Optical properties of deep ice at the South Pole: Scattering

Applied Optics

Volumn 36, Issue 18, 1997, Pages 4181-4194

  Price, P Buford ^a   Bergström, Lars ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039002874     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 21553165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.36.004181     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. P. C. Mock, P. Askebjer, S. W. Barwick, L. Bergström, A. Bouchta, S. Carius, B. Erlandsson, A. Goobar, L. Gray, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, H. Heukenkamp, P. O. Hulth, J. Jacobsen, S. Johansson, V. Kandhadai, A. Karle, I. Liubarsky, D. M. Lowder, T. C. Miller, R. Morse, R. Porrata, P. B. Price, A. Richards, H. Rubinstein, Ch. Spiering, Q. Sun, Th. Thon, S. Tilav, C. Walck, R. Wischnewski, and G. Yodh, “Status and capabilities of AMANDA-94,” in Proceedings of the 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Rome, 1995), pp. 758-761
2. L. Gray, P. Askebjer, S. W. Barwick, L. Bergström, A. Bouchta, S. Carius, B. Er-landsson, A. Goobar, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, H. Heukenkamp, P. O. Hulth, J. Jacobsen, S. Johansson, V. Kandhadai, A. Karle, I. Liubarsky, D. M. Lowder, T. C. Miller, P. C. Mock, R. Morse, R. Porrata, P. B. Price, A. Richards, H. Rubinstein, Ch. Spiering, Q. Sun, Th. Thon, S. Tilav, C. Walck, R. Wis-chnewski, and G. Yodh, “The design of a neutrino telescope using natural deep ice as a particle detector,” in Proceedings of the 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Rome, 1995), pp. 816-819.
3. P. Askebjer, S. W. Barwick, L. Bergström, A. Bouchta, S. Ca-rius, A. Coulthard, K. Engel, B. Erlandsson, A. Goobar, L. Gray, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, P. O. Hulth, J. Jacobsen, S. Johansson, V. Kandhadai, I. Liubarsky, D. Lowder, T. Miller, P. C. Mock, R. Morse, R. Porrata, P. B. Price, A. Richards, H. Rubinstein, E. Schneider, Q. Sun, S. Tilav, Ch. Walck, and G. Yodh, “Optical properties of the South Pole ice at depths between 0.8 and 1 kilometer,” Science 267, 1147-1150 (1995).
4. P. Askebjer, S. W. Barwick, L. Bergström, A. Bouchta, S. Ca-rius, E. Dalberg, B. Erlandsson, A. Goobar, L. Gray, A. Hall-gren, F. Halzen, H. Heukenkamp, P. O. Hulth, S. Hundertmark, J. Jacobsen, V. Kandhadai, A. Karle, I. Liubarsky, D. Lowder, T. Miller, P. Mock, R. Morse, R. Porrata, P. B. Price, A. Richards, H. Rubinstein, E. Schneider, Ch. Spiering, O. Streicher, Q. Sun, Th. Thon, S. Tilav, C. Walck, R. Wis-chnewski, and G. Yodh, “UV and optical light transmission properties in deep ice at the South Pole,” Geophys. Res. Lett. (1997).
5. AMANDA Collaboration, “Optical properties of deep ice at the South Pole: absorption,” Appl. Opt. 36, 4168-4180 (1997).
6. P. B. Price, “Kinetics of conversion of air bubbles to air hydrate crystals in Antarctic ice,” Science 267, 1802-1804 (1995).
7. T. C. Grenfell and D. K. Perovich, “Radiation absorption coefficients of polycrystalline ice from 400-1400 nm,” J. Geophys. Res. 86, 7447-7450 (1981).
8. AMANDA Collaboration, “On the age vs depth and optical clarity of deep ice at South Pole,” J. Glaciol. 41, 445-454 (1995).
9. I. L. Fabelinskii, Molecular Scattering of Light (Plenum, New York, 1968).
10. C. V. Raman, “Thermal opalescence in crystals and the colour of ice in glaciers,” Nature (London) 111, 13-15 (1923).
11. J. Tauc, “Highly transparent glasses,” in Optical Properties of Highly Transparent Solids, S. S. Mitra and B. Bendow, eds. (Plenum, New York, 1975), pp. 245-260.
