Ethnic integration and school policies in Latvia

Nationalities Papers

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 283-302

  Karklins, Rasma ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038933470     PISSN: 00905992     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00905999808408564     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. See also Rasma Karklins, "Ethnopolitics and Language Strategies in Latvia," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, 28 August 1997, and other papers, forthcoming.
2. Anatol Lieven for one has revised his earlier gloomy statements about increasing ethnic conflict in the Baltic States. Response to questions, "Nation-Building in the Baltic States" Conference at the University of Chicago, 2-4 May 1996.
3. Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
4. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); and Rasma Karklins, Ethnopolitics and Transition to Democracy: The Collapse of the USSR and Latvia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), ch. 1 and 2.
5. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); and Rasma Karklins, Ethnopolitics and Transition to Democracy: The Collapse of the USSR and Latvia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), ch. 1 and 2.
6. Dietrich A. Loeber, "Language Rights in Independent Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania," in S. Vilfan, ed., Ethnic Groups and Language Rights, Vol. III (New York: New York University Press, 1993), pp. 221-249; Detlef Henninh, "Die Sprachenpolitik und die Gewährleistung des Bildungswesens nationaler Minderheiten in Lettland," in Boris Meissner et al., eds, Der Aufbau einer freiheitlich-demokratischen Ordnung in den baltischen Staaten (Hamburg: Bibliotheca Baltica, 1995), pp. 257-289.
7. Dietrich A. Loeber, "Language Rights in Independent Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania," in S. Vilfan, ed., Ethnic Groups and Language Rights, Vol. III (New York: New York University Press, 1993), pp. 221-249; Detlef Henninh, "Die Sprachenpolitik und die Gewährleistung des Bildungswesens nationaler Minderheiten in Lettland," in Boris Meissner et al., eds, Der Aufbau einer freiheitlich-demokratischen Ordnung in den baltischen Staaten (Hamburg: Bibliotheca Baltica, 1995), pp. 257-289.
8. For more details see Karklins (1994), pp. 151-157.
9. Izglïtïbas un Zinätnes Ministrija, Latvijas Skolu un Statistikas Datu Kopsavilkums, Vol. III (Riga, 1997), pp. 33-34.
10. Ina Druviete, ed., The Language Situation in Latvia: Sociolinguistic Survey (Riga: Latvian Language Institute, 1995), p. 2.
11. Diena, 23 March 1996.
12. Skolu datu kopsavilkumi, op. cit., p. 39.
13. Ministry of Education, unpublished statistical tables.
14. Pärsla Eglite, "Tautas izmiršanas draudi un to noveršanas iespējas," Latvijas Vēstnesis, 7 February 1996.
15. The net migration from Latvia in 1991-1995 was 114,968. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Demographic Yearbook of Latvia 1996 (Riga, 1996), p. 116. calculate that roughly 20% were of school age, since in 1994, 24% of emigrants fell into the 7-19 age group. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Demographic Yearbook of Latvia 1995 (Riga, 1995), p. 136.
16. The net migration from Latvia in 1991-1995 was 114,968. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Demographic Yearbook of Latvia 1996 (Riga, 1996), p. 116. I calculate that roughly 20% were of school age, since in 1994, 24% of emigrants fell into the 7-19 age group. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Demographic Yearbook of Latvia 1995 (Riga, 1995), p. 136.
17. Ilmärs Mežs, "Mācïbu valoda Latvijas skolās," Izglītība un Kultūra, 26 January 1996, p. 11.
18. Personal information, Bureau of Statistics.
19. Personal information, Ministry of Education and a school director.
20. Dzintra Liepina, Nelatviešu un jaukto g̀imenu bērnu integräcijas latviešu sakumskolā pedagog̀iskie aspekti (Riga: Latvijas Universitātes Pedagog̀iska un Psihologijas katedra, 1996), p. 31. The findings are based on questionnaires of 49 parents and 12 teachers, as well as oral interviews with 31 children.
21. Liepina, pp. 34-38, 45.
22. Māra Saturina, "Integrācija - mīts vai realitāte?" Izglītība un Kultūra, 27 June 1996; also Diena, 15 March 1995.
23. Māra Saturina, "Integrācija - mīts vai realitāte?" Izglītība un Kultūra, 27 June 1996; also Diena, 15 March 1995.
