An urbanizing world

Population Bulletin

Volumn 55, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 3-43

  Brockerhoff, Martin P ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0039010164     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Unless otherwise noted, all urban demographic statistics in the text are derived from United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision (New York: United Nations, 2000). "More developed" countries include all of Europe and North America, plus Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. "Less developed" includes all of Africa, Asia (except Japan), Oceania (except Australia and New Zealand), and Latin America and the Caribbean.
2. Paul Bairoch, Cities and Economic Development (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988); and United Nations, Patterns of Urban and Rural Population Growth, Population Studies 68 (New York: United Nations, 1980).
3. Paul Bairoch, Cities and Economic Development (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988); and United Nations, Patterns of Urban and Rural Population Growth, Population Studies 68 (New York: United Nations, 1980).
4. Etienne van de Walle and John Knodel, "Europe's Fertility Transition: New Evidence and Lessons for Today's Developing World," Population Bulletin 34, no. 6 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1980); and Gora Mboup and Tulshi Saha, "Fertility Levels, Trends, and Differentials," DHS Comparative Studies 28 (Calverton, MD: Macro International, 1998).
5. Etienne van de Walle and John Knodel, "Europe's Fertility Transition: New Evidence and Lessons for Today's Developing World," Population Bulletin 34, no. 6 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1980); and Gora Mboup and Tulshi Saha, "Fertility Levels, Trends, and Differentials," DHS Comparative Studies 28 (Calverton, MD: Macro International, 1998).
6. World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000: Entering the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1999); Harry W. Richardson, "Efficiency and Welfare in LDC Mega Cities," in Third World Cities: Problems, Politics, and Prospects, eds. J.D. Kasarda and A.M. Parnell (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1993): 32-57; and United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Habitat II. Dialogue 1: Proceedings of How Cities Will Look in the 21st Century (New York: United Nations, June 4, 1996).
7. World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000: Entering the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1999); Harry W. Richardson, "Efficiency and Welfare in LDC Mega Cities," in Third World Cities: Problems, Politics, and Prospects, eds. J.D. Kasarda and A.M. Parnell (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1993): 32-57; and United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Habitat II. Dialogue 1: Proceedings of How Cities Will Look in the 21st Century (New York: United Nations, June 4, 1996).
8. World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000: Entering the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1999); Harry W. Richardson, "Efficiency and Welfare in LDC Mega Cities," in Third World Cities: Problems, Politics, and Prospects, eds. J.D. Kasarda and A.M. Parnell (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1993): 32-57; and United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Habitat II. Dialogue 1: Proceedings of How Cities Will Look in the 21st Century (New York: United Nations, June 4, 1996).
9. Sarah Atkinson, Jacob Songsore, and Edmundo Werna, eds., Urban Health Research in Developing Countries: Implications for Policy (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996); and Samuel H. Preston and Michael R. Haines, Fatal Years: Child Mortality in Late Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).
10. Sarah Atkinson, Jacob Songsore, and Edmundo Werna, eds., Urban Health Research in Developing Countries: Implications for Policy (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996); and Samuel H. Preston and Michael R. Haines, Fatal Years: Child Mortality in Late Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).
11. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon and Jessica Blitt, eds., Ecoviolence: Links Among Environment, Population and Security (Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Inc., 1998); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security 16, no. 2 (1991): 76-116; Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); and Robert D. Kaplan, "Cities of Despair," The New York Times, June 7, 1996.
12. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon and Jessica Blitt, eds., Ecoviolence: Links Among Environment, Population and Security (Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Inc., 1998); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security 16, no. 2 (1991): 76-116; Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); and Robert D. Kaplan, "Cities of Despair," The New York Times, June 7, 1996.
13. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon and Jessica Blitt, eds., Ecoviolence: Links Among Environment, Population and Security (Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Inc., 1998); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security 16, no. 2 (1991): 76-116; Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); and Robert D. Kaplan, "Cities of Despair," The New York Times, June 7, 1996.
14. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon and Jessica Blitt, eds., Ecoviolence: Links Among Environment, Population and Security (Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Inc., 1998); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security 16, no. 2 (1991): 76-116; Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); and Robert D. Kaplan, "Cities of Despair," The New York Times, June 7, 1996.
15. Alexander Garvin, The American City: What Works, What Doesn't (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995); Neil Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (New York: Routledge, 1996); Trish Hall, "Flight to the Cities: Urban Areas - With Their Culture, Excitement and Convenience - Prove Irresistible for More Retirees," The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 14, 1998; and Coco McCabe, "Many Elders Are On the Road Again," The Boston Globe, Dec. 5, 1999.
16. Alexander Garvin, The American City: What Works, What Doesn't (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995); Neil Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (New York: Routledge, 1996); Trish Hall, "Flight to the Cities: Urban Areas - With Their Culture, Excitement and Convenience - Prove Irresistible for More Retirees," The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 14, 1998; and Coco McCabe, "Many Elders Are On the Road Again," The Boston Globe, Dec. 5, 1999.
17. Alexander Garvin, The American City: What Works, What Doesn't (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995); Neil Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (New York: Routledge, 1996); Trish Hall, "Flight to the Cities: Urban Areas - With Their Culture, Excitement and Convenience - Prove Irresistible for More Retirees," The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 14, 1998; and Coco McCabe, "Many Elders Are On the Road Again," The Boston Globe, Dec. 5, 1999.
18. Alexander Garvin, The American City: What Works, What Doesn't (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995); Neil Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (New York: Routledge, 1996); Trish Hall, "Flight to the Cities: Urban Areas - With Their Culture, Excitement and Convenience - Prove Irresistible for More Retirees," The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 14, 1998; and Coco McCabe, "Many Elders Are On the Road Again," The Boston Globe, Dec. 5, 1999.
19. Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1962).
20. Martin Brockerhoff and Ellen Brennan, "The Poverty of Cities in Developing Regions," Population and Development Review 24, no. 1 (March 1998): 75-114.
21. Brian J. Berry, The Human Consequences of Urbanization (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973); and Michael Timberlake, ed., Urbanization in the World Economy (New York: Academic Press, 1985).
22. Brian J. Berry, The Human Consequences of Urbanization (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973); and Michael Timberlake, ed., Urbanization in the World Economy (New York: Academic Press, 1985).
23. Terrence G. McGee and Ira M. Robinson, The Mega Urban Regions of Southeast Asia (Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press, 1995); and Terry McGee, "Urbanisation in an Era of Volatile Globalisation: Policy Problematiques for the 21st Century," in East West Perspectives on 21st Century Urban Development: Sustainable Eastern and Western Cities in the New Millenium, eds. J. Brotchie, P. Newton, P. Hall, and J. Dickey (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 1999): 37-52.
24. Terrence G. McGee and Ira M. Robinson, The Mega Urban Regions of Southeast Asia (Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press, 1995); and Terry McGee, "Urbanisation in an Era of Volatile Globalisation: Policy Problematiques for the 21st Century," in East West Perspectives on 21st Century Urban Development: Sustainable Eastern and Western Cities in the New Millenium, eds. J. Brotchie, P. Newton, P. Hall, and J. Dickey (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 1999): 37-52.
25. Alan Gilbert, ed., The Mega-City in Latin America (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1996); and James B. Pick and Edgar Butler, Mexico Megacity (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).
26. Alan Gilbert, ed., The Mega-City in Latin America (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1996); and James B. Pick and Edgar Butler, Mexico Megacity (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).
27. Dudley Althaus, "A Fractured Land," Houston Chronicle, Oct. 11, 1998; and Alejandro Portes, Carlos Dore-Cabral, and Patricia Landolt, eds., The Urban Caribbean: Transition to the New Global Economy (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1997).
28. Dudley Althaus, "A Fractured Land," Houston Chronicle, Oct. 11, 1998; and Alejandro Portes, Carlos Dore-Cabral, and Patricia Landolt, eds., The Urban Caribbean: Transition to the New Global Economy (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1997).
