Women as victims of sexual and domestic violence in seventeenth-century Holland: Criminal cases of rape, incest, and maltreatment in Rotterdam and Delft

Journal of Social History

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 622-644

  Van Der Heijden, Manon ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

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EID: 0039009612     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. Several studies on the subject: C.Z. Wiener, "Sex roles and crime in late Elizabethan Hertfordshire," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 38-49; J.M. Beattie, "The criminality of women in eighteenth-century England," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 80-116; Crime and the courts in England, 1660-1800 (Oxford, 1986); Els Kloek, "Criminaliteit en sexe in de confessieboeken van Leiden, 1678-1794," in: Wie hij zij, man of wijf. Vrouwengeschiedenis in de vroegmoderne tijd (Ph.D. thesis Hilversum: Verloren 1990); Lotte van de Pol, Vrouwen en criminaliteit in Amsterdam in het derde kwart van de 17e eeuw (unpublished master thesis, University of Amsterdam 1975).
2. Several studies on the subject: C.Z. Wiener, "Sex roles and crime in late Elizabethan Hertfordshire," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 38-49; J.M. Beattie, "The criminality of women in eighteenth-century England," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 80-116; Crime and the courts in England, 1660-1800 (Oxford, 1986); Els Kloek, "Criminaliteit en sexe in de confessieboeken van Leiden, 1678-1794," in: Wie hij zij, man of wijf. Vrouwengeschiedenis in de vroegmoderne tijd (Ph.D. thesis Hilversum: Verloren 1990); Lotte van de Pol, Vrouwen en criminaliteit in Amsterdam in het derde kwart van de 17e eeuw (unpublished master thesis, University of Amsterdam 1975).
3. Several studies on the subject: C.Z. Wiener, "Sex roles and crime in late Elizabethan Hertfordshire," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 38-49; J.M. Beattie, "The criminality of women in eighteenth-century England," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 80-116; Crime and the courts in England, 1660-1800 (Oxford, 1986); Els Kloek, "Criminaliteit en sexe in de confessieboeken van Leiden, 1678-1794," in: Wie hij zij, man of wijf. Vrouwengeschiedenis in de vroegmoderne tijd (Ph.D. thesis Hilversum: Verloren 1990); Lotte van de Pol, Vrouwen en criminaliteit in Amsterdam in het derde kwart van de 17e eeuw (unpublished master thesis, University of Amsterdam 1975).
4. Several studies on the subject: C.Z. Wiener, "Sex roles and crime in late Elizabethan Hertfordshire," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 38-49; J.M. Beattie, "The criminality of women in eighteenth-century England," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 80-116; Crime and the courts in England, 1660-1800 (Oxford, 1986); Els Kloek, "Criminaliteit en sexe in de confessieboeken van Leiden, 1678-1794," in: Wie hij zij, man of wijf. Vrouwengeschiedenis in de vroegmoderne tijd (Ph.D. thesis Hilversum: Verloren 1990); Lotte van de Pol, Vrouwen en criminaliteit in Amsterdam in het derde kwart van de 17e eeuw (unpublished master thesis, University of Amsterdam 1975).
5. Several studies on the subject: C.Z. Wiener, "Sex roles and crime in late Elizabethan Hertfordshire," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 38-49; J.M. Beattie, "The criminality of women in eighteenth-century England," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 80-116; Crime and the courts in England, 1660-1800 (Oxford, 1986); Els Kloek, "Criminaliteit en sexe in de confessieboeken van Leiden, 1678-1794," in: Wie hij zij, man of wijf. Vrouwengeschiedenis in de vroegmoderne tijd (Ph.D. thesis Hilversum: Verloren 1990); Lotte van de Pol, Vrouwen en criminaliteit in Amsterdam in het derde kwart van de 17e eeuw (unpublished master thesis, University of Amsterdam 1975).
6. This article is based on the criminal records of Rotterdam and Delft: Gemeente Archief Rotterdam (G.A.R.), Criminele Sententie Boeken (S.B.), inv.nrs. 244-252, Criminele Examenboeken (E.B.), inv.nrs. 139-142, Correctieboeken (Cor.B.), inv.nrs. 266-268; Gemeente Archief Delft (G.A.D.), Criminele Boeken (C.B.), inv.nrs. 46-50, Confessieboeken (Conf.B.), inv.nrs. 57-61.
7. Numerous recent studies deal with women as victims of rape, incest, and maltreatment, e.g., Colleen A. Ward, Attitudes towards rape: feminist and social psychological perspectives (London, 1995); Charles Loyd and Roy Walmsley, Changes in rape offences and sentencing (London, 1989); Sylana Tomaselli & Roy Porter, Rape. An Historical and Social Enquiry (Oxford, 1989); Lori L. Heise, Violence against women: the hidden health burden (Washington D.C., 1994); Marloes Kusters, De Nederlandse incest-hausse in historisch perspectief (unpublished master thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 1991).
8. Numerous recent studies deal with women as victims of rape, incest, and maltreatment, e.g., Colleen A. Ward, Attitudes towards rape: feminist and social psychological perspectives (London, 1995); Charles Loyd and Roy Walmsley, Changes in rape offences and sentencing (London, 1989); Sylana Tomaselli & Roy Porter, Rape. An Historical and Social Enquiry (Oxford, 1989); Lori L. Heise, Violence against women: the hidden health burden (Washington D.C., 1994); Marloes Kusters, De Nederlandse incest-hausse in historisch perspectief (unpublished master thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 1991).
9. Numerous recent studies deal with women as victims of rape, incest, and maltreatment, e.g., Colleen A. Ward, Attitudes towards rape: feminist and social psychological perspectives (London, 1995); Charles Loyd and Roy Walmsley, Changes in rape offences and sentencing (London, 1989); Sylana Tomaselli & Roy Porter, Rape. An Historical and Social Enquiry (Oxford, 1989); Lori L. Heise, Violence against women: the hidden health burden (Washington D.C., 1994); Marloes Kusters, De Nederlandse incest-hausse in historisch perspectief (unpublished master thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 1991).
10. Numerous recent studies deal with women as victims of rape, incest, and maltreatment, e.g., Colleen A. Ward, Attitudes towards rape: feminist and social psychological perspectives (London, 1995); Charles Loyd and Roy Walmsley, Changes in rape offences and sentencing (London, 1989); Sylana Tomaselli & Roy Porter, Rape. An Historical and Social Enquiry (Oxford, 1989); Lori L. Heise, Violence against women: the hidden health burden (Washington D.C., 1994); Marloes Kusters, De Nederlandse incest-hausse in historisch perspectief (unpublished master thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 1991).
