Development in China," World Development, 19 (May 1991), 511-32.
85. Ibid.
86. Tam, "The Development of China's Financial System."
87. Ibid.
88. Vivienne Shue, "State Power and Social Organization in China," in Joel Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 65-88.
89. Francis, "Reproduction of Danwei Institutional Features."
90. Tam, "Reform of China's Banking System."
91. Christopher Nevitt, "Private Business Associations in China," The China Journal, 36 (July 1996), 28; Shue, "State Power and Social Organization in China," pp. 80-81.
92. Christopher Nevitt, "Private Business Associations in China," The China Journal, 36 (July 1996), 28; Shue, "State Power and Social Organization in China," pp. 80-81.
93. Gordon White, "Prospects for Civil Society in China: A Case Study of Xiaoshan City," Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 29 (January 1993), 63-87.
94. Interviews, 1996. Nevitt, p. 28, also finds that leaders of such associations are often appointed by the municipal industrial and commercial management bureau.
95. Interviews, 1993 and 1996.
96. State-owned department stores often subcontract entire departments to private entrepreneurs. "Tiantan shangxia fangquan zeng huoli," Beijing Ribao, Aug. 30, 1993. For other examples, see Susan Young, Private Business and Economic Reform in China (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1995).
97. State-owned department stores often subcontract entire departments to private entrepreneurs. "Tiantan shangxia fangquan zeng huoli," Beijing Ribao, Aug. 30, 1993. For other examples, see Susan Young, Private Business and Economic Reform in China (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1995).
98. Francis, "Reproduction of Danwei Institutional Patterns."
99. Jeanne L. Wilson, "Labor Policy in China: Reform and Retrogression," Problems of Communism (September-October 1990), 44-65.
100. Interviews, 1993 and 1996. Managers of nongovernmental enterprises felt that their companies would be held responsible for enforcing the government family planning policy and expected that they would be responsible for paying any fines that the government imposed for employees' violations of this law.
101. Enterprises in some cases assume these responsibilities voluntarily, as a way to compete for skilled labor. Interviews, 1993 and 1996.
102. I use the term "corporatism" to include both the narrower definition of Philippe Schmitter, as a structure of interest representation in which a limited number of peak interest group associations bargain with the state, and the broader definition of any structure in which organizations simultaneously embody the state's and their own collective, corporate interests.
103. See Daniel Chirot, "The Corporatist Model and Socialism," Theory and Society, 9 (March 1980), 363-81.
104. Vivienne Shue, The Reach of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988).
105. See Audrey Donnithorne, "China's Cellular Economy: Some Economic Trends since the Cultural Revolution," China Quarterly, 52 (October-December 1972), 605-19; Shue, The Reach of the State.
106. See Audrey Donnithorne, "China's Cellular Economy: Some Economic Trends since the Cultural Revolution," China Quarterly, 52 (October-December 1972), 605-19; Shue, The Reach of the State.
107. Mayfair Meihui Yang, "Between State and Society: The Construction of Corporateness in a Chinese Socialist Factory," Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 22 (July 1989), 39.
108. Corinna-Barbara Francis, "Bargained Property Rights: China's High Technology Spin-off Firms," in Andrew Walder and Jean Oi, eds., Property Rights and Economic Reform in China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998).
109. Andrew Walder, "Factory and Manager in the Era of Reform," China Quarterly, 118 (June 1989), 242-64.
110. From the Fifth Five Year Plan (1976-1979) to the Sixth Five Year Plan (1981-1985) productive capital construction projects rose by 6 percent, whereas nonproductive projects increased by 129 percent; 70 percent of the latter went to housing. Bruce Reynolds, Reform in China (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1987).
111. David Strand, "Protest in Beijing: Civil Society and Public Sphere in China," Problems of Communism, 39 (May-June 1990), 1-19; Clemens Stubbe Ostergaard, "Citizens, Groups, and a Nascent Civil Society in China: Towards an Understanding of the 1989 Student Demonstrates," China Information, 4 (Autumn 1989), 28-41; Frank Pieke, "Observations during the People's Movement in Beijing, Spring 1989" (unpublished manuscript).
112. David Strand, "Protest in Beijing: Civil Society and Public Sphere in China," Problems of Communism, 39 (May-June 1990), 1-19; Clemens Stubbe Ostergaard, "Citizens, Groups, and a Nascent Civil Society in China: Towards an Understanding of the 1989 Student Demonstrates," China Information, 4 (Autumn 1989), 28-41; Frank Pieke, "Observations during the People's Movement in Beijing, Spring 1989" (unpublished manuscript).
113. David Strand, "Protest in Beijing: Civil Society and Public Sphere in China," Problems of Communism, 39 (May-June 1990), 1-19; Clemens Stubbe Ostergaard, "Citizens, Groups, and a Nascent Civil Society in China: Towards an Understanding of the 1989 Student Demonstrates," China Information, 4 (Autumn 1989), 28-41; Frank Pieke, "Observations during the People's Movement in Beijing, Spring 1989" (unpublished manuscript).
