Path dependency and political action: Reexamining responses to the depression

Comparative Politics

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 379-400

  Berman, Sheri ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0038969177     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422330     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. This assessment does not hold for explanations of the period's overall political outcomes. See Sheri Berman, Ideas and Politics: Social Democracy in Interwar Europe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, forthcoming).
2. Herbert Kitschelt, The Transformation of European Social Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 265.
3. Douglass North, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 100.
4. Birgir Simonson, Socialdemokratien och maktövertagendet (Göteborg: Göteborgs bokslagen, 1985), p. 154.
5. Branting (1886), in Alvar Alsterdal and Ove Sandel, eds., Hjalmar Branting (Stockholm: Prisma, 1970), pp. 25-26.
6. Branting, in Alsterdal and Sandel, eds., p. 72.
7. Quoted in Från Palm till Palme (Stockholm: Raben och Sjögren, 1972), pp. 38-39.
8. Sven-Olof Håkansson, Svenska valprogram, 1902-1952 (Göteborg: Göteborgs Universitet, 1959).
9. Axel Danielsson, Arbetet, Nov. 27, 1894.
10. Hansson, in Anna Lisa Berkling, ed., Från Fram till folkhemmet (Stockholm: Metodica, 1982), pp. 227-30.
11. Ibid, p. 198.
12. Ibid, pp. 32, 189, 207.
13. Gustav Möller, "Den sociala revolutionen," Tiden (1918), 243.
14. Nils Karleby, Socialism inför verkligheten (Stockholm: Tiden, 1976 [1926]), p. VII.
15. Rickard Lindström, "Bor socialdemokratiska partietsprogramm revideras," Tiden (1928), 154-55.
16. Karleby, pp. 83, 85.
17. Timothy Tilton, The Political Theory of Swedish Social Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 82.
18. See Otto Steiger, Studien zur Entstehung der Neuen Wirtschaftslehre in Schweden (Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1971); and Karl-Gustav Landgren, Den "nya" ekonomien i Sverige (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wicksell, 1960).
19. See Otto Steiger, Studien zur Entstehung der Neuen Wirtschaftslehre in Schweden (Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1971); and Karl-Gustav Landgren, Den "nya" ekonomien i Sverige (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wicksell, 1960).
20. . Ernst Wigforss, Minnen II 1914-1932 (Stockholm: Tiden, 1951), p. 350.
21. Ernst Wigforss, Andra Kammars Protokoll, 47 (1930), 24.
22. . Protokoll från Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Arbetarpartis Fjortonde Kongress, March 18-23, 1932 (Tiden, 1932), pp. 6-9.
23. Ibid, p. 475.
24. Social-Demokraten, Sept. 15, 1932.
25. Wigforss, Minnen, p. 54.
26. . Har vi råd att arbeta? (Tiden, 1932), p. 21.
27. Olle Nyman, Krisuppgörelsen mellan Socialdemokraterna och Bondeförbundet (Uppsala: Almqvist & Wicksell, 1944).
28. Arthur Montgomery, How Sweden Overcame the Depression (Stockholm: Bonniers, 1938).
29. Gunnar Myrdal, "Tiden och partiet," Tiden, 1 (1945).
30. Work creation programs did not dull the desire for a national system of unemployment insurance, which was instituted in 1927.
31. Paul Kampffmeyer, "Schrittweise Sozialisierung oder gewaltsame Sprengung der kapitalistischen Wirtschaftsordnung," Sozialistische Monatshefte, 10 (1899), 466.
32. Klaus Novy, Strategien der Sozialisierung (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 1978), p. 16.
33. Karl Kautsky, Der Weg zur Macht (Berlin: 1920), p. 57.
34. Vernon Lidtke, The Outlawed Party (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966).
35. Erich Matthias, "Kautsky und der Kautskyanismus," Marxismusstudien, 2 (1957), 193.
36. Massimo Salvadori, Karl Kautsky (London: NLB, 1975), pp. 165-66.
37. This shift was due at least partially to the reunification of the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) with the SPD in 1922, thus strengthening the left wing of the party.
38. Robert Gates, "The Economic Policies of the German Free Trade Unions and the German Social Democratic Party, 1930-1933" (Ph.D. diss., University of Oregon, 1970), p. 78.