11. Numerous recent studies deal with women as victims of rape, incest, and maltreatment, e.g., Colleen A. Ward, Attitudes towards rape: feminist and social psychological perspectives (London, 1995); Charles Loyd and Roy Walmsley, Changes in rape offences and sentencing (London, 1989); Sylana Tomaselli & Roy Porter, Rape. An Historical and Social Enquiry (Oxford, 1989); Lori L. Heise, Violence against women: the hidden health burden (Washington D.C., 1994); Marloes Kusters, De Nederlandse incest-hausse in historisch perspectief (unpublished master thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 1991).
12. See, for example: F.P. van Oostrom, Het word van eer. Literatuur aan het Hollandse hof omstreeks 1400 (Amsterdam, 1992).
13. Anton Blok, "Eer en de fysieke persoon," Tijdschrift voor Sociale Geschiedenis 18 (1980): 211-230; David D. Gilmore, Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean (Washington, 1987); See, for a short overview, Hans de Waardt, "Ehrenhändel Gewalt und Liminalität: ein Konzeptualieserungsvorschlag," in: Klaus Schreiner and Gerd Schwerhoff, Verletzte Ehre. Ehrkonflikte in Gesellschaften des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit (Köln, 1995), pp. 303-319.
14. Anton Blok, "Eer en de fysieke persoon," Tijdschrift voor Sociale Geschiedenis 18 (1980): 211-230; David D. Gilmore, Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean (Washington, 1987); See, for a short overview, Hans de Waardt, "Ehrenhändel Gewalt und Liminalität: ein Konzeptualieserungsvorschlag," in: Klaus Schreiner and Gerd Schwerhoff, Verletzte Ehre. Ehrkonflikte in Gesellschaften des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit (Köln, 1995), pp. 303-319.
15. Anton Blok, "Eer en de fysieke persoon," Tijdschrift voor Sociale Geschiedenis 18 (1980): 211-230; David D. Gilmore, Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean (Washington, 1987); See, for a short overview, Hans de Waardt, "Ehrenhändel Gewalt und Liminalität: ein Konzeptualieserungsvorschlag," in: Klaus Schreiner and Gerd Schwerhoff, Verletzte Ehre. Ehrkonflikte in Gesellschaften des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit (Köln, 1995), pp. 303-319.
16. Herman Roodenburg, Onder censuur. De kerkelijke tucht in de gereformeerde gemeente van Amsterdam, 1578-1700 (Hilversum, 1990); Annemieke Keunen, "'Ongaarne beticht en bevlekt'. Vrouwen en mannen en hun beledigingen voor de Correctionele Rechtbank te Amsterdam, 1811-1838," in: A. Keunen & H. Roodenburg (ed.), Schimpen en schelden. Eer en belediging in Nederland, ca. 1600-ca. 1850 (an edition of the Volkskundig Bulletin, Amsterdam, 1992), pp. 415-413; Lotte van de Pol, "Prostitutie en de Amsterdamse burgerij: Eerbegrippen in een vroegmoderne stedelijke samenleving," in: P. te Boekhorst, P. Burke and W. Frijhoff (ed.), Cultuur en maatschappij, 1500-1850 (Meppel, 1992): 179-217.
17. Herman Roodenburg, Onder censuur. De kerkelijke tucht in de gereformeerde gemeente van Amsterdam, 1578-1700 (Hilversum, 1990); Annemieke Keunen, "'Ongaarne beticht en bevlekt'. Vrouwen en mannen en hun beledigingen voor de Correctionele Rechtbank te Amsterdam, 1811-1838," in: A. Keunen & H. Roodenburg (ed.), Schimpen en schelden. Eer en belediging in Nederland, ca. 1600-ca. 1850 (an edition of the Volkskundig Bulletin, Amsterdam, 1992), pp. 415-413; Lotte van de Pol, "Prostitutie en de Amsterdamse burgerij: Eerbegrippen in een vroegmoderne stedelijke samenleving," in: P. te Boekhorst, P. Burke and W. Frijhoff (ed.), Cultuur en maatschappij, 1500-1850 (Meppel, 1992): 179-217.
18. Herman Roodenburg, Onder censuur. De kerkelijke tucht in de gereformeerde gemeente van Amsterdam, 1578-1700 (Hilversum, 1990); Annemieke Keunen, "'Ongaarne beticht en bevlekt'. Vrouwen en mannen en hun beledigingen voor de Correctionele Rechtbank te Amsterdam, 1811-1838," in: A. Keunen & H. Roodenburg (ed.), Schimpen en schelden. Eer en belediging in Nederland, ca. 1600-ca. 1850 (an edition of the Volkskundig Bulletin, Amsterdam, 1992), pp. 415-413; Lotte van de Pol, "Prostitutie en de Amsterdamse burgerij: Eerbegrippen in een vroegmoderne stedelijke samenleving," in: P. te Boekhorst, P. Burke and W. Frijhoff (ed.), Cultuur en maatschappij, 1500-1850 (Meppel, 1992): 179-217.
19. Florike Egmond, "Erezaken rond een echtelijk conflict in het zestiende-eeuwse Haarlem," Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 107 (1994): 3-22.
20. Miranda Chaytor, "Husbandry: Narratives of Rape in the Seventeenth Century," Gender and History vol. 7, 3 (1995): 378-407.
21. P.C.M. Hoppenbrouwers, "Maagschap en vriendschap. Een beschouwing over de structuren en functies van verwantschapsbetrekkingen in het laat-middeleeuwse Holand," Holland, 17 (1985): 69-108. See also: L.Th. Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht (Antwerpen/Den Haag, 1947), pp. 221-228; Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel van de late middeleeuwen tot het einde van het ancien regime (1404-1789) (Brussel, 1981), pp. 149-154; See for abduction among the nobility of Holland: Henk van Nierop, The nobility of Holland. From knights to regents, 1500-1650 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 82-92.
22. P.C.M. Hoppenbrouwers, "Maagschap en vriendschap. Een beschouwing over de structuren en functies van verwantschapsbetrekkingen in het laat-middeleeuwse Holand," Holland, 17 (1985): 69-108. See also: L.Th. Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht (Antwerpen/Den Haag, 1947), pp. 221-228; Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel van de late middeleeuwen tot het einde van het ancien regime (1404-1789) (Brussel, 1981), pp. 149-154; See for abduction among the nobility of Holland: Henk van Nierop, The nobility of Holland. From knights to regents, 1500-1650 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 82-92.
23. P.C.M. Hoppenbrouwers, "Maagschap en vriendschap. Een beschouwing over de structuren en functies van verwantschapsbetrekkingen in het laat-middeleeuwse Holand," Holland, 17 (1985): 69-108. See also: L.Th. Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht (Antwerpen/Den Haag, 1947), pp. 221-228; Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel van de late middeleeuwen tot het einde van het ancien regime (1404-1789) (Brussel, 1981), pp. 149-154; See for abduction among the nobility of Holland: Henk van Nierop, The nobility of Holland. From knights to regents, 1500-1650 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 82-92.
