Machiavelli and moral character: Principality, republic and the psychology of virtù

History of Political Thought

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2000, Pages

  Nederman, Cary J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

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EID: 0038957336     PISSN: 0143781X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (87)

1. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (2 vols., Cambridge, 1978), Vol. I, p. 131.
2. Anthony J. Parel, The Machiavellian Cosmos (New Haven, 1992), pp. 86, 87.
3. The literature attempting to disentangle the meaning of virtù in Machiavelli's work is notoriously large. Neal Wood is perhaps the scholar most responsible for raising the issue and offering an important (and still influential) systematic analysis in several articles, especially the classic 'Machiavelli's Concept of Virtù Reconsidered', Political Studies, XV (1967), pp. 159-72. Some of the interpretative problems have been carefully laid out by Russell Price, The Senses of Virtù in Machiavelli', European Studies Review, III (1973), pp. 315-45.
4. The literature attempting to disentangle the meaning of virtù in Machiavelli's work is notoriously large. Neal Wood is perhaps the scholar most responsible for raising the issue and offering an important (and still influential) systematic analysis in several articles, especially the classic 'Machiavelli's Concept of Virtù Reconsidered', Political Studies, XV (1967), pp. 159-72. Some of the interpretative problems have been carefully laid out by Russell Price, The Senses of Virtù in Machiavelli', European Studies Review, III (1973), pp. 315-45.
5. Two recent interesting attempts to evaluate the positive contribution of Machiavelli as a moral philosopher are: Terence Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince: Reflections on Machiavelli and Moral Change', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 521-36; and Nancy S. Struever, Theory as Practice: Ethical Inquiry in the Renaissance (Chicago, 1992), pp. 147-81.
6. Two recent interesting attempts to evaluate the positive contribution of Machiavelli as a moral philosopher are: Terence Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince: Reflections on Machiavelli and Moral Change', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 521-36; and Nancy S. Struever, Theory as Practice: Ethical Inquiry in the Renaissance (Chicago, 1992), pp. 147-81.
7. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, ed. H. Rackham (Cambridge MA, 1934), 1105b5-9.
8. A noteworthy recent exception is Janet Coleman, 'Machiavelli's Via Moderna: Medieval and Renaissance Attitudes to History', in Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince: New Interdisciplinary Essays, ed. M. Coyle (Manchester, 1995), pp. 40-64.
9. There has lately been a significant resurgence of interest among philosophers generally in character and moral psychology, with the result that Aristotle has returned to the fore on Anglo-American ethical discussion to a surprising extent. See N.J.H. Dent, The Moral Psychology of the Virtues (Cambridge, 1984); Nancy Sherman, The Fabric of Character: Aristotle's Theory of Virtue (Oxford, 1989); Gerard Verbeke, Moral Education in Aristotle (Washington, 1990); Owen Flanagan and Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology (Cambridge MA, 1990); and Joel Kupperman, Character (New York, 1991).
10. There has lately been a significant resurgence of interest among philosophers generally in character and moral psychology, with the result that Aristotle has returned to the fore on Anglo-American ethical discussion to a surprising extent. See N.J.H. Dent, The Moral Psychology of the Virtues (Cambridge, 1984); Nancy Sherman, The Fabric of Character: Aristotle's Theory of Virtue (Oxford, 1989); Gerard Verbeke, Moral Education in Aristotle (Washington, 1990); Owen Flanagan and Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology (Cambridge MA, 1990); and Joel Kupperman, Character (New York, 1991).
11. There has lately been a significant resurgence of interest among philosophers generally in character and moral psychology, with the result that Aristotle has returned to the fore on Anglo-American ethical discussion to a surprising extent. See N.J.H. Dent, The Moral Psychology of the Virtues (Cambridge, 1984); Nancy Sherman, The Fabric of Character: Aristotle's Theory of Virtue (Oxford, 1989); Gerard Verbeke, Moral Education in Aristotle (Washington, 1990); Owen Flanagan and Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology (Cambridge MA, 1990); and Joel Kupperman, Character (New York, 1991).
12. There has lately been a significant resurgence of interest among philosophers generally in character and moral psychology, with the result that Aristotle has returned to the fore on Anglo-American ethical discussion to a surprising extent. See N.J.H. Dent, The Moral Psychology of the Virtues (Cambridge, 1984); Nancy Sherman, The Fabric of Character: Aristotle's Theory of Virtue (Oxford, 1989); Gerard Verbeke, Moral Education in Aristotle (Washington, 1990); Owen Flanagan and Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology (Cambridge MA, 1990); and Joel Kupperman, Character (New York, 1991).