39. Protokoll der Verhandlungen des 12. Kongresses der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands (Breslau: 1925), p. 231.
40. Protokoll über die Verhandlungen des Sozialdemokratischen Parteitag, Leipzig, 1931 (Berlin: J. H. W. Dietz, 1974), pp. 45-46.
41. Friedrich Stampfer, Die ersten 14 Jahren der Deutschen Republik (Offenbach: Bollwerk, 1947), p. 634.
42. Michael Schneider, Die Arbeitsbeschaffungsprogramm des ADGB (Bonn: Neue Gesellschaft, 1975).
43. Wladimir Woytinsky, "Sozialistische Wirtschaftspolitik heißt heute Arbeitsbeschaffung," Leipziger Volkszeitung, Mar. 21, 1932.
44. Gerhard Kroll, Von der Weltwirtschaftskrise zur Staatskonjunktur (Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1958); and G. Bombach, H. J. Ramser, M. Timmermann, and W. Wittmann, eds., Der Keynesianismus (Berlin: Springer, 1976), esp. vol. 3.
45. Gerhard Kroll, Von der Weltwirtschaftskrise zur Staatskonjunktur (Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1958); and G. Bombach, H. J. Ramser, M. Timmermann, and W. Wittmann, eds., Der Keynesianismus (Berlin: Springer, 1976), esp. vol. 3.
46. Wladimir Woytinsky, "Arbeitsbeschaffung und keine Inflationsgefähr," Die Arbeit, 3 (March 1932), 153.
47. "Raus aus dem Engpaß," Deutsche Metallarbeiter Zeitung, Feb. 27, 1932.
48. Hilferding appears in Woytinsky's memoirs as the villain of the SPD and the main cause of the WTB plan's defeat. Wladimir Woytinsky, Stormy Passage (New York.: Vanguard Press, 1961) pp. 468-71.
49. Ibid.
50. See, for example, Wolfgang Luthardt, ed., Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterbewegung und Weimarer Republik, vol. 1 (Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1978), pp. 283-87.
51. Quoted in William Smaldone, "Rudolf Hilferding: The Tragedy of a German Social Democrat" (Ph.D. Diss., SUNY-Binghamton, 1989), p. 436. In order to counteract the appeal of the WTB plan Hilferding and others put forth a counterproposal known as the "Reorganization of the Economy" program. It declared that the time was ripe for a socialist planned economy; the program, in general, was characterized by relatively orthodox Marxist terminology.
52. Schneider, pp. 90-96.
53. For Strasser's speech see Bombach et al., eds., vol. 2, pp. 247-48; for Tarnow's comment, vol. 3, pp. 382-83.
54. Heinrich Winkler, Der Weg in die Katastrophe (Berlin. J. H. W. Dietz, 1987), p. 638.
55. Hertz-Eichenrode, pp. 50-52; and Hans Beyer, "Die Agrarkrise und das Ende der Weimarer Republik," Zeitschrift für Agrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie, 13 (April 1965).
56. Hertz-Eichenrode, pp. 50-52; and Hans Beyer, "Die Agrarkrise und das Ende der Weimarer Republik," Zeitschrift für Agrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie, 13 (April 1965).
57. F. Baade, "Arbeiternot ist Bauerntod," Vorwärts, Apr. 6, 1932; and Harri Bading, "Agrarpolitik und Arbeiterklasse," Sozialistisiche Monatshefte, 74 (1931).
58. F. Baade, "Arbeiternot ist Bauerntod," Vorwärts, Apr. 6, 1932; and Harri Bading, "Agrarpolitik und Arbeiterklasse," Sozialistisiche Monatshefte, 74 (1931).
59. Horst Gies, "The NSDAP and Agrarian Organizations in the Final Phase of the Weimar Republic," in Henry Turner, ed., Nazism and the Third Reich (New York: New Viewpoints, 1971).
60. Woytinsky, Stormy Passage, p. 471.
61. Peter Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); and Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
62. Peter Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); and Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
63. Margaret Weir and Theda Skocpol, "State Structures and the Possibilities for 'Keynesian' Responses to the Great Depression," in Peter Evans et al., eds., Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 125.
64. In other words, some institutional explanations fall into the "constant can not explain a variable" trap. Certain pseudo-corporatist institutions existed for many years in Sweden, making it difficult to attribute to them the sudden shift in political