The American Woman series: Gender and class in the Ladies' Home Journal, 1897

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 75, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 243-262

  Kitch, Carolyn ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0038980891     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909807500202     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Helen Hale, "Hints to Young but Ambitious Artists: From Some of the Most Famous Women Illustrators," Chicago Examiner, 22 January 1906, n.p., in Elizabeth Shippen Green Elliott Collection, Microfilm Roll P5, Archives of the American Academy of Art, Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC).
2. Untitled editorial promotion, The Ladies' Home Journal, December 1896, n.p. [unnumbered page inside front cover].
3. This is my conservative estimate based on figures from John Tebbel and Mary Ellen Zuckerman, who listed the Journal's circulation at 800,000 in 1900 and 900,000 in 1902; it would reach a million in 1903 (The Magazine in America, 1741-1990 [New York: Oxford University Press, 1991], 96).
4. This is my conservative estimate based on figures from John Tebbel and Mary Ellen Zuckerman, who listed the Journal's circulation at 800,000 in 1900 and 900,000 in 1902; it would reach a million in 1903 (The Magazine in America, 1741-1990 [New York: Oxford University Press, 1991], 96).
5. Beginning in the 1840s, Godey's Lady's Book, an upscale women's fashion magazine, regularly ran interior illustrations, made by a steelengraving process and hand colored. Other magazines to use illustrations during the mid-nineteenth-century included Harper's New Monthly, Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, Putnam's Monthly Magazine, and Scribner's. Yet the printing technologies necessary to reproduce high-quality artwork (Stephens' series was done initially as oil paintings) on a massive scale were developed only in the 1880s and 1890s, with the introduction of halftone photoengraving and the rotary press. On another level, during the 1890s the Journal gained an unprecedentedly national audience thanks to a combination of demographic factors (increasing population from immigration), economic factors (a low cover price of 10 cents, subsidized by advertising revenue), and distribution factors (particularly an 1885 postal law reducing the rate for second-class mail). For more on the changing nature of the magazine business and its audiences, and the emergence of modern magazine illustration, during this era, see: James J. Best, American Popular Illustration: A Reference Guide (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984); Amy Janello and Brennon Jones, The American Magazine (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1991); Susan E. Meyer, America's Great Illustrators (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1978); and Tebbel and Zuckerman, The Magazine in America.
6. Beginning in the 1840s, Godey's Lady's Book, an upscale women's fashion magazine, regularly ran interior illustrations, made by a steelengraving process and hand colored. Other magazines to use illustrations during the mid-nineteenth-century included Harper's New Monthly, Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, Putnam's Monthly Magazine, and Scribner's. Yet the printing technologies necessary to reproduce high-quality artwork (Stephens' series was done initially as oil paintings) on a massive scale were developed only in the 1880s and 1890s, with the introduction of halftone photoengraving and the rotary press. On another level, during the 1890s the Journal gained an unprecedentedly national audience thanks to a combination of demographic factors (increasing population from immigration), economic factors (a low cover price of 10 cents, subsidized by advertising revenue), and distribution factors (particularly an 1885 postal law reducing the rate for second-class mail). For more on the changing nature of the magazine business and its audiences, and the emergence of modern magazine illustration, during this era, see: James J. Best, American Popular Illustration: A Reference Guide (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984); Amy Janello and Brennon Jones, The American Magazine (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1991); Susan E. Meyer, America's Great Illustrators (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1978); and Tebbel and Zuckerman, The Magazine in America.