12. S. P. Clark, Jr., Handbook of Physical Constants (Geological Society of America, New York, 1966).
13. G. S. Landsberg, “Molekular lichtzerstreuung in festen Körpern. I. Lichtzerstreuung im kristallinischen Quarz und ihre Temperaturabhangigkeit,” Z. Phys. 43, 773-778 (1927)
14. G. S. Landsberg, “II. Abhängigkeit der Intensität des zerstreuten Lichtes von der Temperatur,” 45, 442-448 (1927).
15. T. Uchida, W. Shimada, T. Hondoh, S. Mae, and N. I. Barkov, “Refractive-index measurements of natural air-hydrate crystals in an Antarctic ice sheet,” Appl. Opt. 34, 5746-5749 (1995).
16. P. B. Price, P. Askebjer, S. W. Barwick, L. Bergström, A. Bouchta, S. Carius, B. Erlandsson, A. Goobar, L. Gray, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, H. Heukenkamp, P. O. Hulth, J. Jacobsen, S. Johansson, V. Kandhadai, A. Karle, I. Liubarsky, D. M. Lowder, T. C. Miller, P. C. Mock, R. Morse, R. Porrata, A. Richards, H. Rubinstein, Ch. Spiering, Q. Sun, S. Tilav, C. Walck, A. J. Westphal, R. Wischnewski, and G. Yodh, “Optical properties of South Pole ice for neutrino astrophysics,” in Proceedings of the 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Rome, 1995), pp. 777-780.
17. T. Uchida, T. Hondoh, S. Mae, V. Ya. Lipenkov, and P. Duval, “Air-hydrate crystals in deep ice-core samples from Vostok Station, Antarctica,” J. Glaciol. 40, 79-86 (1994).
18. H. Miller, “Physical properties of ice,” in Vol. 1b of LandoltBornstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, K.-H. Hellwege, ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982), pp. 494-507.
19. V. Ya. Lipenkov, N. I. Barkov, P. Duval, and P. Pimienta, “Crystalline texture of the 2083 m ice core at Vostok station, Antarctica,” J. Glaciol. 35, 392-398 (1989).
20. R. B. Alley, A. J. Gow, and D. A. Meese, “Mapping c-axis fabrics to study physical processes in ice,” J. Glaciol. 41, 197-203 (1995).
21. 2+ and the calcium-cation vacancy complex in KBr,” Phys. Rev. B 35, 2999-3002 (1987).
22. A. K. Arora, R. Kesavamoorthy, and D. Sahoo, “Light scattering by point defects and their complexes in ionic crystals,” J. Phys. C 15, 4591-4598 (1982).
23. N. H. Fletcher, The Chemical Physics of Ice (Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge, England, 1970).
24. A. Higashi, A. Fukuda, T. Hondoh, K. Goto, and S. Amakai, “Dynamical dislocation processes in ice crystal,” in Dislocations in Solids (Yamada Science Foundation, Univ. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1985), pp. 511-515.
25. S. G. Warren, “Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave,” Appl. Opt. 23, 1206-1225 (1984).
26. D. K. Perovich and J. W. Govoni, “Absorption coefficients of ice from 250 to 400 nm,” Geophs. Res. Lett. 18, 1233-1235 (1991).
27. O. Theimer and C. A. Plint, “Light scattering by nearly perfect crystals,” Ann. Phys. 3, 408-422 (1958).
28. 2+ by light scattering and ultramicroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 45, 69-77 (1984).
29. D. Sahoo, A. K. Arora, and R. Kesavamoorthy, “Elasto-optic contribution to light scattering from dislocations in insulating crystals,” J. Phys. C 16, 1687-1692 (1983).
30. A. Fukuda and A. Higashi, “X-ray diffraction topographic studies of dislocations in natural large ice single crystals,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 8, 993-999 (1969).
31. S. J. Jones, “X-ray topographic evidence for prismatic dislocations in ice,” J. Appl. Phys. 41, 2738-2739 (1970).
32. S. J. Jones and N. K. Gilra, “X-ray topographical study of dislocations in pure and HF-doped ice,” Philos. Mag. 27, 457-472 (1973).
33. T. Gonda, H. Kakiuchi, and K. Moriya, “In situ observation of internal structure in growing ice crystals by laser scattering tomography,” J. Crys. Growth 102, 167-174 (1990).