13. There has lately been a significant resurgence of interest among philosophers generally in character and moral psychology, with the result that Aristotle has returned to the fore on Anglo-American ethical discussion to a surprising extent. See N.J.H. Dent, The Moral Psychology of the Virtues (Cambridge, 1984); Nancy Sherman, The Fabric of Character: Aristotle's Theory of Virtue (Oxford, 1989); Gerard Verbeke, Moral Education in Aristotle (Washington, 1990); Owen Flanagan and Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology (Cambridge MA, 1990); and Joel Kupperman, Character (New York, 1991).
14. On the transmission and reception of Aristotelian moral psychology in medieval and Renaissance Europe, see: Cary J. Nederman, 'Nature, Ethics and the Doctrine of Habitus: Aristotelian Moral Psychology in the Twelfth Century', Traditio, XL (1989/1990), pp. 87-110; Cary J. Nederman, 'Aristotelian Ethics Before the Nicomachean Ethics: Sources of Aristotle's Concept of Virtue in the Twelfth Century', Parergon, n.s. VII (1989), pp. 55-75; and Charles B. Schmitt, 'Aristotle's Ethics in the Sixteenth Century: Some Preliminary Considerations', in C.B. Schmitt, The Aristotelian Tradition and Renaissance Universities (London, 1984), Sec. VII.
15. On the transmission and reception of Aristotelian moral psychology in medieval and Renaissance Europe, see: Cary J. Nederman, 'Nature, Ethics and the Doctrine of Habitus: Aristotelian Moral Psychology in the Twelfth Century', Traditio, XL (1989/1990), pp. 87-110; Cary J. Nederman, 'Aristotelian Ethics Before the Nicomachean Ethics: Sources of Aristotle's Concept of Virtue in the Twelfth Century', Parergon, n.s. VII (1989), pp. 55-75; and Charles B. Schmitt, 'Aristotle's Ethics in the Sixteenth Century: Some Preliminary Considerations', in C.B. Schmitt, The Aristotelian Tradition and Renaissance Universities (London, 1984), Sec. VII.
16. On the transmission and reception of Aristotelian moral psychology in medieval and Renaissance Europe, see: Cary J. Nederman, 'Nature, Ethics and the Doctrine of Habitus: Aristotelian Moral Psychology in the Twelfth Century', Traditio, XL (1989/1990), pp. 87-110; Cary J. Nederman, 'Aristotelian Ethics Before the Nicomachean Ethics: Sources of Aristotle's Concept of Virtue in the Twelfth Century', Parergon, n.s. VII (1989), pp. 55-75; and Charles B. Schmitt, 'Aristotle's Ethics in the Sixteenth Century: Some Preliminary Considerations', in C.B. Schmitt, The Aristotelian Tradition and Renaissance Universities (London, 1984), Sec. VII.
17. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1100b22-3, 25-9.
18. Ibid., 1100b11-19.
19. Ibid., 1105a29-32.
20. The most complete discussion of hexis is found in Aristotle's Categories, 8b-9a.
21. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1100b2-3.
22. Ibid., 1105a35-b1.
23. As has been documented by Nederman, 'Nature, Ethics and the Doctrine of Habitus', pp. 87-110.
24. St Augustine, De libero arbitrio, 2.52.
25. St Augustine, Confessions, 8.6.
26. See Joseph M. Christianson, 'Aquinas: The Necessity and Some Characteristics of the Habit of First Indemonstrable (Speculative) Principles', The New Scholasticism, LXII (1988), pp. 249-96; and Bernard Ryosuke Inagaki, 'Habitus and Natura in Aquinas', in' Studies in Medieval Philosophy, ed. J.F. Wippel (Washington, 1988), pp. 159-75.
27. See Joseph M. Christianson, 'Aquinas: The Necessity and Some Characteristics of the Habit of First Indemonstrable (Speculative) Principles', The New Scholasticism, LXII (1988), pp. 249-96; and Bernard Ryosuke Inagaki, 'Habitus and Natura in Aquinas', in' Studies in Medieval Philosophy, ed. J.F. Wippel (Washington, 1988), pp. 159-75.