7. Beginning in the 1840s, Godey's Lady's Book, an upscale women's fashion magazine, regularly ran interior illustrations, made by a steelengraving process and hand colored. Other magazines to use illustrations during the mid-nineteenth-century included Harper's New Monthly, Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, Putnam's Monthly Magazine, and Scribner's. Yet the printing technologies necessary to reproduce high-quality artwork (Stephens' series was done initially as oil paintings) on a massive scale were developed only in the 1880s and 1890s, with the introduction of halftone photoengraving and the rotary press. On another level, during the 1890s the Journal gained an unprecedentedly national audience thanks to a combination of demographic factors (increasing population from immigration), economic factors (a low cover price of 10 cents, subsidized by advertising revenue), and distribution factors (particularly an 1885 postal law reducing the rate for second-class mail). For more on the changing nature of the magazine business and its audiences, and the emergence of modern magazine illustration, during this era, see: James J. Best, American Popular Illustration: A Reference Guide (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984); Amy Janello and Brennon Jones, The American Magazine (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1991); Susan E. Meyer, America's Great Illustrators (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1978); and Tebbel and Zuckerman, The Magazine in America.
8. Beginning in the 1840s, Godey's Lady's Book, an upscale women's fashion magazine, regularly ran interior illustrations, made by a steelengraving process and hand colored. Other magazines to use illustrations during the mid-nineteenth-century included Harper's New Monthly, Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, Putnam's Monthly Magazine, and Scribner's. Yet the printing technologies necessary to reproduce high-quality artwork (Stephens' series was done initially as oil paintings) on a massive scale were developed only in the 1880s and 1890s, with the introduction of halftone photoengraving and the rotary press. On another level, during the 1890s the Journal gained an unprecedentedly national audience thanks to a combination of demographic factors (increasing population from immigration), economic factors (a low cover price of 10 cents, subsidized by advertising revenue), and distribution factors (particularly an 1885 postal law reducing the rate for second-class mail). For more on the changing nature of the magazine business and its audiences, and the emergence of modern magazine illustration, during this era, see: James J. Best, American Popular Illustration: A Reference Guide (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984); Amy Janello and Brennon Jones, The American Magazine (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1991); Susan E. Meyer, America's Great Illustrators (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1978); and Tebbel and Zuckerman, The Magazine in America.
9. Marion Marzolf, "American Studies - Ideas for Media Historians?" Journalism History 5 (spring 1978): 15.
10. Such a strategy draws on the groundwork of visual theorists Erwin Panofsky and E. H. Gombrich, the latter of whom called for an analytical process of "iconology, which investigates the function of images in allegory and symbolism" (Erwin Panofsky, Meaning in the Visual Arts [Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1955]; E. H. Gombrich, Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation [Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960], 9).
11. Such a strategy draws on the groundwork of visual theorists Erwin Panofsky and E. H. Gombrich, the latter of whom called for an analytical process of "iconology, which investigates the function of images in allegory and symbolism" (Erwin Panofsky, Meaning in the Visual Arts [Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1955]; E. H. Gombrich, Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation [Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960], 9).
12. Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 13.
13. Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 1995); and Helen Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions: Gender and Commerce in The Ladies' Home Journal and The Saturday Evening Post, 1880-1910 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994).
14. Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 1995); and Helen Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions: Gender and Commerce in The Ladies' Home Journal and The Saturday Evening Post, 1880-1910 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994).
15. Ellen Gruber Garvey, The Adman in the Parlor: Magazines and the Gendering of Consumer Culture, 1880s to 1910s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
16. Richard Ohmann, Selling Culture: Magazines, Markets, and Class at the Turn of the Century (London: Verso, 1996), 80. Ohmann's argument supports a broader body of literature on commercialism in this period, by scholars including Jackson Lears, Richard Wightman Fox, Susan Strasser, and Simon Bronner, who suggest that Americans saw possessions as a way to gain personal status - to assume a shared American identity - in the modern era. (Lears, Fables of Abundance; Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880-1980 [New York: Pantheon, 1983]; Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market [Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989]; and Simon J. Bronner, ed., Consuming Visions: Accumulation and Display of Goods in America, 1880-1920 [New York: W. W. Norton, 1989]).