34. N. Ming and C. Ge, “Direct observation of defects in transparent crystals by optical microscopy,” J. Crys. Growth 99, 1309-1314 (1990).
35. T. Kataoka, H. Ohji, K. Kishida, K. Azuma, and T. Yamada, “Direct observation of glide dislocations in a KCl crystal by the light scattering method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 1317-1319 (1990).
36. S. Amelinckx, Solid State Physics, supp. 6 (Academic, New York, 1964).
37. H. C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Wiley, New York, 1957), pp. 315-317.
38. G. D. Miles, “Observations of impurity precipitates in magnesium oxide single crystals by ultramicroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1471-1475 (1965).
39. T. Tomiki and T. Miyata, “Optical studies of alkali fluorides and alkaline earth fluorides in VUV region,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27, 658-678 (1969)
40. E. D. Palik and W. R. Hunter, “Lithium fluoride,” in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, ed. (Academic, New York, 1985), pp. 675-693.
41. D. F. Edwards and H. R. Philipp, “Cubic diamond,” in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, ed. (Academic, New York, 1985), pp. 665-673.
42. 3),” in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II, E. D. Palik, ed. (Academic, New York, 1991), pp. 789-803.
43. P. B. Price and L. Bergstrom, “Enhanced Rayleigh scattering as a signature of nanoscale defects in highly transparent solids,” Philos. Mag. A (1997).
44. M. R. Legrand, C. Lorius, N. I. Barkov, and V. N. Petrov, “Vostok (Antarctica) ice core: atmospheric chemistry changes over the last climatic cycle (160, 000 years),” Atmos. Environ. 22, 317-331 (1988).
45. S. Kirchner and R. J. Delmas, “A 1000 year glaciochemical study at the South Pole,” Ann. Glaciol. 10, 80-84 (1988).
46. M. Kumai, “Identification of nuclei and concentrations of chemical species in snow crystals sampled at the South Pole,” J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 833-841 (1976)
47. R. Delmas, M. Briat, and M. Legrand, “Chemistry of South Polar snow,” J. Geophys. Res. 87, 4314-4318 (1982).
48. J.-R. Petit, L. Mounier, J. Jouzel, Ye. S. Korotkevich, V. I. Kotlyakov, and C. Lorius, “Palaeoclimatological and chronological implications of the Vostok core dust record,” Nature (London) 343, 56-58 (1989).
49. J. D. Lindberg and L. S. Laude, “Measurement of the absorption coefficient of atmospheric dust,” Appl. Opt. 13, 1923-1927 (1974)
50. J. D. Lindberg, “Absorption-coefficient-determination method for particulate materials,” Appl. Opt. 33, 4314-4319 (1994).
51. A. Royer, M. De Angelis, and J. R. Petit, “A 30000 year record of physical and optical properties of microparticles from an east Antarctic ice core and implications for paleoclimate reconstruction models,” Climatic Change 5, 381-412 (1983).
52. E. Mosley-Thompson, Byrd Polar Research Center and Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (personal communication, 1995).
53. R. I. Gayley and M. Ram, “Atmospheric dust in polar ice and the background aerosol,” J. Geophys. Res. 90, 12921-12925 (1985).
54. F. Parungo, E. Ackerman, W. Caldwell, and H. K. Weickmann, “Individual particle analysis of Antarctic aerosols,” Tellus 31, 521-529 (1979).
55. F. Parungo, B. Bodhaine, and J. Bortniak, “Seasonal variation in Antarctic aerosol,” J. Aerosol Sci. 12, 491-504 (1981).
56. M. De Angelis, M. Legrand, J. R. Petit, N. I. Barkov, Ye. S. Korotkevich, and V. M. Kotlyakov, “Soluble and insoluble impurities along the 950 m deep Vostok ice core (Antarctica)—climatic implications,” J. Atmos. Chem. 1, 215-239 (1984).
57. E. W. Wolff, R. Mulvaney, and K. Oates, “The location of impurities in Antarctic ice,” Ann. Glaciol. 11, 194-197 (1988).
58. E. W. Wolff and J. G. Paren, “A two-phase model of electrical conduction in polar ice sheets,” J. Geophys. Res. 89, 9433-9438 (1984).
59. J. R. Wait, “Scattering of a plane wave from a circular dielectric cylinder at oblique incidence,” Can. J. Phys. 33, 189-195 (1955).