28. 2, pp. 99-104 and 142-50. For the period between 1250 and 1350, see Oswald Fuchs, The Psychology of Habit According to William of Ockham (St Bonaventure NY, 1952), esp. pp. xii-xvii.
29. 2, pp. 99-104 and 142-50. For the period between 1250 and 1350, see Oswald Fuchs, The Psychology of Habit According to William of Ockham (St Bonaventure NY, 1952), esp. pp. xii-xvii.
30. Marsiglio of Padua, Defensor Pacis, ed. C.W. Previté-Orton (Cambridge, 1928), 1.7.1.
31. Ibid., 1.14.2.
32. Ibid., 1.15.7.
33. The Digest of Justinian, 1.1.
34. Azo, Summa Institutionum (Venice, 1610), 1.1.2.
35. Ibid., 1.1.1.
36. Ibid., 1.1.2.
37. For an elaboration of these themes, see Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton NJ, 1957), pp. 108, 137 and passim.
38. For example, see the discussion in Baldesar Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, trans. G. Bull (Harmondsworth, 1967), pp. 288-99.
39. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, ed. Q. Skinner and R. Price (Cambridge, 1988), Ch. 15, p. 54. While I have followed Price's translation throughout, I have checked it against the Italian original and have occasionally made emendations where necessary. The Italian edition I have consulted is that included in Niccolò Machiavelli, Tutte le Opere, ed. Mario Martelli (Florence, 1971).
40. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, ed. Q. Skinner and R. Price (Cambridge, 1988), Ch. 15, p. 54. While I have followed Price's translation throughout, I have checked it against the Italian original and have occasionally made emendations where necessary. The Italian edition I have consulted is that included in Niccolò Machiavelli, Tutte le Opere, ed. Mario Martelli (Florence, 1971).
41. Although Price does not discuss the matter directly in the critical apparatus of his translation of The Prince, Machiavelli's rough equivocation of the terms natura and qualità seems to explain the decision to translate both without differentiation as 'character'.
42. Machiavelli, The Prince, Ch. 17, p. 59.
43. See the excellent and balanced discussion in Sabastian de Grazia, Machiavelli in Hell (Princeton NJ, 1989), pp. 103-6.
44. Price has translated this letter in the appendix to his edition of The Prince, pp. 95-9; I quote from p. 98.
45. Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, p. 289.
46. Parel, The Machiavellian Cosmos, p. 101.
47. Ibid., pp. 101-12.
48. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Discourses, ed. B. Crick and trans. L.J. Walker and B. Richardson (Harmondsworth, 1970), 3.43, p. 517. As with The Prince, I have consulted the Italian directly (in the Martelli edition) and have made minor alterations to the translation where it seemed warranted.
49. Ibid., 3.1, p. 388.
50. Machiavelli, The Prince, Ch. 6, p. 19.
51. Ibid., p. 98.
52. Ibid., Ch. 25, p. 86.
53. Ibid., p. 98.
54. Ibid., p. 85; translation altered.
55. Ibid., p. 87.
56. Machiavelli, The Discourses, 3.9, p. 430.
57. Ibid., p. 431.
58. Ibid., pp. 431-2.
59. Machiavelli, The Prince, Ch. 25, pp. 84-5.
60. See ibid., Ch. 15, pp. 54-5.
61. Ibid., Ch. 18, p. 62.
62. For example, Leo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (Glencoe IL, 1958), pp. 9-10; and Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, p. 137.
63. For example, Leo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (Glencoe IL, 1958), pp. 9-10; and Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, p. 137.
64. Machiavelli, The Prince, Ch. 25, p. 87.
65. Ibid., Ch. 19, p. 72.
66. Ibid., Ch. 25, p. 86; the translation has been altered and the italics are mine.
67. Ibid., pp. 98-9; translation altered.
68. St Thomas Aquinas, De regimine principum, ed. R. Mathis (Turin, 1924), 1.5.
69. See Cary J. Nederman, 'Conciliarism and Constitutionalism: Jean Gerson and Medieval Political Thought', History of European Ideas, XII (1990), pp. 193-4.