17. Richard Ohmann, Selling Culture: Magazines, Markets, and Class at the Turn of the Century (London: Verso, 1996), 80. Ohmann's argument supports a broader body of literature on commercialism in this period, by scholars including Jackson Lears, Richard Wightman Fox, Susan Strasser, and Simon Bronner, who suggest that Americans saw possessions as a way to gain personal status - to assume a shared American identity - in the modern era. (Lears, Fables of Abundance; Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880-1980 [New York: Pantheon, 1983]; Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market [Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989]; and Simon J. Bronner, ed., Consuming Visions: Accumulation and Display of Goods in America, 1880-1920 [New York: W. W. Norton, 1989]).
18. Richard Ohmann, Selling Culture: Magazines, Markets, and Class at the Turn of the Century (London: Verso, 1996), 80. Ohmann's argument supports a broader body of literature on commercialism in this period, by scholars including Jackson Lears, Richard Wightman Fox, Susan Strasser, and Simon Bronner, who suggest that Americans saw possessions as a way to gain personal status - to assume a shared American identity - in the modern era. (Lears, Fables of Abundance; Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880-1980 [New York: Pantheon, 1983]; Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market [Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989]; and Simon J. Bronner, ed., Consuming Visions: Accumulation and Display of Goods in America, 1880-1920 [New York: W. W. Norton, 1989]).
19. Richard Ohmann, Selling Culture: Magazines, Markets, and Class at the Turn of the Century (London: Verso, 1996), 80. Ohmann's argument supports a broader body of literature on commercialism in this period, by scholars including Jackson Lears, Richard Wightman Fox, Susan Strasser, and Simon Bronner, who suggest that Americans saw possessions as a way to gain personal status - to assume a shared American identity - in the modern era. (Lears, Fables of Abundance; Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880-1980 [New York: Pantheon, 1983]; Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market [Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989]; and Simon J. Bronner, ed., Consuming Visions: Accumulation and Display of Goods in America, 1880-1920 [New York: W. W. Norton, 1989]).
20. Richard Ohmann, Selling Culture: Magazines, Markets, and Class at the Turn of the Century (London: Verso, 1996), 80. Ohmann's argument supports a broader body of literature on commercialism in this period, by scholars including Jackson Lears, Richard Wightman Fox, Susan Strasser, and Simon Bronner, who suggest that Americans saw possessions as a way to gain personal status - to assume a shared American identity - in the modern era. (Lears, Fables of Abundance; Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880-1980 [New York: Pantheon, 1983]; Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market [Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989]; and Simon J. Bronner, ed., Consuming Visions: Accumulation and Display of Goods in America, 1880-1920 [New York: W. W. Norton, 1989]).
21. Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 217.
22. Miles Orvell, The Real Thing: Imitation and Authenticity in American Culture, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 49-50.
23. Ohmann, Selling Culture, 174, 224, 34, 249.
24. Matthew Schneirov has also examined the role of mass-circulation magazines in the construction of a new kind of American social identity during this era (The Dream of a New Social Order: Popular Magazines in America [New York: Columbia University Press, 1994]).
25. Barbara Welter, Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1976), 21. Scholars have since challenged the historical reality of this ideal; see, for instance, Mary P. Ryan, Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).
26. Barbara Welter, Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1976), 21. Scholars have since challenged the historical reality of this ideal; see, for instance, Mary P. Ryan, Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).
27. Karen J. Blair, The Torchbearers: Women and their Amateur Arts Associations in America, 1890-1930 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 12.
28. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 245.
29. Robyn Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1935 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Kathryn Kish Sklar, "The Historical Foundations of Women's Power in the Creation of the American Welfare State, 1830-1930," in Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States, ed. Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); and Molly Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work: Women, Child Welfare, and the State, 1890-1930 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994).
30. Robyn Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1935 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Kathryn Kish Sklar, "The Historical Foundations of Women's Power in the Creation of the American Welfare State, 1830-1930," in Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States, ed. Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); and Molly Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work: Women, Child Welfare, and the State, 1890-1930 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994).
31. Robyn Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1935 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Kathryn Kish Sklar, "The Historical Foundations of Women's Power in the Creation of the American Welfare State, 1830-1930," in Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States, ed. Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); and Molly Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work: Women, Child Welfare, and the State, 1890-1930 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994).
