Examining candidate information search processes: The impact of processing goals and sophistication

Journal of Communication

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 93-114

  Huang, Li Ning ^a  

^a Minn   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039004354     PISSN: 00219916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02835.x     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Billings, R. S., & Marcus, S. A. (1983). Measures of compensatory and noncompensatory models of decision behavior: Process tracing versus policy capturing. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31, 331-352.
2. Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. (1960). The American voter. New York: Wiley.
3. Chaiken, S., Liberman, A., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 212-252). New York: Guilford Press.
4. Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (Eds.). (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York: Guilford Press.
5. Cohen, C. E. (1981). Goals and schemata in person perception: Making sense from the stream of behavior. In N. Cantor & J. F. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, cognition, and social interaction (pp. 45-68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Craik, F. I. M. (1979). Human memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 30, 63-102.
7. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1984). Cognitive theories of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 17). New York: Academic Press.
8. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, & Javonovich.
9. Fischer, G. W., & Johnson, E. J. (1986). Behavioral decision theory and political decision making. In R. R. Lau & D. O. Sears (Eds.), Political cognition. The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 55-65). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Fiske, S. (1986). Schema-based versus piecemeal politics: A patchwork quilt, but not a blanket, of evidence. In R. R. Lau & D. O. Sears (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 41-53). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Fiske, S. T., & Kinder, D. R. (1981). Involvement, expertise, and schema use: Evidence from political cognition. In N. Cantor and J. F. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, cognition and social interaction (pp. 131-190). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Fiske, S. T., Kinder, D. R., & Larter, M. W. (1983). The novice and the expert: Knowledge-based strategies in political cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 381-400.
13. Fiske, S. T., Lau, R. R., & Smith, R. A. (1990). On the varieties and utilities of political expertise. Social Cognition, 8, 31-48.
14. Hamilton, D. I., Katz, L. B., & Leirer, V. O. (1980a). Cognitive representation of personality impressions: Organizational processes in first impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1050-1063.
15. Hamilton, D. I., Katz, L. B., & Leirer, V. O. (1980b). Organizational processes in impression formation. In R. Hastie, T. M. Ostrom, F. B. Ebbesen, R. S. Wyer, D. L. Hamilton, & D. E. Carlston (Eds.), Person memory: The cognitive basis of social perception (pp. 121-154), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Hastie, R., & Park, B. (1986). The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line. Psychological Review, 93, 258-268.
17. Hogarth, R. M. (1987). Judgment and choice: The psychology of decision. New York: Wiley.
18. Iyengar, S., & Ottati, V. (1994). Cognitive perspective in political psychology. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 143-181). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Jacoby, J. (1975). Perspectives on a consumer information processing research program. Communication Research, 2, 203-215.
20. Jacoby, J., Chestnut, R. W., Weigl, K. C., & Fisher, W. (1976). Pre-purchase information acquisition: Description of a process methodology, research paradigm, and pilot investigation. Advances in Consumer Research, 3, 306-314.
21. Johnson, E. T., & Russo, J. E. (1984). Product familiarity and learning new information. Journal of Consumer Research, 11, 542-550.
22. Krosnick, J. A. (1990). Expertise and political psychology. Social Cognition, 8, 1-8.
23. Lau, R. R. (1986). Political schemata, candidate evaluations and voting behavior. In R. R. Lau & D. O. Sears (Eds.), Political cognition (pp. 95-126). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Lau, R. R. (1995a, August-September). The miserly voter: Depth of search, choice strategies, and "correct" voting behavior. Paper presented at the 91st annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
25. Lau, R. R. (1995b). Information search during an election campaign. In M. Lodge & K. M. McGraw (Eds.), Political judgment: Structure and process (pp. 179-205). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
26. Lau, R. R., & Erber, R. (1985). Political sophistication: An information processing approach. In S. Krause & R. Perloff (Eds.), Mass media and political thought (pp. 37-64). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