70. Machiavelli, The Discourses, 3.9, p. 431.
71. Ibid., p. 430.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., p. 431.
74. Ibid., p. 432 [translation revised].
75. In the English language alone during the last twenty-five years the reader may be directed to: Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 113-86; Isaiah Berlin, 'The Originality of Machiavelli', in Against the Current (New York, 1980), pp. 25-79; Nathan Tarcov, 'Quentin Skinner's Method and Machiavelli's Prince', Ethics, XCII (1982), pp. 692-709; Donald McIntosh, 'The Modernity of Machiavelli', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 184-203; Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince'; Mark Hulliung, Citizen Machiavelli (Princeton NJ, 1984); W.R. Newell, 'How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner's Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune', Political Theory, XV (1987), pp. 621-6; Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, 1987); Larry Peterman, 'Gravity and Piety: Machiavelli's Modern Turn', Review of Politics, LII (1990), pp. 189-214; A.J. Parel, 'The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity', Review of Politics, LIII (1991), pp. 320-39.
76. In the English language alone during the last twenty-five years the reader may be directed to: Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 113-86; Isaiah Berlin, 'The Originality of Machiavelli', in Against the Current (New York, 1980), pp. 25-79; Nathan Tarcov, 'Quentin Skinner's Method and Machiavelli's Prince', Ethics, XCII (1982), pp. 692-709; Donald McIntosh, 'The Modernity of Machiavelli', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 184-203; Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince'; Mark Hulliung, Citizen Machiavelli (Princeton NJ, 1984); W.R. Newell, 'How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner's Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune', Political Theory, XV (1987), pp. 621-6; Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, 1987); Larry Peterman, 'Gravity and Piety: Machiavelli's Modern Turn', Review of Politics, LII (1990), pp. 189-214; A.J. Parel, 'The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity', Review of Politics, LIII (1991), pp. 320-39.
77. In the English language alone during the last twenty-five years the reader may be directed to: Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 113-86; Isaiah Berlin, 'The Originality of Machiavelli', in Against the Current (New York, 1980), pp. 25-79; Nathan Tarcov, 'Quentin Skinner's Method and Machiavelli's Prince', Ethics, XCII (1982), pp. 692-709; Donald McIntosh, 'The Modernity of Machiavelli', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 184-203; Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince'; Mark Hulliung, Citizen Machiavelli (Princeton NJ, 1984); W.R. Newell, 'How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner's Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune', Political Theory, XV (1987), pp. 621-6; Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, 1987); Larry Peterman, 'Gravity and Piety: Machiavelli's Modern Turn', Review of Politics, LII (1990), pp. 189-214; A.J. Parel, 'The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity', Review of Politics, LIII (1991), pp. 320-39.
78. In the English language alone during the last twenty-five years the reader may be directed to: Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 113-86; Isaiah Berlin, 'The Originality of Machiavelli', in Against the Current (New York, 1980), pp. 25-79; Nathan Tarcov, 'Quentin Skinner's Method and Machiavelli's Prince', Ethics, XCII (1982), pp. 692-709; Donald McIntosh, 'The Modernity of Machiavelli', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 184-203; Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince'; Mark Hulliung, Citizen Machiavelli (Princeton NJ, 1984); W.R. Newell, 'How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner's Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune', Political Theory, XV (1987), pp. 621-6; Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, 1987); Larry Peterman, 'Gravity and Piety: Machiavelli's Modern Turn', Review of Politics, LII (1990), pp. 189-214; A.J. Parel, 'The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity', Review of Politics, LIII (1991), pp. 320-39.
79. In the English language alone during the last twenty-five years the reader may be directed to: Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 113-86; Isaiah Berlin, 'The Originality of Machiavelli', in Against the Current (New York, 1980), pp. 25-79; Nathan Tarcov, 'Quentin Skinner's Method and Machiavelli's Prince', Ethics, XCII (1982), pp. 692-709; Donald McIntosh, 'The Modernity of Machiavelli', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 184-203; Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince'; Mark Hulliung, Citizen Machiavelli (Princeton NJ, 1984); W.R. Newell, 'How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner's Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune', Political Theory, XV (1987), pp. 621-6; Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, 1987); Larry Peterman, 'Gravity and Piety: Machiavelli's Modern Turn', Review of Politics, LII (1990), pp. 189-214; A.J. Parel, 'The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity', Review of Politics, LIII (1991), pp. 320-39.