29. Carole Rakodi, ed., The Urban Challenge in Africa: Growth and Management of its Large Cities (New York: The United Nations University Press, 1997).
30. United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS), An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press for Habitat, 1996).
31. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, World Disaster Report 1998 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998): 105-14.
32. United Nations, Population Growth and Policies in Mega-Cities: Calcutta, Population Policy Paper No. 1 (New York: United Nations, 1986); and United Nations, Population Growth and Policies in Mega-Cities: Bombay, Population Policy Paper No. 6 (New York: United Nations, 1986).
33. United Nations, Population Growth and Policies in Mega-Cities: Calcutta, Population Policy Paper No. 1 (New York: United Nations, 1986); and United Nations, Population Growth and Policies in Mega-Cities: Bombay, Population Policy Paper No. 6 (New York: United Nations, 1986).
34. Anthony G. Champion, ed., Counterurbanization: The Changing Pace and the Nature of Population Deconcentration (London: Edward Arnold, 1989).
35. William H. Frey and Alden Speare Jr., Regional and Metropolitan Growth and Decline in the United States (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1988); and William Frey, "Population Movement and City-Suburb Redistribution: An Analytic Framework," Demography 15, no. 4 (November 1978): 571-88.
36. William H. Frey and Alden Speare Jr., Regional and Metropolitan Growth and Decline in the United States (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1988); and William Frey, "Population Movement and City-Suburb Redistribution: An Analytic Framework," Demography 15, no. 4 (November 1978): 571-88.
37. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), The State of the Cities Report 1999 (Washington, DC: HUD, 1999).
38. Ibid.
39. Anita A. Summers, Paul C. Cheshire, and Lanfranco Senn, eds., Urban Change in the United States and Western Europe: Comparative Analysis and Policy (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1999).
40. Ibid.
41. Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).
42. Nancy Chen, Paolo Valente, and Hania Zlotnik, "What Do We Know About Recent Trends in Urbanization?" in Migration, Urbanization, and Development: New Directions and Issues, ed. Richard E. Bilsborrow (New York: United Nations Population Fund and Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996): 59-88.
43. R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman, Circulation in Third World Countries (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985); Thomas Scharping, ed., Floating Population and Migration in China: The Impact of Economic Reforms (Hamburg, Germany: Institut für Asienkunde, 1997); and Delia Deeds, Internal Migration in Contemporary China (London: Macmillan Press, 1999).
44. R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman, Circulation in Third World Countries (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985); Thomas Scharping, ed., Floating Population and Migration in China: The Impact of Economic Reforms (Hamburg, Germany: Institut für Asienkunde, 1997); and Delia Deeds, Internal Migration in Contemporary China (London: Macmillan Press, 1999).
45. R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman, Circulation in Third World Countries (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985); Thomas Scharping, ed., Floating Population and Migration in China: The Impact of Economic Reforms (Hamburg, Germany: Institut für Asienkunde, 1997); and Delia Deeds, Internal Migration in Contemporary China (London: Macmillan Press, 1999).
46. Dorothy Solinger, "The Floating Population in the Cities: Chances for Assimilation," in Urban Spaces in Contemporary China, eds. D. Davis, R. Kraus, B. Naughton, and E. J. Perry (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
47. A Chamratrithlrong, K. Archavanltkul, K. Richter, P. Guest, T. Varachal, W. Boonchalaksi, N. Pirtyathamwong, and P. Vong-Ek, National Migration Survey of Thailand (Salaya, Thailand: The Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, 1995).
48. Andrei Rogers, "Sources of Urban Population Growth and Urbanization, 1950-2000: A Demographic Accounting," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30, no. 3 (April 1982): 483-506; and Nathan Keyfitz, "Do Cities Grow by Natural Increase or by Migration?" Geographical Analysis 12 (April 1980): 142-56.
49. Andrei Rogers, "Sources of Urban Population Growth and Urbanization, 1950-2000: A Demographic Accounting," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30, no. 3 (April 1982): 483-506; and Nathan Keyfitz, "Do Cities Grow by Natural Increase or by Migration?" Geographical Analysis 12 (April 1980): 142-56.