32. Nancy F. Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).
33. Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985).
34. Including industry overviews such as Tebbel and Zuckerman, The Magazine in America; reference works focusing on institutional history, such as the well-used series by Frank Luther Mott (A History of American Magazines, 5 vols. [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957]); and biographies or autobiographies of editors of the era.
35. Including industry overviews such as Tebbel and Zuckerman, The Magazine in America; reference works focusing on institutional history, such as the well-used series by Frank Luther Mott (A History of American Magazines, 5 vols. [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957]); and biographies or autobiographies of editors of the era.
36. By 1907, according to Tebbel and Zuckerman (The Magazine in America, 141), advertising accounted for half of all pages in the average mass-circulation magazine.
37. See note 4.
38. Ohmann, Selling Culture, ch. 2 and 4; Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions, 2; and Tebbel and Zuckerman, The Magazine in America, 57, 68. Circulation figures for this era are based on publishers' claims; magazine circulations would not be audited until the Audit Bureau of Circulations was founded in 1914 ( Tebbel and Zuckerman, 68).
39. Ohmann, Selling Culture, ch. 2 and 4; Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions, 2; and Tebbel and Zuckerman, The Magazine in America, 57, 68. Circulation figures for this era are based on publishers' claims; magazine circulations would not be audited until the Audit Bureau of Circulations was founded in 1914 (Tebbel and Zuckerman, 68).
40. Ohmann, Selling Culture, ch. 2 and 4; Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions, 2; and Tebbel and Zuckerman, The Magazine in America, 57, 68. Circulation figures for this era are based on publishers' claims; magazine circulations would not be audited until the Audit Bureau of Circulations was founded in 1914 (Tebbel and Zuckerman, 68).
41. Cosmopolitan was then a literary/general-interest periodical.
42. Miles Orvell makes this observation in After the Machine (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995), 175.
43. In Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), Lawrence Levine argues that the distinction between high and low culture has always concerned not just aesthetic but also political (class) issues.
44. Marchand, Advertising the American Dream, 217-18.
45. Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed, 91; Janello and Jones, The American Magazine, 232. Godey's Lady's Book folded in 1898.
46. Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed, 91; Janello and Jones, The American Magazine, 232. Godey's Lady's Book folded in 1898.
47. Ohmann, Selling Culture, 28.
48. Edward Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok: The Autobiography of a Dutch Boy Fifty Years After (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1920), 163. Bok was not the Journal's first editor; for its first six years of existence, 1883 to 1889, it was edited by Louisa Knapp Curtis, wife of publisher Cyrus Curtis.
49. Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions, 71.
50. Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok, 169-71. "Ruth Ashmore," initially Bok himself and then Mallon, was probably the first advice columnist in a mass-circulation magazine: in what would later be "Dear Abby" style, she answered readers' queries on subjects ranging from etiquette to psychology.
51. Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings, 2.
52. Additional biographical and professional information on Alice Barber Stephens can be found in: Ann Barton Brown, "Alice Barber Stephens: A Pioneer Women Illustrator" [exhibition catalog] 17 March to 20 May 1984 Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1984); "The Pennsylvania Academy and Its Women, 1850 to 1920" [exhibition catalog] 3 May to 16 June 1973 (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts); "Women Artists in the Howard Pyle Tradition" [exhibition catalog] 6 September to 23 November 1975 (Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1975); "Alice Barber Stephens, Illustrator," Woman's Progress 2 (November 1893): 49-53; and Walt Reed, The Illustrator in America, 1900-1960s (New York: Reinhold, 1966).
53. Additional biographical and professional information on Alice Barber Stephens can be found in: Ann Barton Brown, "Alice Barber Stephens: A Pioneer Women Illustrator" [exhibition catalog] 17 March to 20 May 1984 (Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1984); "The Pennsylvania Academy and Its Women, 1850 to 1920" [exhibition catalog] 3 May to 16 June 1973 (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts); "Women Artists in the Howard Pyle Tradition" [exhibition catalog] 6 September to 23 November 1975 (Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1975); "Alice Barber Stephens, Illustrator," Woman's Progress 2 (November 1893): 49-53; and Walt Reed, The Illustrator in America, 1900-1960s (New York: Reinhold, 1966).