80. In the English language alone during the last twenty-five years the reader may be directed to: Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 113-86; Isaiah Berlin, 'The Originality of Machiavelli', in Against the Current (New York, 1980), pp. 25-79; Nathan Tarcov, 'Quentin Skinner's Method and Machiavelli's Prince', Ethics, XCII (1982), pp. 692-709; Donald McIntosh, 'The Modernity of Machiavelli', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 184-203; Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince'; Mark Hulliung, Citizen Machiavelli (Princeton NJ, 1984); W.R. Newell, 'How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner's Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune', Political Theory, XV (1987), pp. 621-6; Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, 1987); Larry Peterman, 'Gravity and Piety: Machiavelli's Modern Turn', Review of Politics, LII (1990), pp. 189-214; A.J. Parel, 'The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity', Review of Politics, LIII (1991), pp. 320-39.
81. In the English language alone during the last twenty-five years the reader may be directed to: Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 113-86; Isaiah Berlin, 'The Originality of Machiavelli', in Against the Current (New York, 1980), pp. 25-79; Nathan Tarcov, 'Quentin Skinner's Method and Machiavelli's Prince', Ethics, XCII (1982), pp. 692-709; Donald McIntosh, 'The Modernity of Machiavelli', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 184-203; Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince'; Mark Hulliung, Citizen Machiavelli (Princeton NJ, 1984); W.R. Newell, 'How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner's Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune', Political Theory, XV (1987), pp. 621-6; Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, 1987); Larry Peterman, 'Gravity and Piety: Machiavelli's Modern Turn', Review of Politics, LII (1990), pp. 189-214; A.J. Parel, 'The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity', Review of Politics, LIII (1991), pp. 320-39.
82. In the English language alone during the last twenty-five years the reader may be directed to: Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 113-86; Isaiah Berlin, 'The Originality of Machiavelli', in Against the Current (New York, 1980), pp. 25-79; Nathan Tarcov, 'Quentin Skinner's Method and Machiavelli's Prince', Ethics, XCII (1982), pp. 692-709; Donald McIntosh, 'The Modernity of Machiavelli', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 184-203; Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince'; Mark Hulliung, Citizen Machiavelli (Princeton NJ, 1984); W.R. Newell, 'How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner's Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune', Political Theory, XV (1987), pp. 621-6; Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, 1987); Larry Peterman, 'Gravity and Piety: Machiavelli's Modern Turn', Review of Politics, LII (1990), pp. 189-214; A.J. Parel, 'The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity', Review of Politics, LIII (1991), pp. 320-39.
83. In the English language alone during the last twenty-five years the reader may be directed to: Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 113-86; Isaiah Berlin, 'The Originality of Machiavelli', in Against the Current (New York, 1980), pp. 25-79; Nathan Tarcov, 'Quentin Skinner's Method and Machiavelli's Prince', Ethics, XCII (1982), pp. 692-709; Donald McIntosh, 'The Modernity of Machiavelli', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 184-203; Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince'; Mark Hulliung, Citizen Machiavelli (Princeton NJ, 1984); W.R. Newell, 'How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner's Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune', Political Theory, XV (1987), pp. 621-6; Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, 1987); Larry Peterman, 'Gravity and Piety: Machiavelli's Modern Turn', Review of Politics, LII (1990), pp. 189-214; A.J. Parel, 'The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity', Review of Politics, LIII (1991), pp. 320-39.
84. In the English language alone during the last twenty-five years the reader may be directed to: Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 113-86; Isaiah Berlin, 'The Originality of Machiavelli', in Against the Current (New York, 1980), pp. 25-79; Nathan Tarcov, 'Quentin Skinner's Method and Machiavelli's Prince', Ethics, XCII (1982), pp. 692-709; Donald McIntosh, 'The Modernity of Machiavelli', Political Theory, XII (1984), pp. 184-203; Ball, 'The Picaresque Prince'; Mark Hulliung, Citizen Machiavelli (Princeton NJ, 1984); W.R. Newell, 'How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner's Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune', Political Theory, XV (1987), pp. 621-6; Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, 1987); Larry Peterman, 'Gravity and Piety: Machiavelli's Modern Turn', Review of Politics, LII (1990), pp. 189-214; A.J. Parel, 'The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity', Review of Politics, LIII (1991), pp. 320-39.
85. A view held, for instance, by Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Vol. I, pp. 135-6.
86. Machiavelli, The Prince, Epistle and Ch. 15, pp. 3, 54.
87. A conclusion seconded by Roger D. Masters in his recent Machiavelli, Leonardo, and the Science of Power (Notre Dame, 1996), p. 338 note 82.