The code of honour and its critics: The opposition to duelling in England, 1700–1850

Social History

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 1980, Pages 409-434

  Andrew, Donna T ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038997816     PISSN: 03071022     EISSN: 14701200     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03071028008567487     Document Type: Article

References (187)

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2. The Gentleman’s Magazine (henceforth GM), I (1835), 312.
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5. Robert Baldick, The Duel (1965).
6. The Anti-Jacobin (1805)
7. Muriel Jaeger, Before Victoria (1956), 47.
8. The Times, 4 January 1791
9. The Times of 18 March 1844
10. George III (Parliamentary Register, 14 March 1844).
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21. Fawcett replied in the approved fashion, ‘What is it to you! It is an accident!’ The Times (3 July 1843), 5.
22. Chaworth was reported to tell his uncle just before his death ‘that he died as a man of honour’. Annual Register of World Events (henceforth AR) (1765), 212.
23. Bishop Burnet’s censure of a duel for ‘neglecting the Rules of Art’.
24. Edinburgh Review (henceforth ER) (1814), 74.
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35. Defoe, Apology, 8–9.
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40. GM (1789), 14–15.
41. Bernard Mandeville, Fable of the Bees (2nd edn, 1723), 244.
42. Jonathan Swift’s facetious approval of duelling in ‘A treatise on good manners and goodbreeding’, quoted in AR (1762), 166.
43. A. A. Luce and T. E. Jessop (eds), Alciphron, The Works, 9 vols. (1950), III, 112.
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74. Mandeville, Enquiry, 65.
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78. GM (1789), 14–15.
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80. Moore’s Treatise on Duelling.
81. Wilberforce’s A Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System of Professing Christians in the Higher and Middle Classes (1797)
82. Hannah More’s Estimate of the Religion of the Fashionable World
83. Rowland Ingram’s Reflections on Duelling (1804)
84. The Duellist (1822)
85. Report of the Association for the Discouragement of Duelling (1844)
86. Thoughts on Duelling and its Abolition (1844).
87. NMM (1809), 224.
88. Ingram, Reflections, 18;
89. NMM (1819), II, 416.
90. Hanway, Defects of Police, 16–17;
91. Thoughts on Duelling, 29.
92. Ingram, Reflections, 14–17;
93. Moore, Treatise, 255;
94. Blackwoods Magazine (henceforth BM) (1827), 232.
95. Moore, Treatise, 267
96. Ingram, Reflections, 63;
97. Paley, Principles, 273.
98. Wilberforce, Practical View, 224.
99. The Duellist, 136;
100. Ingram, Reflections, 87;
101. BM (1827), 232;
102. GM (1789), 687.
103. John Bennett, A Discourse Against the Fatal Practice of Duelling (Manchester, 1783), 8–10, 133 and 167.
104. ER (1844), 435.
105. Bennett, Discourse, 8–10;
106. The Duellist, 112;
107. BM (1827), 232;
108. GM (1788), 1039–40;
109. NMM (1819), 291 (1820), I, 28 and (1819), II, 415–17.
110. Isaac Kramnick, The Rage of Edmund Burke (New York, 1977)
111. The Duellist, 115.
112. Granville Sharp, Remarks … On Manslaughter and Murder (1773), lv.
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114. Hanway, Defects of Police, 15;
115. Thomas Scott, An Estimate of the Religious Character and State of Great Britain (1793), 26;
116. GM (1807), 829
117. BM (1827), 233.
118. Sharp, Remarks, xv;
119. The Duellist, 104;
120. BM (1827), 233;
121. GM (1781), II, 7;
122. GM (1795), 385 and (1810), 39.
123. ER (1842), 451.
124. Parliamentary Register, 11 March 1843.
125. ER (1814), 74.
126. Edmund Burke, Works (16 vols., 1803), VIII, Thoughts on the Regicide Peace, 172;
127. [William Eden], Principles of Penal Law (1771), 224;
128. Jackson, Thirty Letters, 22–3;
129. Moore, Treatise, 249–50;
130. Paley, Principles, 275, Thoughts on Duelling, 33;
131. The Duellist, 152.
132. Bennett, Discourse, 8–10.
133. The Duellist, 152.
134. The Duellist, 22.
135. Moore, Treatise, 278
136. Moore, Treatise, 278.
137. Wilberforce, Practical View, 220.
138. Ingram, Reflections, 69.
139. Wilberforce, Practical View, 233.
140. Thoughts on Commerce & Liberty (1784), 18.
141. Moore, Treatise, 227.
142. ER (1844), 435, 440.
143. ER (1844), 447.
144. GM (1789), 686.
145. Mandeville remarked that ‘Fortitude is the first of the four Cardinal Virtues’. Enquiry, 45.
146. Defoe agreed: ‘Contempt of Death is in itself justly esteemed the most exalted of all Virtues’, Apology for the Army, 13.
147. Parliamentary Register, 14 March 1844, 1034.
148. Moore, Treatise, 269.
149. Thoughts on Duelling (Cambridge, 1773), 12–13.
150. Thoughts on Commerce, 18.
151. William Allen (ed.), The Philanthropist, v, 187.
152. S.T. in An Address to the Guardian Society (1817)
153. Wilberforce’s Practical View.
154. Perkin, The Origins, 230, 294.
155. Thomas Gisborne, in his Duties, who was among the first writers to use the term ‘middle class’.
156. Asa Briggs, ‘The language of class’ in Asa Briggs and John Saville (eds), Essays in Labour History (1960).
157. The Times, 7 July 1843;
158. Wilberforce, Practical View, 220;
159. Parliamentary Register, LXXIII, 11 March 1844, 839;
160. The Times, 5 August 1843;
161. The Duellist, 115;
162. Thoughts on Duelling and its Abolition, 7.
163. ER (1844), 451.
164. Marx and Engels, The German Ideology (1965), 61–2.
165. NMM (1820), 30.
166. The Duellist, 107–8.
167. Benjamin H. Malkin, Essays on Subjects Connected with Civilization (1795), 231.
168. The Times, 27 March 1869.
169. James Mill, Westminster Review (October 1824), quoted in Briggs, ‘The language of class’, 55.
170. ER (1844), 440.
171. Richard Solway, ‘Reform or ruin: English moral thought during the first French Revolution’, The Review of Politics (January 1963).
172. GM (1787), 715.
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174. The Times, 5 August 1843, 6.
175. The Times, 22 May 1839, 5.
176. The Times, 24 November 1835, 5.
177. The Times, 7 June 1833, 3
178. Charles Dickens, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club.
179. The Times, 11 July 1843, 7.
180. Marx and Engels, The German Ideology, 61.
181. GM (1810), II, 39.
182. AR (1812), 147;
183. GM (1838), 538.
184. NMM (1818), 291.
185. Jeremy Bentham, Works, ed. John Bowring (II vols., New York, 1962), vol. I, Principles of Penal Law, 381–2.
186. Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family (New York, 1978), 235;
187. Thompson, ‘Eighteenthcentury English society’, 164.