27. Lau, R. R., & Redlawsk, D. P. (1992, September). How voters decide: A process tracing study of decision making during election campaigns. Paper presented at the 88th annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
28. Lodge, M. (1995). Toward a procedural model of candidate evaluation. In M. Lodge and K. M. McGraw (Eds.), Political judgment: Structure and process (pp. 111-139). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
29. Lodge, M., McGraw, K. M., & Stroh, P. (1989). An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 83, 399-419.
30. Lodge, M., Steenbergen, M. R., & Brau, S. (1995). The responsive voter: Campaign information and the dynamics of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 89, 309-326.
31. Luskin, R. C. (1987). Measuring political sophistication. American Journal of Political Science, 31, 857-899.
32. Markus, G. B. (1982). Political attitudes in an election year: A report of the 1980 NES panel study. American Political Science Review, 76, 538-560.
33. Markus, G. B., & Converse, P. E. (1979). A dynamic simultaneous equation model of electoral choice. American Political Science Review, 73, 1055-1077.
34. Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78.
35. Markus, H., & Smith, J. (1981). The influence of self-schemas on the perception of others. In N. Cantor & J. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, cognition, and social interaction (pp. 233-262). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
36. McGraw, K. M., & Lodge, M. (1995). Introduction. In M. Lodge & K. M. McGraw (Eds.), Political judgment: Structure and process (pp. 1-13). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
37. McGraw, K. M., & Lodge, M. (1996). Political information processing: A review essay. Political Communication, 13, 131-142.
38. McGraw, K. M., Lodge, M., & Stroh, P. (1990). On-line processing in candidate evaluation: The effects of issue order, issue importance, and sophistication. Political Behavior, 12, 41-58.
39. McGraw, K. M., & Pinney, N. (1990). The effects of general and domain-specific expertise on political memory and judgment. Social Cognition, 8, 9-30.
40. Miller, A. H., Wattenberg, M. P., & Malanchuk, O. (1986). Schematic assessments of presidential candidates. American Political Science Review, 80, 521-540.
41. Neuberg, S. L., & Fiske, S. T. (1987). Motivational influences on impression formation: Outcome dependency, accuracy-driven attention, and individuation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 431-444.
42. Neumann, W. R. (1986). The paradox of mass politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43. Payne, J. W. (1976). Task complexity and contingent processing in decision making: An information search and protocol analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 366-387.
44. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag.
45. Rhee, J. W., & Cappella, J. N. (1997). The role of political sophistication in learning from news. Communication Research, 24, 197-233.
46. Reeves, B., Chaffee, S. H., & Tims, A. (1982). Social cognition and mass communication research. In M. E. Roloff & C. R. Berger (Eds.), Social cognition and communication (pp. 287-326). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
47. Schkade, D. A., & Kleinmuntz, D. N. (1994). Information displays and choice processes: Differential effects of organization, form, and sequence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 57, 319-337.
48. Sedikides, C., Devine, P. G., & uhrman, R. W. (1991). Social perception in multitarget settings: Effects of motivated encoding strategies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 625-632.
49. Srull, T. K. (1981). Person memory: Some tests of associate storage and retrieval models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human learning and memory, 7, 440-463.
50. Srull, T. K., Lichtenstein, M., & Rothbart, M. (1985). Associative storage and retrieval processes in person memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 316-345.
51. Tabor, C. S., & Steenbergen, M. R. (1995). Computational experiments in electoral behavior. In M. Lodge & K. M. McGraw (Eds.), Political judgment: Structure and process (pp. 141-178). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
52. Tewksbury, D. (1999). Differences in how we watch the news: The impact of processing goals and expertise on evaluations of political actors. Communication Research, 26, 4-29.
53. Wyer, R. S., & Gordon, S. E. (1982). The recall of information about persons and groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 128-164.
54. Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (1980). The processing of social stimulus information: A conceptual integration. In R. Hastie et al. (Eds.), Person memory: The cognitive basis of social perception (pp. 227-300). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
55. Zaller, J. (1990). Political awareness, elite opinion leadership, and the mass survey response. Social Cognition, 8, 125-153.