50. John O. Oucho and William T.S. Gould, "Internal Migration, Urbanization, and Population Distribution," in Demographic Change in Sub-Saharan Africa, National Research Council Committee on Population (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993): 256-96; and Elliot P. Skinner, African Urban Life: The Transformation of Ouagadougou (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974).
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52. John C. Caldwell, John K. Anarfi, and Pat Caldwell, "Mobility, Migration, Sex, STDs, and AIDS' An Essay on Sub-Saharan Africa with Other Parallels," in Anthropological and Demographic Perspectives, ed. Gilbert Herdt (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1997): 41-54.
53. Richard E. Bilsborrow and United Nations Secretariat, "Internal Female Migration and Development: An Overview," in Internal Migration of Women in Developing Countries, ST/ESA/SER.R/127 (New York: United Nations, 1993): 1-17; Cristina Szanton Blanc with contributors Urban Children in Distress: Global Predicaments and Innovative Strategies (Grey, Switzerland: Gordon and Breach for UNICEF, 1994); and Nancy Riley, "Gender, Power, and Population Change," Population Bulletin 52, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997): 14-17.
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55. Richard E. Bilsborrow and United Nations Secretariat, "Internal Female Migration and Development: An Overview," in Internal Migration of Women in Developing Countries, ST/ESA/SER.R/127 (New York: United Nations, 1993): 1-17; Cristina Szanton Blanc with contributors Urban Children in Distress: Global Predicaments and Innovative Strategies (Grey, Switzerland: Gordon and Breach for UNICEF, 1994); and Nancy Riley, "Gender, Power, and Population Change," Population Bulletin 52, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997): 14-17.
56. Henry S. Shryock, Jacob S. Siegel, and Associates, The Methods and Materials of Demography, Condensed edition, ed. Edward G. Stockwell (New York: Academic Press, 1976): 133-34.
57. Anthony O'Connor, The African City (New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1983).
58. Cecilia Tacoli, "Rural-Urban Interactions: A Guide to the Literature," Environment and Urbanization 10. no. 1 (April 1998).
59. World Bank, World Development Report 1990: Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1990); World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000; and United Nations Population Fund, The State of World Population 1996, Changing Places: Population Development and the Urban Future (New York: United Nations, 1996).
60. World Bank, World Development Report 1990: Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1990); World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000; and United Nations Population Fund, The State of World Population 1996, Changing Places: Population Development and the Urban Future (New York: United Nations, 1996).
61. World Bank, World Development Report 1990: Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1990); World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000; and United Nations Population Fund, The State of World Population 1996, Changing Places: Population Development and the Urban Future (New York: United Nations, 1996).
62. Sandy Cairncross, Jorge E. Hardoy, and David Satterthwaite, eds., The Poor Die Young: Housing and Health in Third World Cities (London: Earthscan Publications, 1990).
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65. Mark R. Montgomery, Michele Gragnolati, Kathleen A. Burke, and Edmundo Paredes, "Measuring Living Standards With Proxy Variables," Demography 37, no. 2 (May 2000): 155-74.
66. Trudy Harpham and M. Tanner, eds., Urban Health in Developing Countries: Progress and Prospects (London: Earthscan Publications, 1995); Atkinson, Songsore, and Werna, eds., Urban Health Research in Developing Countries: Implications for Policy, 1996; and Trudy Harpham and Carolyn Stephens, "Urbanization and Health in Developing Countries," World Health Statistics Quarterly 44, no. 2 (1991): 62-69.
67. Trudy Harpham and M. Tanner, eds., Urban Health in Developing Countries: Progress and Prospects (London: Earthscan Publications, 1995); Atkinson, Songsore, and Werna, eds., Urban Health Research in Developing Countries: Implications for Policy, 1996; and Trudy Harpham and Carolyn Stephens, "Urbanization and Health in Developing Countries," World Health Statistics Quarterly 44, no. 2 (1991): 62-69.