114. Anita Chan, "Revolution or Corporatism? Workers and Trade Unions in Post-Mao China," Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 29 (January 1993), 31-61.
115. Lance Gore, Market Communism: The Institutional Foundation of China's Post-Mao Hyper-Growth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Duckett; Blecher.
116. The operating budgets of the 117 institutes of the Chinese Academy of Science were reduced by 70 percent. "Dozens of High-Tech Firms Started by University Researchers," Science, Oct. 15, 1993.
117. Oi; Walder, "Local Governments as Industrial Firms"; Andrew Walder, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights in China," in Milor, ed., pp. 53-66.
118. Oi; Walder, "Local Governments as Industrial Firms"; Andrew Walder, "Corporate Organization and Local Government Property Rights in China," in Milor, ed., pp. 53-66.
119. Corinna-Barbara Francis, "The Defense Sector as a Window into China's National System of Innovation," in Judith Reppy, ed., The Place of the Defense Industry in National Systems of Innovation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming); Thomas Bickford, "The Chinese Military as Entrepreneurs," Asian Survey (May 1994); Maria Christina Valdecanas, "From Machine Guns to Motorycles," The China Business Review, 22 (November-December 1995), 14-18; "Army on the Theory of Market without Privatization," FBIS, 26 (1993), 52; "Jizhi gaige dailai dongdong shengji" [System Reform Is Bringing Heightened Prosperity], Guangming Daily, Sept. 17, 1993.
120. Corinna-Barbara Francis, "The Defense Sector as a Window into China's National System of Innovation," in Judith Reppy, ed., The Place of the Defense Industry in National Systems of Innovation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming); Thomas Bickford, "The Chinese Military as Entrepreneurs," Asian Survey (May 1994); Maria Christina Valdecanas, "From Machine Guns to Motorycles," The China Business Review, 22 (November-December 1995), 14-18; "Army on the Theory of Market without Privatization," FBIS, 26 (1993), 52; "Jizhi gaige dailai dongdong shengji" [System Reform Is Bringing Heightened Prosperity], Guangming Daily, Sept. 17, 1993.
121. Corinna-Barbara Francis, "The Defense Sector as a Window into China's National System of Innovation," in Judith Reppy, ed., The Place of the Defense Industry in National Systems of Innovation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming); Thomas Bickford, "The Chinese Military as Entrepreneurs," Asian Survey (May 1994); Maria Christina Valdecanas, "From Machine Guns to Motorycles," The China Business Review, 22 (November-December 1995), 14-18; "Army on the Theory of Market without Privatization," FBIS, 26 (1993), 52; "Jizhi gaige dailai dongdong shengji" [System Reform Is Bringing Heightened Prosperity], Guangming Daily, Sept. 17, 1993.
122. Corinna-Barbara Francis, "The Defense Sector as a Window into China's National System of Innovation," in Judith Reppy, ed., The Place of the Defense Industry in National Systems of Innovation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming); Thomas Bickford, "The Chinese Military as Entrepreneurs," Asian Survey (May 1994); Maria Christina Valdecanas, "From Machine Guns to Motorycles," The China Business Review, 22 (November-December 1995), 14-18; "Army on the Theory of Market without Privatization," FBIS, 26 (1993), 52; "Jizhi gaige dailai dongdong shengji" [System Reform Is Bringing Heightened Prosperity], Guangming Daily, Sept. 17, 1993.
123. Corinna-Barbara Francis, "The Defense Sector as a Window into China's National System of Innovation," in Judith Reppy, ed., The Place of the Defense Industry in National Systems of Innovation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming); Thomas Bickford, "The Chinese Military as Entrepreneurs," Asian Survey (May 1994); Maria Christina Valdecanas, "From Machine Guns to Motorycles," The China Business Review, 22 (November-December 1995), 14-18; "Army on the Theory of Market without Privatization," FBIS, 26 (1993), 52; "Jizhi gaige dailai dongdong shengji" [System Reform Is Bringing Heightened Prosperity], Guangming Daily, Sept. 17, 1993.
124. "Geji Renmin Yinghang yu suoban jingji shiti" [People's Bank Branches at All Levels and Their Economic Entities], Renmin Ribao, Aug. 30, 1993; "Municipal-run Firms Helped Build China: Now They're Failing," Wall Street Journal, Oct. 8, 1997, p. A1.
125. "Geji Renmin Yinghang yu suoban jingji shiti" [People's Bank Branches at All Levels and Their Economic Entities], Renmin Ribao, Aug. 30, 1993; "Municipal-run Firms Helped Build China: Now They're Failing," Wall Street Journal, Oct. 8, 1997, p. A1.
126. The Capital Steel Company (Shou Gang), China's largest state-owned steel company, for instance, has diversified into tourism, shipping, electronics, and construction. "The Reckoning Begins: Corruption Puts Red Chip Companies on Alert," Far Eastern Economic Review, Mar. 2, 1995, p. 16.