24. P.C.M. Hoppenbrouwers, "Maagschap en vriendschap. Een beschouwing over de structuren en functies van verwantschapsbetrekkingen in het laat-middeleeuwse Holand," Holland, 17 (1985): 69-108. See also: L.Th. Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht (Antwerpen/Den Haag, 1947), pp. 221-228; Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel van de late middeleeuwen tot het einde van het ancien regime (1404-1789) (Brussel, 1981), pp. 149-154; See for abduction among the nobility of Holland: Henk van Nierop, The nobility of Holland. From knights to regents, 1500-1650 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 82-92.
25. Vern L. Bullough & James Brundage, Sexual practices & the Medieval Church (New York 1982), p. 141-8; Kathryn Gravdal, Ravishing maidens. Writing Rape in Medieval French Literature and Law (Philadelphia, 1991), p. 6.
26. Vern L. Bullough & James Brundage, Sexual practices & the Medieval Church (New York 1982), p. 141-8; Kathryn Gravdal, Ravishing maidens. Writing Rape in Medieval French Literature and Law (Philadelphia, 1991), p. 6.
27. Lyndall Roper, The Holy Household. Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1989), pp. 82-84. See for rape in England during the fourteenth century: Barbara Hanawalt, Crime and conflict in English Communities, 1300-1348 (Cambridge/London, 1979), pp. 104-110.
28. Lyndall Roper, The Holy Household. Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1989), pp. 82-84. See for rape in England during the fourteenth century: Barbara Hanawalt, Crime and conflict in English Communities, 1300-1348 (Cambridge/London, 1979), pp. 104-110.
29. A.S. de Blécourt & D.N. Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek van Nederland (Groningen/Den Haag, 1919), pp. 126-134, 130. The Politieke Ordonnantie of 1580 was enacted by the States of Holland and applied to the province of Holland, which included the cities of Rotterdam and Delft.
30. Anne Clark, Women's silence, men's violence. Sexual assault in England: 1770-1845 (London/New York, 1987), p. 47.
31. De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 275-287. The marriage act of 1656 had been enacted by the States General and offically it covered the Generaliteitslanden or southern parts of Holland only. However, in practice the regulations were also applied to the province of Holland.
32. Definition by Van Leeuwen of rape: "dishonouring a woman with violence and against her own will." Simon van Leeuwen, Het Rooms-Hollands-Regt (Amsterdam, 1708), p. 471.
33. Definition by Van Leeuwen of rape: "dishonouring a woman with violence and against her own will." Simon van Leeuwen, Het Rooms-Hollands-Regt (Amsterdam, 1708), p. 471.
34. Hugo de Groot, Inleidinge tot de Hollandsche Rechts-geleerdheid (Leiden, 1952) dl. III, 35, p. 308; Van Leeuwen, Rooms-Hollands-Regt, p. 467-469.
35. Hugo de Groot, Inleidinge tot de Hollandsche Rechts-geleerdheid (Leiden, 1952) dl. III, 35, p. 308; Van Leeuwen, Rooms-Hollands-Regt, p. 467-469.
36. John Marshall Carter, Rape in Medieval England. A Historical and Sociological Study (Lanham, 1985), p. 154; James Brundage has also stated that sexual molestation of a girl who had not yet reached puberty merited the death penalty under all circumstances: James A. Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, 1987), p. 531. In the city of Mechelen (during the 17th century), only rapists of young unmarried virgins were sentenced to death. Attempts to rape young virgins were punished with eternal banishment: L.Th.Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 228.
37. John Marshall Carter, Rape in Medieval England. A Historical and Sociological Study (Lanham, 1985), p. 154; James Brundage has also stated that sexual molestation of a girl who had not yet reached puberty merited the death penalty under all circumstances: James A. Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, 1987), p. 531. In the city of Mechelen (during the 17th century), only rapists of young unmarried virgins were sentenced to death. Attempts to rape young virgins were punished with eternal banishment: L.Th.Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 228.
38. John Marshall Carter, Rape in Medieval England. A Historical and Sociological Study (Lanham, 1985), p. 154; James Brundage has also stated that sexual molestation of a girl who had not yet reached puberty merited the death penalty under all circumstances: James A. Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, 1987), p. 531. In the city of Mechelen (during the 17th century), only rapists of young unmarried virgins were sentenced to death. Attempts to rape young virgins were punished with eternal banishment: L.Th.Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 228.
39. Clark, Women's silence, p. 49.
40. Roper, The Holy Household, pp. 84-5.
41. In Roman law, a distinction was made between the rape of a virgin and a married woman: L.Th. Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, pp. 225-228; Norman Bryson, "Two Narratives of Rape in Visual Arts: Lucretia and the Sabine Women," in: Tomaselli & Porter, Rape. An Historical and Social Enquiry, pp. 152-173.
42. In Roman law, a distinction was made between the rape of a virgin and a married woman: L.Th. Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, pp. 225-228; Norman Bryson, "Two Narratives of Rape in Visual Arts: Lucretia and the Sabine Women," in: Tomaselli & Porter, Rape. An Historical and Social Enquiry, pp. 152-173.
43. Clark, Women's silence, p. 50-1. According to Vanhemelryck, married women often witheld the rape from their husband, since they felt dishonoured and were afraid to incur their husband's displeasure. Both Vanhemelryck and Maes stated that legal proceedings against a rapist were usually started by someone other than the victim: Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel, p. 150-1; Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 227.
44. Clark, Women's silence, p. 50-1. According to Vanhemelryck, married women often witheld the rape from their husband, since they felt dishonoured and were afraid to incur their husband's displeasure. Both Vanhemelryck and Maes stated that legal proceedings against a rapist were usually started by someone other than the victim: Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel, p. 150-1; Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 227.
45. Clark, Women's silence, p. 50-1. According to Vanhemelryck, married women often witheld the rape from their husband, since they felt dishonoured and were afraid to incur their husband's displeasure. Both Vanhemelryck and Maes stated that legal proceedings against a rapist were usually started by someone other than the victim: Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel, p. 150-1; Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 227.
46. G.A.D., C.B. 47, fol. 325 (1618).
47. Ibidem: "pogen om zijn wille daer van te gecrijgen, ende bij haer te slapen, deselve vrouwen anransende ende oneerlijck antastende."
48. A "reprimand" usually implied begging the forgiveness in court. Ingram also found that during the 16th and 17th centuries, prosecutions for immodest behaviour on the part of married females were strikingly rare and, when such behaviour occurred, it was dealt with leniently by the church courts: Martin Ingram, Church Courts, Sex and Marriage in England, 1570-1640 (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 241-2.