68. Trudy Harpham and M. Tanner, eds., Urban Health in Developing Countries: Progress and Prospects (London: Earthscan Publications, 1995); Atkinson, Songsore, and Werna, eds., Urban Health Research in Developing Countries: Implications for Policy, 1996; and Trudy Harpham and Carolyn Stephens, "Urbanization and Health in Developing Countries," World Health Statistics Quarterly 44, no. 2 (1991): 62-69.
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72. I. Tabibzadeh and E. Liisberg, "Response of Health Systems to Urbanization in Developing Countries," World Health Forum 18, no. 3-4 (1997): 287-93; and Ilona Blue, "Intra-Urban Differentials in Mental Health in Sāo Paulo, Brazil." Ph.D. Thesis (London: South Bank University, 1999).
73. United Nations, AIDS and the Demography of Africa (New York: United Nations, 1994).
74. Wiseman Chijere Chirwa, "Migrant Labour, Sexual Networking and Multi-Partnered Sex in Malawi," Health Transition Review 7, Supplement 3 (1997): 5-16.
75. Preston and Haines, Fatal Years: 91.
76. J. Vögele, "Urbanization and the Urban Mortality Change in Imperial Germany," Health and Place 6, no.1 (2000): 41-55; and World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000: 142-43.
77. J. Vögele, "Urbanization and the Urban Mortality Change in Imperial Germany," Health and Place 6, no.1 (2000): 41-55; and World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000: 142-43.
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81. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, World Disaster Report 1998.
82. Cited in Nicholas D. Kristof, "Across Asia, a Pollution Disaster Hovers," The New York Times, Nov. 28, 1997. See also World Resources Institute (WRI), The Urban Environment 1996-97 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
83. Cited in Nicholas D. Kristof, "Across Asia, a Pollution Disaster Hovers," The New York Times, Nov. 28, 1997. See also World Resources Institute (WRI), The Urban Environment 1996-97 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
84. Cited in "World Bank Wants to Get the Lead Out," Albany Times Union, May 19, 1996.
85. Homer-Dixon and Blitt, eds., Ecoviolence; Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations; Kaplan, "Cities of Despair"; and Eugene Linden, "The Exploding Cities of the Developing World," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 1: 52-65.
86. Homer-Dixon and Blitt, eds., Ecoviolence; Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations; Kaplan, "Cities of Despair"; and Eugene Linden, "The Exploding Cities of the Developing World," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 1: 52-65.
87. Homer-Dixon and Blitt, eds., Ecoviolence; Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations; Kaplan, "Cities of Despair"; and Eugene Linden, "The Exploding Cities of the Developing World," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 1: 52-65.
88. Homer-Dixon and Blitt, eds., Ecoviolence; Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations; Kaplan, "Cities of Despair"; and Eugene Linden, "The Exploding Cities of the Developing World," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 1: 52-65.
89. Nigel Harris, ed., Cities in the 1990s: The Challenge for Developing Countries (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992): 201; and Massey, "The Age of Extremes": 410.
90. Nigel Harris, ed., Cities in the 1990s: The Challenge for Developing Countries (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992): 201; and Massey, "The Age of Extremes": 410.
91. Robert D. Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century (New York: Random House, 1996).
92. Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); and Theda Skocpol, States & Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia & China (London: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
93. Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); and Theda Skocpol, States & Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia & China (London: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
94. John Walton, Reluctant Rebels: Comparative Studies of Revolution and Underdevelopment (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984); Orlandina de Oliveira and Bryan Roberts, "Urban Development and Social Inequality in Latin America," in The Urban Transformation of the Developing World, ed. Josef Gugler (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996): 253-313.
95. John Walton, Reluctant Rebels: Comparative Studies of Revolution and Underdevelopment (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984); Orlandina de Oliveira and Bryan Roberts, "Urban Development and Social Inequality in Latin America," in The Urban Transformation of the Developing World, ed. Josef Gugler (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996): 253-313.
96. U.S. Census Bureau, "Poverty in the United States, 1998," by Joseph Dalaker, Current Population Reports P60-207 (September 1999): Table 2.
97. Massey, "The Age of Extremes."
98. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports P60-200. Accessed online at: www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/inchdet.html, on March 23, 1999; and HUD, The State of the Cities Report 1999.
99. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports P60-200. Accessed online at: www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/inchdet.html, on March 23, 1999; and HUD, The State of the Cities Report 1999.
100. John D. Kasarda, "Inner City Concentrated Poverty and Neighborhood Distress 1970-1990," Housing Policy Debate 4 (1993): 253-302.
101. National Low Income Housing Coalition (LIHC), Out of Reach (September 1999). Accessed online at: www.nlihc.org/oor99/introduction.htm, on April 14, 2000.
102. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Homelessness: Programs and the People They Serve. Accessed online at: www.huduser.org.org/publications/homeless/ homelessness/highlights.html, on April 14, 2000.
103. HUD, The State of the Cities Report 1999.
104. Ibid.
105. U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the united States (Washington, DC: FBI, 1997).
106. William H. Frey and Ross DeVol, America's Demography in the New Century: Aging Baby Boomers and New Immigrants as Major Players (Santa Monica, CA: The Milken Institute, 2000).
107. Jan Lin, Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998); Alejandro Portes and Alex Stepick, City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997); and David Ferrell and Robert Lee Hotz, "Ethnic Pockets Amid a Vast Fabric of English," The Los Angeles Times, Jan. 23, 2000.
108. Jan Lin, Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998); Alejandro Portes and Alex Stepick, City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997); and David Ferrell and Robert Lee Hotz, "Ethnic Pockets Amid a Vast Fabric of English," The Los Angeles Times, Jan. 23, 2000.
109. Jan Lin, Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998); Alejandro Portes and Alex Stepick, City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997); and David Ferrell and Robert Lee Hotz, "Ethnic Pockets Amid a Vast Fabric of English," The Los Angeles Times, Jan. 23, 2000.
110. Richard D. Alba, J.R. Logan, B.J. Stults, G. Marzan, and W. Zhang, "Immigrant Groups in the Suburbs: A Reexamination of Suburbanization and Spatial Assimilation," American Sociological Review 64 (June 1999): 446-60.
111. Jennifer Steinhauer, "High Infant Mortality Rates in Brooklyn Mystify Experts," The New York Times, Feb. 29, 2000.
112. Lin, Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change, and Murray Friedman and Nancy Isserman, eds., The Tribal Basis of American Life: Racial, Religious and Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998).
113. Lin, Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change, and Murray Friedman and Nancy Isserman, eds., The Tribal Basis of American Life: Racial, Religious and Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998).
114. Michael A. Fletcher, "In Rapidly Changing L.A., A Sense of Future Conflicts," The Washington Post, April 7, 1998.
115. William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
116. Statistics based on medium-variant projections in United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 1998 Revision (New York: United Nations, 1999).
117. Ariel Alexandre and Yuko Aoyama, "The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 'The City and the Elderly,'" The OECD Observer (Paris: August/September, 1992).
118. Martin Brockerhoff, "Migration and the Fertility Transition in African Cities," in Migration, Urbanization, and Development: New Directions and Issues, ed. Bilsborrow: 357-87.
119. Dennis A. Rondinelli, Secondary Cities in Developing Countries: Policies for Diffusing Urbanization (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1983).
120. Alice Goldstein and Wang Feng, eds., China: The Many Facets of Demographic Change (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
121. Martin Brockerhoff, "Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review of Projections and Predictions," Population and Development Review 25, no. 4 (December 1999): 757-78.
122. Shabbir Cheema, "Issues in Urban Management," in Cities in the 1990s: The Challenge for Developing Countries, ed. Harris: 110-12.
123. Jonas Rabinovitch, "Curitiba: Towards Sustainable Urban Development," Environment and Urbanization 4, no. 2 (October 1992): 62-73.
124. Richard Stren and Judith Kjellberg Bell, eds., Perspectives on the City 4 (Toronto: University of Toronto, Centre for Urban and Community Studies, 1995).