127. "Religious Circles Enter Market Economy," FBIS (March 26, 1993), 30-31.
128. Zhao Hongmei, ed., Fang di chan fashi lian lijie shi yu lushi shiwu [Analysis and Legal Work Relating to Cases in Real Estate Law] (Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe chuban, 1995).
129. Jonathan Karp, "High Anxiety: Beijing's Entry into the Satellite Market," Far Eastern Economic Review, Aug. 18, 1994, pp. 46-49; "You Rang? Small Hong Firm Leads Telecoms Pack into China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Nov. 10, 1994, p. 42; also, Francis, "The Defense Sector"; Machiolla, "From Machine Guns to Motorcycles."
130. Jonathan Karp, "High Anxiety: Beijing's Entry into the Satellite Market," Far Eastern Economic Review, Aug. 18, 1994, pp. 46-49; "You Rang? Small Hong Firm Leads Telecoms Pack into China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Nov. 10, 1994, p. 42; also, Francis, "The Defense Sector"; Machiolla, "From Machine Guns to Motorcycles."
131. Jonathan Karp, "High Anxiety: Beijing's Entry into the Satellite Market," Far Eastern Economic Review, Aug. 18, 1994, pp. 46-49; "You Rang? Small Hong Firm Leads Telecoms Pack into China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Nov. 10, 1994, p. 42; also, Francis, "The Defense Sector"; Machiolla, "From Machine Guns to Motorcycles."
132. Jonathan Karp, "High Anxiety: Beijing's Entry into the Satellite Market," Far Eastern Economic Review, Aug. 18, 1994, pp. 46-49; "You Rang? Small Hong Firm Leads Telecoms Pack into China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Nov. 10, 1994, p. 42; also, Francis, "The Defense Sector"; Machiolla, "From Machine Guns to Motorcycles."
133. Interviews 1996. Two of China's largest computer companies, the Fang Zheng and Lian Xiang companies, were launched, respectively, by Beijing University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. See Francis, "Bargained Property Rights."
134. According to a survey of 271 enterprises in the high technology industry, 76 percent of the venture capital was invested by government agencies. Shulin Gu, Spin-off Enterprises in China: Channeling the Components of R&D Institutions into Innovative Businesses (Maastricht: The United Nations, UNU/INTECH Working Paper No. 16, December 1994), p. 25.
135. "Religious Circles Enter the Market Economy."
136. The Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology generated 7 million yuan ($800,000) from its business earnings in 1993, more than three times the 2 million yuan in core statedfunding the Institute received from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. A mere half dozen companies run by the Chinese Academy of Sciences were reported to have had annual profits above $15 million in 1992. "Dozens of High-Tech Firms Started by University Researchers." Science, Oct. 15, 1993.
137. Interviews, 1996.
138. Yi-min Lin and Zhanxin Zhang, "The Private Assets of Public Servants: Profit-Seeking Entities Sponsored by State Agencies," in Walder and Oi, eds., pp. 203-25; Dorothy Solinger, "Urban Private Entrepreneurs and the State," in Dorothy Solinger, China's Transition from Socialism 1980-1990 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993).
139. Yi-min Lin and Zhanxin Zhang, "The Private Assets of Public Servants: Profit-Seeking Entities Sponsored by State Agencies," in Walder and Oi, eds., pp. 203-25; Dorothy Solinger, "Urban Private Entrepreneurs and the State," in Dorothy Solinger, China's Transition from Socialism 1980-1990 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993).
140. An investigation by the Beijing municipal government concluded the ineffectiveness of government campaigns to put an end to these practices. See Guanyu Beijing shi dangzheng jiguan yu suoban jingji shiti tougou gongzuo qingkuang de zongjie baogao [Report on the Work to Delink Agency-Sponsored Economic Entities] (Beijing: Municipal Government, 1995), and Guanyu jianzhe jingji shiti gongzuo de zongjie baogao [Report on the Investigation into Agency-Sponsored Economic Entities] (Beijing: Municipal Government, 1995).
141. An investigation by the Beijing municipal government concluded the ineffectiveness of government campaigns to put an end to these practices. See Guanyu Beijing shi dangzheng jiguan yu suoban jingji shiti tougou gongzuo qingkuang de zongjie baogao [Report on the Work to Delink Agency-Sponsored Economic Entities] (Beijing: Municipal Government, 1995), and Guanyu jianzhe jingji shiti gongzuo de zongjie baogao [Report on the Investigation into Agency-Sponsored Economic Entities] (Beijing: Municipal Government, 1995).
142. The chairman of the department of biological science of Jiaotong University in Shanghai, for example, concurrently serves as head of a company established by the department. "Shanghai Enlists Scientists to Foster Economic Growth," Science, Aug. 12 1994, pp. 866-67.
143. Francis, "Reproduction of Danwei Institutional Features."