54. Additional biographical and professional information on Alice Barber Stephens can be found in: Ann Barton Brown, "Alice Barber Stephens: A Pioneer Women Illustrator" [exhibition catalog] 17 March to 20 May 1984 Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1984); "The Pennsylvania Academy and Its Women, 1850 to 1920" [exhibition catalog] 3 May to 16 June 1973 (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts); "Women Artists in the Howard Pyle Tradition" [exhibition catalog] 6 September to 23 November 1975 (Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1975); "Alice Barber Stephens, Illustrator," Woman's Progress 2 (November 1893): 49-53; and Walt Reed, The Illustrator in America, 1900-1960s (New York: Reinhold, 1966).
55. Additional biographical and professional information on Alice Barber Stephens can be found in: Ann Barton Brown, "Alice Barber Stephens: A Pioneer Women Illustrator" [exhibition catalog] 17 March to 20 May 1984 Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1984); "The Pennsylvania Academy and Its Women, 1850 to 1920" [exhibition catalog] 3 May to 16 June 1973 (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts); "Women Artists in the Howard Pyle Tradition" [exhibition catalog] 6 September to 23 November 1975 (Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1975); "Alice Barber Stephens, Illustrator," Woman's Progress 2 (November 1893): 49-53; and Walt Reed, The Illustrator in America, 1900-1960s (New York: Reinhold, 1966).
56. Additional biographical and professional information on Alice Barber Stephens can be found in: Ann Barton Brown, "Alice Barber Stephens: A Pioneer Women Illustrator" [exhibition catalog] 17 March to 20 May 1984 Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1984); "The Pennsylvania Academy and Its Women, 1850 to 1920" [exhibition catalog] 3 May to 16 June 1973 (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts); "Women Artists in the Howard Pyle Tradition" [exhibition catalog] 6 September to 23 November 1975 (Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1975); "Alice Barber Stephens, Illustrator," Woman's Progress 2 (November 1893): 49-53; and Walt Reed, The Illustrator in America, 1900-1960s (New York: Reinhold, 1966).
57. Additional biographical and professional information on Alice Barber Stephens can be found in: Ann Barton Brown, "Alice Barber Stephens: A Pioneer Women Illustrator" [exhibition catalog] 17 March to 20 May 1984 Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1984); "The Pennsylvania Academy and Its Women, 1850 to 1920" [exhibition catalog] 3 May to 16 June 1973 (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts); "Women Artists in the Howard Pyle Tradition" [exhibition catalog] 6 September to 23 November 1975 (Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1975); "Alice Barber Stephens, Illustrator," Woman's Progress 2 (November 1893): 49-53; and Walt Reed, The Illustrator in America, 1900-1960s (New York: Reinhold, 1966).
58. Hale, "Hints to Young but Ambitious Artists," n. p.
59. As characterized by Walt Reed, The Illustrator in America, 37.
60. This is "the old" Life, a humor magazine.
61. Harry Goldberg, "Art Means Pursuit of Beauty Says Alice Barber Stephens," The Philadelphia Press Fiction Magazine, 26 September 1915, 1, quoted in Brown, "Alice Barber Stephens," 31-32.
62. Harry Goldberg, "Art Means Pursuit of Beauty Says Alice Barber Stephens," The Philadelphia Press Fiction Magazine, 26 September 1915, 1, quoted in Brown, "Alice Barber Stephens," 31-32.
63. Stephens was accordingly well-paid for this work, earning $125 for each of the six illustrations; by comparison, Charles Dana Gibson, probably the most famous and sought-after illustrator of the 1890s, had been paid $150 for each of a series of eleven interior drawings he did for the Journal the previous year (financial records d. 14 July 1896, Curtis Publishing Company Records, Special Collections Department, Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Coll. 51).