125. "Competitive Cities Summary Report." (A report on the World Bank's World Competitive Cities Congress (WCCC), May 18-21, 1999, in Washington, DC.) Accessed online at: www.worldcongress.com/1999Cities/1999cities_report.htm, on April 19, 2000.
126. Michael Lindfield and Robert Stimson, "Urban Economic Development and Globalisation Linkages in the Pacific Rim," in East West Perspectives on 21st Century Urban Development, eds. Brotchie, Newton, Hall, and Dickey: 89-123.
127. See UNCHS (Habitat), "Best Practices and Local Leadership Programme," and "Sharing the Lessons Learned from Best Practices." Accessed online at: www.bestpractices.org, on April 19, 2000.
128. HUD, The State of the Cities Report 1999.
129. See Robert W. Burchell, et al., "The Costs of Sprawl Revisited," Transit Cooperative Research Program Report 39 (Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1998); and Robert W. Burchell, "The State of the Cities and Sprawl," a report prepared for HUD (1999).
130. See Robert W. Burchell, et al., "The Costs of Sprawl Revisited," Transit Cooperative Research Program Report 39 (Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1998); and Robert W. Burchell, "The State of the Cities and Sprawl," a report prepared for HUD (1999).
131. Ibid.
132. Dean Paton, "Seattle's Innovative Answer to the Housing Crunch," Christian Science Monitor, April 11, 2000; Aurelio Rojas, "Seattle's Innovative Solution to Homelessness," San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 23, 1997; Norman B. Rice, "Funding Affordable Housing: Seattle's $159 Million Commitment, "Journal of Housing and Community Development 53, no. 3 (May/June 1996); and Karen Thoreson and Tom Larson, "At Home With HOME: How Innovative Cities Use Home Funds," Journal of Housing and Community Development 52, no. 3 (May 1995).
133. Dean Paton, "Seattle's Innovative Answer to the Housing Crunch," Christian Science Monitor, April 11, 2000; Aurelio Rojas, "Seattle's Innovative Solution to Homelessness," San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 23, 1997; Norman B. Rice, "Funding Affordable Housing: Seattle's $159 Million Commitment, "Journal of Housing and Community Development 53, no. 3 (May/June 1996); and Karen Thoreson and Tom Larson, "At Home With HOME: How Innovative Cities Use Home Funds," Journal of Housing and Community Development 52, no. 3 (May 1995).
134. Dean Paton, "Seattle's Innovative Answer to the Housing Crunch," Christian Science Monitor, April 11, 2000; Aurelio Rojas, "Seattle's Innovative Solution to Homelessness," San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 23, 1997; Norman B. Rice, "Funding Affordable Housing: Seattle's $159 Million Commitment, "Journal of Housing and Community Development 53, no. 3 (May/June 1996); and Karen Thoreson and Tom Larson, "At Home With HOME: How Innovative Cities Use Home Funds," Journal of Housing and Community Development 52, no. 3 (May 1995).
135. Dean Paton, "Seattle's Innovative Answer to the Housing Crunch," Christian Science Monitor, April 11, 2000; Aurelio Rojas, "Seattle's Innovative Solution to Homelessness," San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 23, 1997; Norman B. Rice, "Funding Affordable Housing: Seattle's $159 Million Commitment, "Journal of Housing and Community Development 53, no. 3 (May/June 1996); and Karen Thoreson and Tom Larson, "At Home With HOME: How Innovative Cities Use Home Funds," Journal of Housing and Community Development 52, no. 3 (May 1995).
136. James S. Russell, "Performing Art Centers: Using Art to Revive Cities," Architectural Record (New York: May 1999); and Bruce Weber, "Cities Are Fostering the Arts as a Way to Save Downtown," The New York Times, Nov. 18, 1997.
137. James S. Russell, "Performing Art Centers: Using Art to Revive Cities," Architectural Record (New York: May 1999); and Bruce Weber, "Cities Are Fostering the Arts as a Way to Save Downtown," The New York Times, Nov. 18, 1997.