24. Ēriks Vēbers, "Asimilācija . . . bet kāda?" Izglītība un Kultūra, 16 May 1996, p. 14.
25. On psychological consequences see SM Segodnja, 2 October 1995, also 7 June 1995.
26. Diena, 4 September 1995.
27. Ministry of Education, unpublished statistics.
28. Jelgavas Zinas, 6 March 1996. The same report notes that several teachers in the school had false language certification papers.
29. Unpublished report of Riga Language Attestation Committee, 1995, undated.
30. Survey undertaken by the Naturalization Board, Fall 1995, N = 2,495.
31. Baltic Data House survey of February/March 1997; representative country-wide sample. The survey was sponsored by UNDP.
32. Diena, 19 April 1995.
33. Diena, 9 October 1995; 7 December 1996, other reports.
34. Detailed reports on successes at Russian schools are in Neatkarīga Cina, 1 July 1995, Izglītība un Kultūra, 30 November 1995, et al.
35. Detailed reports on successes at Russian schools are in Neatkarīga Cina, 1 July 1995, Izglītība un Kultūra, 30 November 1995, et al.
36. Izglītība un Kultūra, 6 February 1997, p. 7.
37. Letters of teachers of Latvian in Russian schools, Rigas Balss, 21, 28 May, 1996.
38. Central Statistics Bureau of Latvia, Educational Institutions in Latvia at the Beginning of School Year 1996/97, Statistical Bulletin (Riga, 1997), pp. 45, 48.
39. Diena, 6 February 1996, p. 2.
40. Diena, 8 November 1995.
41. Ministry of Education, internal report, 17 January 1997, p. 36.
42. Izglīt̄ba un Kultūra, 18 April 1996; also 13 February 1997.
43. Diena, 17 May 1996.
44. Diena, 20 April 1996.
45. Izglītība un Kultūra, 18 April 1996.
46. Ministry of Education, personal communication; on problems with books see also Dinaburg, 28 November 1996.
47. Diena, 25 February 1997.
48. Cited in Ēriks Jēkabsons, Poli Latvijā (Riga: Ethnic Studies Center of Academy of Sciences, 1996), p. 82.
49. Ibid., p. 83.
50. Ilmārs Mežs, Diena, 15 March 1995.
51. Jēkabsons, op. cit., p. 67.
52. Cited in Jēkabsons, p. 82.
53. Text in Bizness&Baltija, 20 May 1996.
54. Diena, 21 May 1996, p. 3.
55. Rasma Karklins, Ethnic Relations in the USSR: The Perspective from Below (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986).
56. Latvijas Vēstnesis, No. 107, 1996, p. 4.
57. Izglītība un Kultūra, 13 February 1997; Labrīt, 6 December 1994. On decline of births, see Table 2.
58. Izglītība un Kultūra, 13 February 1997; Labrīt, 6 December 1994. On decline of births, see Table 2.
59. Nils Muižnieks and Angelita Kamenska, "Latvian Language Training: Alternative Conceptions of Integration," manuscript, 1997, p. 6.
60. Baltic Data House Survey, November 1996.
61. Druviete (1995), question 28.
62. The instrumental nature of language learning motives is evident from several UNDP surveys fielded by the Baltic Data House in June 1996, and February/March 1997. The two most highly ranked motives are that Latvian is "a necessity of daily life," and "need for work, career."
63. For example SM Segodnja, 18 April 1996, and 15 May 1996; Bizness Baltija, 17 April 1996.
64. For example SM Segodnja, 18 April 1996, and 15 May 1996; Bizness Baltija, 17 April 1996.
65. Mavriks Vulfsons, Globuss program, Latvian State TV1, 22 December 1995.
66. Diena, 23 March 1996 and 17 April 1996.
67. Sreda, 3 July 1996; Million, 5 April 1996.
68. Sreda, 3 July 1996; Million, 5 April 1996.
69. Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze, 15 May 1996; SM Segodnja, 9 December 1996.
70. Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze, 15 May 1996; SM Segodnja, 9 December 1996.
71. Statement at conference on minority issues, April 1996, Riga School of Economics, Riga.
72. Diena, 24 April 1996.
73. Izglīlība un Kultūra, 17 April 1997.
74. Diena, 20 April 1996.
75. Ilga Apine, "Krievi Baltijas valsīs," Diena, 25 November 1996, p. 13.
76. Diena, 26 June 1996.
77. Interview, Izglītiba un Kultūra, 14 March 1996, p. 6.
78. Rīgas Balss, 30 January 1997.
79. Izglītība un Kultūra, 6 March 1997, p. 11.
80. Izglītība un Kultūra, 16 November 1995. Presumably the eventual change would retain separate schools for Russians as the Tëvzeme party rejects the individual or mass enrollment of non-Latvian children in Latvian schools. Radio interview with Pamīra Lace, 12 December 1995.
81. Dzintars Ābikis, statement at seminar on civic integration, Riga, 7 February 1996; also Diena, 5 May 1997.
82. Dzintars Ābikis, statement at seminar on civic integration, Riga, 7 February 1996; also Diena, 5 May 1997.