49. Rudolf Dekker and Herman Roodenburg, "Humor in de zeventiende eeuw. Opvoeding huwelijk en sexualiteit in de moppen van Arnout van Overbeke (1632-1674)," Tijdschrift voor Social Geschiedenis 35 (1984): 258; Maria-Theresa Leuker and Herman Roodenburg, "'Die dan hare wyven laten afweyen'. Overspel en schande in de zeventiende eeuw," in: G. Hekma and H. Roodenburg, Soete minne en helsche boosheit: sexuele voorstellingen in Nederland, 1300-1850 (Nijmegen, 1988), pp. 61-84, 69-70; Donald Haks, "Libertinisme en Nederlands verhalend proza 1650-1700," Soete minne en helsche boosheit, pp. 85-108, 98; Roper, The Holy Household, p. 85-86.
50. Rudolf Dekker and Herman Roodenburg, "Humor in de zeventiende eeuw. Opvoeding huwelijk en sexualiteit in de moppen van Arnout van Overbeke (1632-1674)," Tijdschrift voor Social Geschiedenis 35 (1984): 258; Maria-Theresa Leuker and Herman Roodenburg, "'Die dan hare wyven laten afweyen'. Overspel en schande in de zeventiende eeuw," in: G. Hekma and H. Roodenburg, Soete minne en helsche boosheit: sexuele voorstellingen in Nederland, 1300-1850 (Nijmegen, 1988), pp. 61-84, 69-70; Donald Haks, "Libertinisme en Nederlands verhalend proza 1650-1700," Soete minne en helsche boosheit, pp. 85-108, 98; Roper, The Holy Household, p. 85-86.
51. Rudolf Dekker and Herman Roodenburg, "Humor in de zeventiende eeuw. Opvoeding huwelijk en sexualiteit in de moppen van Arnout van Overbeke (1632-1674)," Tijdschrift voor Social Geschiedenis 35 (1984): 258; Maria-Theresa Leuker and Herman Roodenburg, "'Die dan hare wyven laten afweyen'. Overspel en schande in de zeventiende eeuw," in: G. Hekma and H. Roodenburg, Soete minne en helsche boosheit: sexuele voorstellingen in Nederland, 1300-1850 (Nijmegen, 1988), pp. 61-84, 69-70; Donald Haks, "Libertinisme en Nederlands verhalend proza 1650-1700," Soete minne en helsche boosheit, pp. 85-108, 98; Roper, The Holy Household, p. 85-86.
52. Rudolf Dekker and Herman Roodenburg, "Humor in de zeventiende eeuw. Opvoeding huwelijk en sexualiteit in de moppen van Arnout van Overbeke (1632-1674)," Tijdschrift voor Social Geschiedenis 35 (1984): 258; Maria-Theresa Leuker and Herman Roodenburg, "'Die dan hare wyven laten afweyen'. Overspel en schande in de zeventiende eeuw," in: G. Hekma and H. Roodenburg, Soete minne en helsche boosheit: sexuele voorstellingen in Nederland, 1300-1850 (Nijmegen, 1988), pp. 61-84, 69-70; Donald Haks, "Libertinisme en Nederlands verhalend proza 1650-1700," Soete minne en helsche boosheit, pp. 85-108, 98; Roper, The Holy Household, p. 85-86.
53. G.A.R., S.B. 252, fol. 63-65 (1700), E.B. 143 (1700).
54. De Waardt also found that during the sixteenth century women were anxious to restore their honour when they had been touched by men: De Waardt, "Ehrenhändel," pp. 315-16.
55. G.A.R., S.B. 252, fol. 63-65 (1700), E.B. 143 (1700), Consistory notes of the Reformed Church of Rotterdam, inv.nr. 7, fol. 507 (1695). This case is also mentioned by Florike Egmond: "Children in Court: Children and Criminal Justice in the Dutch Republic," Social and Legal Studies vol. 2 (1993): 73-90.
56. For settlement practices in criminal cases, see: L. Hovy, "Schikking in strafzaken in Holland tijdens de Republiek," in: Scrinium et scriptura (Groningen, 1980), pp. 413-429; S.J. Fockema Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek (Amsterdam, 1985), pp. 132-145; Pieter Spierenburg, The spectacle of suffering (Cambridge, 1984), p. 121-123; Sjoerd Faber, Strafrechtsplegingen criminaliteit te Amsterdam, 1680-1811 (Arnhem, 1983), pp. 79-80; Veronique Verhaar and Frits van der Brink, "De bemoeienissen van stad en kerk met overspel in het achttiende-eeuwse Amsterdam," in: S. Faber (ed.), Nieuw licht op oude justitie. Misdaad en straf ten tijde van de Republiek (Muiderberg, 1989), pp. 64-93.
57. For settlement practices in criminal cases, see: L. Hovy, "Schikking in strafzaken in Holland tijdens de Republiek," in: Scrinium et scriptura (Groningen, 1980), pp. 413-429; S.J. Fockema Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek (Amsterdam, 1985), pp. 132-145; Pieter Spierenburg, The spectacle of suffering (Cambridge, 1984), p. 121-123; Sjoerd Faber, Strafrechtsplegingen criminaliteit te Amsterdam, 1680-1811 (Arnhem, 1983), pp. 79-80; Veronique Verhaar and Frits van der Brink, "De bemoeienissen van stad en kerk met overspel in het achttiende-eeuwse Amsterdam," in: S. Faber (ed.), Nieuw licht op oude justitie. Misdaad en straf ten tijde van de Republiek (Muiderberg, 1989), pp. 64-93.
58. For settlement practices in criminal cases, see: L. Hovy, "Schikking in strafzaken in Holland tijdens de Republiek," in: Scrinium et scriptura (Groningen, 1980), pp. 413-429; S.J. Fockema Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek (Amsterdam, 1985), pp. 132-145; Pieter Spierenburg, The spectacle of suffering (Cambridge, 1984), p. 121-123; Sjoerd Faber, Strafrechtsplegingen criminaliteit te Amsterdam, 1680-1811 (Arnhem, 1983), pp. 79-80; Veronique Verhaar and Frits van der Brink, "De bemoeienissen van stad en kerk met overspel in het achttiende-eeuwse Amsterdam," in: S. Faber (ed.), Nieuw licht op oude justitie. Misdaad en straf ten tijde van de Republiek (Muiderberg, 1989), pp. 64-93.
59. For settlement practices in criminal cases, see: L. Hovy, "Schikking in strafzaken in Holland tijdens de Republiek," in: Scrinium et scriptura (Groningen, 1980), pp. 413-429; S.J. Fockema Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek (Amsterdam, 1985), pp. 132-145; Pieter Spierenburg, The spectacle of suffering (Cambridge, 1984), p. 121-123; Sjoerd Faber, Strafrechtsplegingen criminaliteit te Amsterdam, 1680-1811 (Arnhem, 1983), pp. 79-80; Veronique Verhaar and Frits van der Brink, "De bemoeienissen van stad en kerk met overspel in het achttiende-eeuwse Amsterdam," in: S. Faber (ed.), Nieuw licht op oude justitie. Misdaad en straf ten tijde van de Republiek (Muiderberg, 1989), pp. 64-93.
60. For settlement practices in criminal cases, see: L. Hovy, "Schikking in strafzaken in Holland tijdens de Republiek," in: Scrinium et scriptura (Groningen, 1980), pp. 413-429; S.J. Fockema Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek (Amsterdam, 1985), pp. 132-145; Pieter Spierenburg, The spectacle of suffering (Cambridge, 1984), p. 121-123; Sjoerd Faber, Strafrechtsplegingen criminaliteit te Amsterdam, 1680-1811 (Arnhem, 1983), pp. 79-80; Veronique Verhaar and Frits van der Brink, "De bemoeienissen van stad en kerk met overspel in het achttiende-eeuwse Amsterdam," in: S. Faber (ed.), Nieuw licht op oude justitie. Misdaad en straf ten tijde van de Republiek (Muiderberg, 1989), pp. 64-93.
61. Clark, Women's silence p. 21-45, 58; Chaytor, "Husbandry," p. 381. For class differences in criminal court cases in the Dutch Republic, see : Faber, Strafrechtspleging en criminaliteit, pp. 18-19; Fockemae Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek, pp. 132-145.
62. Clark, Women's silence p. 21-45, 58; Chaytor, "Husbandry," p. 381. For class differences in criminal court cases in the Dutch Republic, see : Faber, Strafrechtspleging en criminaliteit, pp. 18-19; Fockemae Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek, pp. 132-145.
63. Clark, Women's silence p. 21-45, 58; Chaytor, "Husbandry," p. 381. For class differences in criminal court cases in the Dutch Republic, see : Faber, Strafrechtspleging en criminaliteit, pp. 18-19; Fockemae Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek, pp. 132-145.
64. Clark, Women's silence p. 21-45, 58; Chaytor, "Husbandry," p. 381. For class differences in criminal court cases in the Dutch Republic, see : Faber, Strafrechtspleging en criminaliteit, pp. 18-19; Fockemae Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek, pp. 132-145.
65. G.A.D., C.B. 49, fol. 173 (1666). The following witnesses were involved: one old female neighbour, two unknown male withnesses and several (no number given) male neighbours.
66. According to Hanawalt, in 14th-century England rape could be a prelude to marriage, especially when there was resistance on the part of the victim's family. There were cases in which women later married the rapist: Hanawalt, Crime and conflict, p. 106.
67. Seventeenth-century farces regularly mentioned young women marrying their seducers in order to avoid complete shame and dishonour: Leuker and Roodenburg, "Overspel en schande," p. 79.
68. Remarkably, the girl's words referred explicitly to the loss of honour she would suffer from being raped. As she even calls her rapist a thief who stole her honour, it seems that the definition of rape had become a mixture of medieval ideas and 17th-century morals about rape.
69. G.A.R., S.B. 252, fol. 77-81 (1700).
70. Usually, both the names of perpetrators and victims were mentioned in sentence reports or statements. The names of the victims were probably not mentioned in order to protect the victims from public dishonour.
71. The act of 1580 did not explicitly mention sexual intercourse as a distinct crime. In the marriage act of 1656, however, clear distinctions were made between concubinage and sexual intercourse: De Blécourt and Japikse, Klein plakkaatboek, pp. 127 and 281. As early as 1575, a marriage ordinance was published by the city of Delft which made sexual intercourse before marriage and concubinage punishable: G.A.D., Keurboek III, fol. 278-279 (1575).
72. G.A.D., Conf.B. 59 (1677).
73. In seventeenth-century Holland, it was a common practice for pregnant women to start legal proceedings against the putative father in order to demand alimony: Donald Haks, Huwelijk en gezin in Holland in de 17 e en 18e eeuw (Assen, 1982), p. 88-104; Midwives even had the obligation to force women in labour to mention the name of the father of the illegitimate child: The Marriage Act of 1656, art. LXXXVIII, De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 285-6. Both Ingram and Wrightson argued that the authorities' growing concern about poverty as a result of pre-marital sexual relations seemed to be an important reason for identifying the fathers of illegitimate children: Ingram, Church Courts, sex and marriage, pp. 262-3; Keith Wrightson, English Society, 1580-1860 (London, 1993), p. 86; Wrightson & Levine, Poverty and piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (London, 1979), p. 133. Roodenburg, Onder censuur, pp. 270-1.
74. In seventeenth-century Holland, it was a common practice for pregnant women to start legal proceedings against the putative father in order to demand alimony: Donald Haks, Huwelijk en gezin in Holland in de 17 e en 18e eeuw (Assen, 1982), p. 88-104; Midwives even had the obligation to force women in labour to mention the name of the father of the illegitimate child: The Marriage Act of 1656, art. LXXXVIII, De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 285-6. Both Ingram and Wrightson argued that the authorities' growing concern about poverty as a result of pre-marital sexual relations seemed to be an important reason for identifying the fathers of illegitimate children: Ingram, Church Courts, sex and marriage, pp. 262-3; Keith Wrightson, English Society, 1580-1860 (London, 1993), p. 86; Wrightson & Levine, Poverty and piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (London, 1979), p. 133. Roodenburg, Onder censuur, pp. 270-1.
75. In seventeenth-century Holland, it was a common practice for pregnant women to start legal proceedings against the putative father in order to demand alimony: Donald Haks, Huwelijk en gezin in Holland in de 17 e en 18e eeuw (Assen, 1982), p. 88-104; Midwives even had the obligation to force women in labour to mention the name of the father of the illegitimate child: The Marriage Act of 1656, art. LXXXVIII, De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 285-6. Both Ingram and Wrightson argued that the authorities' growing concern about poverty as a result of pre-marital sexual relations seemed to be an important reason for identifying the fathers of illegitimate children: Ingram, Church Courts, sex and marriage, pp. 262-3; Keith Wrightson, English Society, 1580-1860 (London, 1993), p. 86; Wrightson & Levine, Poverty and piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (London, 1979), p. 133. Roodenburg, Onder censuur, pp. 270-1.
76. In seventeenth-century Holland, it was a common practice for pregnant women to start legal proceedings against the putative father in order to demand alimony: Donald Haks, Huwelijk en gezin in Holland in de 17 e en 18e eeuw (Assen, 1982), p. 88-104; Midwives even had the obligation to force women in labour to mention the name of the father of the illegitimate child: The Marriage Act of 1656, art. LXXXVIII, De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 285-6. Both Ingram and Wrightson argued that the authorities' growing concern about poverty as a result of pre-marital sexual relations seemed to be an important reason for identifying the fathers of illegitimate children: Ingram, Church Courts, sex and marriage, pp. 262-3; Keith Wrightson, English Society, 1580-1860 (London, 1993), p. 86; Wrightson & Levine, Poverty and piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (London, 1979), p. 133. Roodenburg, Onder censuur, pp. 270-1.
77. In seventeenth-century Holland, it was a common practice for pregnant women to start legal proceedings against the putative father in order to demand alimony: Donald Haks, Huwelijk en gezin in Holland in de 17 e en 18e eeuw (Assen, 1982), p. 88-104; Midwives even had the obligation to force women in labour to mention the name of the father of the illegitimate child: The Marriage Act of 1656, art. LXXXVIII, De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 285-6. Both Ingram and Wrightson argued that the authorities' growing concern about poverty as a result of pre-marital sexual relations seemed to be an important reason for identifying the fathers of illegitimate children: Ingram, Church Courts, sex and marriage, pp. 262-3; Keith Wrightson, English Society, 1580-1860 (London, 1993), p. 86; Wrightson & Levine, Poverty and piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (London, 1979), p. 133. Roodenburg, Onder censuur, pp. 270-1.
78. In seventeenth-century Holland, it was a common practice for pregnant women to start legal proceedings against the putative father in order to demand alimony: Donald Haks, Huwelijk en gezin in Holland in de 17 e en 18e eeuw (Assen, 1982), p. 88-104; Midwives even had the obligation to force women in labour to mention the name of the father of the illegitimate child: The Marriage Act of 1656, art. LXXXVIII, De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 285-6. Both Ingram and Wrightson argued that the authorities' growing concern about poverty as a result of pre-marital sexual relations seemed to be an important reason for identifying the fathers of illegitimate children: Ingram, Church Courts, sex and marriage, pp. 262-3; Keith Wrightson, English Society, 1580-1860 (London, 1993), p. 86; Wrightson & Levine, Poverty and piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (London, 1979), p. 133. Roodenburg, Onder censuur, pp. 270-1.
79. G.A.D., C.B. 49, fol. 209 (1670), Conf.B. 59 (1670): 2 confessions of Chieltje, 3 confessions of her perpetrator, and 2 statements of neighbours.
80. Which was considered to be adultery. According to the Politieke Ordonnantie, unmarried men who committed adultery with a married woman were sentenced to a fine of 100 carolusgulden and 14 days on bread and water. If the adultery continued, one could be banished for life: De Blécourt and Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 126-134. Seventeenth-century judges, however, did not always follow these prescribtions precisely.
81. It seems that in late 15th-century Bergamo (Italy), a presumption against rape existed if intercourse took place in the house of a third party, provided that the woman entered the house of her own free will: Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society, p. 531-2. Contemporary Dutch moralists, such as Jacob Cats, were of the opinon that married women should avoid being outdoors as much as possible: Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, p. 150-157; Leuker and Roodenburg, "Overspel en schande," pp. 70-1.
82. It seems that in late 15th-century Bergamo (Italy), a presumption against rape existed if intercourse took place in the house of a third party, provided that the woman entered the house of her own free will: Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society, p. 531-2. Contemporary Dutch moralists, such as Jacob Cats, were of the opinon that married women should avoid being outdoors as much as possible: Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, p. 150-157; Leuker and Roodenburg, "Overspel en schande," pp. 70-1.
83. It seems that in late 15th-century Bergamo (Italy), a presumption against rape existed if intercourse took place in the house of a third party, provided that the woman entered the house of her own free will: Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society, p. 531-2. Contemporary Dutch moralists, such as Jacob Cats, were of the opinon that married women should avoid being outdoors as much as possible: Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, p. 150-157; Leuker and Roodenburg, "Overspel en schande," pp. 70-1.
84. De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 128-129; Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, pp. 39-46; Mayke de Jong, "Familie, huwelijk en liefde in de late Middeleeuwen, 1000-1500," in: T. Zwaan (ed.), Familie, huwelijk en gezin in West-Europa (Heerlen, 1993), pp. 62-66; A.H. Huussen, "Verboden graden van bloed- en aanverwanten rond 1800," in: Hekma and Roodenburg, Soete minne en helsche boosheit, pp. 210-231.
85. De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 128-129; Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, pp. 39-46; Mayke de Jong, "Familie, huwelijk en liefde in de late Middeleeuwen, 1000-1500," in: T. Zwaan (ed.), Familie, huwelijk en gezin in West-Europa (Heerlen, 1993), pp. 62-66; A.H. Huussen, "Verboden graden van bloed- en aanverwanten rond 1800," in: Hekma and Roodenburg, Soete minne en helsche boosheit, pp. 210-231.
86. De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 128-129; Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, pp. 39-46; Mayke de Jong, "Familie, huwelijk en liefde in de late Middeleeuwen, 1000-1500," in: T. Zwaan (ed.), Familie, huwelijk en gezin in West-Europa (Heerlen, 1993), pp. 62-66; A.H. Huussen, "Verboden graden van bloed- en aanverwanten rond 1800," in: Hekma and Roodenburg, Soete minne en helsche boosheit, pp. 210-231.
87. De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 128-129; Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, pp. 39-46; Mayke de Jong, "Familie, huwelijk en liefde in de late Middeleeuwen, 1000-1500," in: T. Zwaan (ed.), Familie, huwelijk en gezin in West-Europa (Heerlen, 1993), pp. 62-66; A.H. Huussen, "Verboden graden van bloed- en aanverwanten rond 1800," in: Hekma and Roodenburg, Soete minne en helsche boosheit, pp. 210-231.
88. Principally, incest was a capital crime, which was considered to be more serious than adultery. In practice, most committers of incest were given severe banishment penalties, usually banishment for life: Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 235.
89. Joos de Damhouder, Practycke ende handbouck in criminele zaeken (heruitgegeven en toegelicht door J. Dauwe en J. Monbally, Roeselare, 1981), p. 162; Van Leeuwen, Rooms-Hollands-Regt, pp. 474-5. See also: Herman Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad. Incest in het gewest Holland tijdens de 17e en 18e eeuw," in: Holland 25 (1993): 58-76, 60.
90. Joos de Damhouder, Practycke ende handbouck in criminele zaeken (heruitgegeven en toegelicht door J. Dauwe en J. Monbally, Roeselare, 1981), p. 162; Van Leeuwen, Rooms-Hollands-Regt, pp. 474-5. See also: Herman Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad. Incest in het gewest Holland tijdens de 17e en 18e eeuw," in: Holland 25 (1993): 58-76, 60.
91. Joos de Damhouder, Practycke ende handbouck in criminele zaeken (heruitgegeven en toegelicht door J. Dauwe en J. Monbally, Roeselare, 1981), p. 162; Van Leeuwen, Rooms-Hollands-Regt, pp. 474-5. See also: Herman Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad. Incest in het gewest Holland tijdens de 17e en 18e eeuw," in: Holland 25 (1993): 58-76, 60.
92. Since both marriage and sexual intercourse between blood relatives or in-laws were prohibited, more cases concerning the crime of incest were handled by the courts of Rotterdam and Delft. Including incest cases which did not involve sexual abuse: In Rotterdam and Delft 11 and 16 respectively.
93. One woman had been abused by her brother-in-law from the age of fourteen, but she had reached the age of 37 at the time the case was handled by the court: G.A.D., C.B. 49, fol. 327-8 (1680), Con.B. 60 (sept. 1680).
94. G.A.R., E.B. 140 (1688), E.B. 141 (1659), G.A.D., C.B. 47, fol. 68 (1599), C.B. 47, fol. 287 (1614), C.B. 49, fol. 360-2 (1682), Conf.B. 58 (1658).
95. Roodenburg, "Een verfoelijke misdaad," p. 76; Egmond, "Children in Court," p. 80.
96. Roodenburg, "Een verfoelijke misdaad," p. 76; Egmond, "Children in Court," p. 80.
97. G.A.R., E.B. 140 (1659), G.A.D., C.B. 47 (1614).
98. Both abortion and attempts to abort a child were punishable by law. In Roman law, a distinction was made between abortion by the women herself and abortion by others. According to Maes, in the course of the 17th-century courts became more reluctant to prosecute abortion and attempts at abortion: Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, pp. 265-7; Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel, pp. 163-5.
99. Both abortion and attempts to abort a child were punishable by law. In Roman law, a distinction was made between abortion by the women herself and abortion by others. According to Maes, in the course of the 17th-century courts became more reluctant to prosecute abortion and attempts at abortion: Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, pp. 265-7; Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel, pp. 163-5.
100. G.A.R., E.B. 140 (1659).
101. G.A.D., C.B. 47 (1614). Her uncle was sentenced to whipping, branding, and a banishment of 50 years.
102. G.A.R., E.B. 141 (1688).
103. Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad," p. 60-1; De Damhouder, Practycke ende handbouck, p. 162; Van Leeuwen, Rooms-Hollands-Regt, pp. 474-5.
104. Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad," p. 60-1; De Damhouder, Practycke ende handbouck, p. 162; Van Leeuwen, Rooms-Hollands-Regt, pp. 474-5.
105. Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad," p. 60-1; De Damhouder, Practycke ende handbouck, p. 162; Van Leeuwen, Rooms-Hollands-Regt, pp. 474-5.
106. Roodenburg points out that this case did not in fact concern incest between mother and son, but incest between stepfather and stepdaughter. Therefore, they were not sentenced to death: Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad," p. 60-1; Van Leeuwen, Het Rooms-Hollands-Regt, pp. 474-5.
107. Roodenburg points out that this case did not in fact concern incest between mother and son, but incest between stepfather and stepdaughter. Therefore, they were not sentenced to death: Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad," p. 60-1; Van Leeuwen, Het Rooms-Hollands-Regt, pp. 474-5.
108. Only once was a woman sentenced to death in Delft in 1615 for committing adultery and incest with her son-in-law: "hebbende gecommitteerd mitsdijen crijm van overspel met bloedschande," G.A.D., C.B. 47, fol. 295-6 (1615).
109. G.A.D., Conf.B. 58 (1658).
110. J.H.P. de Monté Verloren, Hoofdlijnen uit de ontwikkeling der rechterlijke organisatie in de Noordelijke Nederlanden to de Bataafse omwenteling (Deventer, 1982); P. Gerbenzon en N.E. Algra, Voortgangh des rechtes (Alphen a/d Rijn, 1983), pp. 128-133; Fockema Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek, pp. 132-145.
111. J.H.P. de Monté Verloren, Hoofdlijnen uit de ontwikkeling der rechterlijke organisatie in de Noordelijke Nederlanden to de Bataafse omwenteling (Deventer, 1982); P. Gerbenzon en N.E. Algra, Voortgangh des rechtes (Alphen a/d Rijn, 1983), pp. 128-133; Fockema Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek, pp. 132-145.
112. J.H.P. de Monté Verloren, Hoofdlijnen uit de ontwikkeling der rechterlijke organisatie in de Noordelijke Nederlanden to de Bataafse omwenteling (Deventer, 1982); P. Gerbenzon en N.E. Algra, Voortgangh des rechtes (Alphen a/d Rijn, 1983), pp. 128-133; Fockema Andreae, De Nederlandse staat onder de Republiek, pp. 132-145.
113. G.A.D., Conf.B. 58 (1658). It was a common practice that lawyers advised magistrates in criminal as well as civil cases, Gerbenzon & Algra, Voortgangh des rechtes, pp. 135-154.
114. That is, female adulterers were given a 50-year banishment in any case. Male adulters however, were given a fine the first time they committed adultery. If they continued the crime, they were banished for 50 years: De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein Plakkaatboek, pp. 126-134.
115. G.A.D., C.B. 47, fol. 360-3 (1682), Conf.B. 60 (1682).
116. G.A.D., C.B. 49, fol. 328 (1680), Conf.B. 60 (1680).
117. Egmond, "Children in Court," p. 80.
118. During the sixteenth century in most European countries, children were not punished before the age of twelve. Children of the age of twelve to sixteen were punished less severely: Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 484-5. Remarkably, this was not the case in incest cases in Rotterdam and Delft. Concerning the age of majority, there was no general agreement in the Dutch Republic. Referring to this, A.H. Huussen has stated: "the growth of a moral consciousness was supposed to be part of a child's development, and criminal liability referred to this consciousness," A.H. Huussen, "Het kind in Friesland tijdens de 18e en 19e eeuwe. Gezinshistorische en strafrechtshistorische aspecten," Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 94 (1981): 391-411. The quote's translation is by Florike Egmond. When determining the age of majority, the Reformed Church advised their consitories to follow the local customs: G.A.R., Classis Schieland, Repertorium Synodi Zuid-Hollandia, inv.nr. 121, fol. 73 (1585).
119. During the sixteenth century in most European countries, children were not punished before the age of twelve. Children of the age of twelve to sixteen were punished less severely: Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 484-5. Remarkably, this was not the case in incest cases in Rotterdam and Delft. Concerning the age of majority, there was no general agreement in the Dutch Republic. Referring to this, A.H. Huussen has stated: "the growth of a moral consciousness was supposed to be part of a child's development, and criminal liability referred to this consciousness," A.H. Huussen, "Het kind in Friesland tijdens de 18e en 19e eeuwe. Gezinshistorische en strafrechtshistorische aspecten," Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 94 (1981): 391-411. The quote's translation is by Florike Egmond. When determining the age of majority, the Reformed Church advised their consitories to follow the local customs: G.A.R., Classis Schieland, Repertorium Synodi Zuid-Hollandia, inv.nr. 121, fol. 73 (1585).
120. Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad," p. 73. During the Middle Ages, it was common practice that screaming and shouting of the victim constituted crucial evidence in proving a woman was raped. Moreover, after the rape, women were expected to show their torn clothes and wounds to as many people as possible: Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 226; Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel, pp. 149-50.
121. Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad," p. 73. During the Middle Ages, it was common practice that screaming and shouting of the victim constituted crucial evidence in proving a woman was raped. Moreover, after the rape, women were expected to show their torn clothes and wounds to as many people as possible: Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 226; Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel, pp. 149-50.
122. Roodenburg, "Een verfoeilijke misdaad," p. 73. During the Middle Ages, it was common practice that screaming and shouting of the victim constituted crucial evidence in proving a woman was raped. Moreover, after the rape, women were expected to show their torn clothes and wounds to as many people as possible: Maes, Vijf eeuwen stedelijk strafrecht, p. 226; Vanhemelryck, De criminaliteit in de ammanie van Brussel, pp. 149-50.
123. Martin Ingram found that in 17th-century England incest was a grave offence, a felony punishable by death. However, clerical moralists usually devoted little attention to the subject. Furthermore, people did not seem to have spent much time or energy investigating suspected cases of incest: Ingram, Church Courts, Sex and Marriage, pp. 248-249.
124. Egmond, "Children in Court," p. 87.
125. S.J. Fockema Andreae, Bijdragen tot de Nederlandsche Rechtsgeschiedenis (Haarlem, 1888), p. 60-1; A.S. de Blécourt & H.F.W.D. Fischer, Kort begrip van het oud-vaderlands burgerlijk recht (Groningen, 1950) p. 57.
126. S.J. Fockema Andreae, Bijdragen tot de Nederlandsche Rechtsgeschiedenis (Haarlem, 1888), p. 60-1; A.S. de Blécourt & H.F.W.D. Fischer, Kort begrip van het oud-vaderlands burgerlijk recht (Groningen, 1950) p. 57.
127. Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, p. 151. Similar conclusions are drawn by Judith Hokke in her study about regents' wives in the Dutch Republic: Judith Hokke, "Mijn Alderliefste Jantielief'. Vrouw en gezin in de Republiek: regentenvrouwen en hun relaties," Jaarboek voor Vrouwengeschiedenis 8 (1987): 45-73.
128. Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, p. 151. Similar conclusions are drawn by Judith Hokke in her study about regents' wives in the Dutch Republic: Judith Hokke, "Mijn Alderliefste Jantielief'. Vrouw en gezin in de Republiek: regentenvrouwen en hun relaties," Jaarboek voor Vrouwengeschiedenis 8 (1987): 45-73.
129. Groot, Inleidinge, 1, 5, p. 20; Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, p. 154.
130. Groot, Inleidinge, 1, 5, p. 20; Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, p. 154.
131. Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches. An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (London, 1987), p. 420; Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, p. 155-6.
132. Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches. An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (London, 1987), p. 420; Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, p. 155-6.
133. See also: Keunen, 'Ongaarne beticht en bevlekt', p. 422.
134. G.A.D., C.B. 48, fol. 284 (1649).
135. G.A.R., S.B. 248, fol. 121 (1652), 252, fol. 53-56 (1700), E.B. 139 (1652), G.A.D, C.B. 48, fol. 202 (1637).
136. For example: G.A.R., S.B. 266, fol. 62 (1668), S.B. 247, fol. 252 (1636), S.B. 251, fol. 160 (1695), E.B. 141 (nov. 1678), E.B. 141 (march 1685), E.B. 142 (april 1694), G.A.D., C.B. 47, fol. 207 (1609), C.B. 48, fol. 202 (1637), C.B. 48, fol. 259-60 (1643).
137. G.A.R., E.B. 142 (1694).
138. Haks, Huwelijk en gezin, pp. 58-9 and 153.
139. It's not clear why Corstiaen was not sentenced for committing adultery and consequently banished for 50 years. According to the sentence notes the venereal disease his wife suffered from, was caused by her husband's infidelity.
140. G.A.D., C.B. 47, fol. 75 (1600).
141. G.A.D., C.B. 47, fol. 309-10 (1616).
142. Roodenburg, "De notaris en de erehandel. Beledigingen voor het Amsterdamse notariaat, 1700-1710," in: Keunen & Roodenburg, Schimpen en schelden, p. 380.
143. Kept woman or concubine, in Dutch bijzit, could also stand for a concubine of a married man, but in the criminal records the words were usually used in the sense of an unmarried woman who lived with an unmarried man.
144. Concubinage was prohibited in by the Marriage Act: De Blécourt & Japikse, Klein plakkaatboek, pp. 283-4 (art. LXXII).
145. G.A.D., C.B. 48, fol. 165 (1633).
146. See for mistresses: G.A.R., Cor.B. 266, fol. 19 (1651) S.B. 246, fol. 554 (1627), G.A.D., C.B. 47, fol 309-10 (1616), C.B. 48, fol. 165 (1633), C.B. 48, fol. 251-2 (1642), Conf.B. 59 (april 1677). See for fiancee: G.A.D., C.B. 48, fol. 333 (1620).
147. G.A.D., Conf.B. 59 (april 1676).
148. Similar conclusions are drawn by Martin Dinges in his study about honour in eighteenth-century Paris: Martin Dinges, Der Maurermeister und der Finanzrichter. Ehre, Geld und soziale Kontrolle im Paris des 18. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1994), pp. 140-198.
149. G.A.D, C.B. 46, fol. 35-6 (1562).
150. See, for example: G.A.R., S.B. 245, fol. 293 (1616), S.B. 245, fol. 364 (1618). Roodenburg found that in Amsterdam people could also be expelled from their neighbourhood on account of their dishonourable behaviour: Roodenburg, "De notaris en de erehandel," p. 369.
151. Although settlement practices of criminal cases had been forbidden by the Criminele Ordonnantiën of Philip II in 1570, in practice, settlements remained in existence. In 1662, for instance, a wife bought the public prosecuter off in order to release her husband from being convicted for adultery: G.A.D., Censuurboekje, N.H. kerkeraad van Delft, inv.nr. 276, f. 110-11 (1662).
152. According to Egmond, the public behaviour of spouses seemed to be of vital importance in preserving one's honourable reputation. Morover, men as well as women were more concerned about their honour and reputation, and less interested in morality: Egmond, "Erezaken," pp. 18-19.
153. The wedding festivities were probably to celebrate their own wedding anniversary. However, how many years they were married remains unclear.
154. G.A.D., Conf.B. (januari 1666).