64. "On Being 'Old-Fashioned'" [editorial], The Ladies' Home Journal [hereafter referred to in notes as LHJ], September 1897, 14.
65. "Of a Personal Nature, by the Editors," LHJ, March 1897, 28, and February 1897, 26; Dr. Gustav Gottheil, "The Jewess as She Was and Is," December 1897, 21.
66. "Of a Personal Nature, by the Editors," LHJ, March 1897, 28, and February 1897, 26; Dr. Gustav Gottheil, "The Jewess as She Was and Is," December 1897, 21.
67. Ruth Ashmore, "What to Expect from a Young Man," LHJ, June 1897, 22.
68. Prof. A. S. Isaacs, "These Long Evenings in the Home," LHJ, January 1897, 18; "Droch's Literary Talks" (various issues); "Of a Personal Nature, by the Editors," January 1897, 27.
69. Prof. A. S. Isaacs, "These Long Evenings in the Home," LHJ, January 1897, 18; "Droch's Literary Talks" (various issues); "Of a Personal Nature, by the Editors," January 1897, 27.
70. Prof. A. S. Isaacs, "These Long Evenings in the Home," LHJ, January 1897, 18; "Droch's Literary Talks" (various issues); "Of a Personal Nature, by the Editors," January 1897, 27.
71. Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok, 376.
72. "The Gossip of the Editors," LHJ, October 1897, 36, and November 1897, 40.
73. For more on the cultural importance of pianos in nineteenth-century American life, see Arthur Loesser's Men, Women and Pianos (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954).
74. Elisabeth Robinson Scovil, "Suggestions for Mothers," LHJ, September 1897, 30; ads appearing in the March, April, September, and December 1897 issues; "Of a Personal Nature, by the Editors," May 1897, 36.
75. Elisabeth Robinson Scovil, "Suggestions for Mothers," LHJ, September 1897, 30; ads appearing in the March, April, September, and December 1897 issues; "Of a Personal Nature, by the Editors," May 1897, 36.
76. Ruth Ashmore, "The Social Position of the Girl Who Works," LHJ, December 1897, 28.
77. Isabel A. Mallon, "The Gowns to be Worn this Winter," LHJ, September 1897, 35.
78. For instance, Sarah Tyson Rorer, "Handling the Family Wash," LHJ, November 1897, 22; "Mrs. Rorer's Household Council," June 1897, 24; "Small Leakages of a Household" and "Mrs. Rorer's Cooking Lessons," September 1897, 24, 25.
79. For instance, Sarah Tyson Rorer, "Handling the Family Wash," LHJ, November 1897, 22; "Mrs. Rorer's Household Council," June 1897, 24; "Small Leakages of a Household" and "Mrs. Rorer's Cooking Lessons," September 1897, 24, 25.
80. For instance, Sarah Tyson Rorer, "Handling the Family Wash," LHJ, November 1897, 22; "Mrs. Rorer's Household Council," June 1897, 24; "Small Leakages of a Household" and "Mrs. Rorer's Cooking Lessons," September 1897, 24, 25.
81. For instance, Sarah Tyson Rorer, "Handling the Family Wash," LHJ, November 1897, 22; "Mrs. Rorer's Household Council," June 1897, 24; "Small Leakages of a Household" and "Mrs. Rorer's Cooking Lessons," September 1897, 24, 25.
82. These articles appeared in the February, March, April, July, September, and December 1897 issues of the Journal. According to Margaret Marsh's Suburban Lives (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990, 94), the average cost of a home and lot in Philadelphia was about $3,000 in 1895. Thousands of the houses described in this editorial series were actually built by readers, becoming known as "Ladies' Home Journal houses" (Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok, 242).
83. These articles appeared in the February, March, April, July, September, and December 1897 issues of the Journal. According to Margaret Marsh's Suburban Lives (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990, 94), the average cost of a home and lot in Philadelphia was about $3,000 in 1895. Thousands of the houses described in this editorial series were actually built by readers, becoming known as "Ladies' Home Journal houses" (Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok, 242).
84. Ruth Ashmore, "Side-Talks with Girls," LHJ, from issues throughout 1897.
85. "The Gossip of the Editors," LHJ, October 1897, 36, and September 1897, 36.
86. Ads appearing in the February, May, November, and March 1897 issues of the Journal.
87. "Droch's Literary Talks," LHJ, September 1897, 15; "Of a Personal Nature, by the Editors," May 1897, 36; Stephen Fiske, "When the Prince of Wales Was in America," January 1897, 3-4.
88. "Droch's Literary Talks," LHJ, September 1897, 15; "Of a Personal Nature, by the Editors," May 1897, 36; Stephen Fiske, "When the Prince of Wales Was in America," January 1897, 3-4.
89. "Droch's Literary Talks," LHJ, September 1897, 15; "Of a Personal Nature, by the Editors," May 1897, 36; Stephen Fiske, "When the Prince of Wales Was in America," January 1897, 3-4.
90. William George Jordan, "The Greatest Nation on Earth," and Marion van Riper Palmer, "The Women's Patriotic Societies," LHJ, July 1897, 7-8, 10.
91. William George Jordan, "The Greatest Nation on Earth," and Marion van Riper Palmer, "The Women's Patriotic Societies," LHJ, July 1897, 7-8, 10.
92. Daniel C. Beard, "In Camp and on House-Boat," LHJ, May 1897, 17; ads appearing in the January, March, May, June, and September 1897 issues of the Journal.
93. Ads appearing in the February and March 1897 issues of the Journal.
94. "Breaking Down the Fences" [editorial], LHJ, August 1897, 14.
95. Editorial, LHJ, April 1893, quoted in Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions, 92.
96. Editorial, LHJ, April 1893, quoted in Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions, 92.
97. For more on the gendered nature of department stores, see Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986); William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1993); Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed; and Neil Harris, "Museums, Merchandising, and Popular Taste," in Material Culture and the Study of American Life, ed. Ian M. G. Quimby (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978).
98. For more on the gendered nature of department stores, see Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986); William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1993); Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed; and Neil Harris, "Museums, Merchandising, and Popular Taste," in Material Culture and the Study of American Life, ed. Ian M. G. Quimby (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978).
99. For more on the gendered nature of department stores, see Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986); William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1993); Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed; and Neil Harris, "Museums, Merchandising, and Popular Taste," in Material Culture and the Study of American Life, ed. Ian M. G. Quimby (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978).
100. For more on the gendered nature of department stores, see Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986); William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1993); Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed; and Neil Harris, "Museums, Merchandising, and Popular Taste," in Material Culture and the Study of American Life, ed. Ian M. G. Quimby (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978).
101. Ohmann, Selling Culture, 271-72.
102. Editorial, LHJ, April 1893, quoted in Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions, 92.
103. Editorial, LHJ, April 1893, quoted in Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions, 92.
104. Peiss, Cheap Amusements, 38.
105. Benson, Counter Cultures, 23, 143; Leach, Land of Desire, 121.
106. Benson, Counter Cultures, 23, 143; Leach, Land of Desire, 121.
107. Peiss, Cheap Amusements, 38-39; Benson, Counter Cultures, 209.
108. Peiss, Cheap Amusements, 38-39; Benson, Counter Cultures, 209.
109. "The Gossip of the Editors," LHJ, September 1897, 36.
110. Phebe Westcott Humphreys, "The Business Girl's Luncheon," LHJ, April 1897, 30; Ruth Ashmore, "The Social Position of the Girl Who Works," LHJ, December 1897, 28.
111. Phebe Westcott Humphreys, "The Business Girl's Luncheon," LHJ, April 1897, 30; Ruth Ashmore, "The Social Position of the Girl Who Works," LHJ, December 1897, 28.
112. Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions, 106.
113. Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings.