Generations of diversity: Latinos in the United States

Population Bulletin

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 2-47

  Del Pinal, Jorge ^a   Singer, Audrey ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038878887     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. U.S. Bureau of the Census projections of the Hispanic population in 2050 to range from 62.2 million to 133.1 million with 96.5 million as the "most likely" middle series. James Smith and Barry Edmonston project about 112 million Hispanics in 2050. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Population Projections of the United States by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2050," by Jennifer Cheeseman Day, Current Population Reports P25-1130 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996): table I; and James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., National Academy of Sciences, Pane on Demographic and Economic Impacts of Immigration, The New American: Economy, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, forthcoming): chapter 3, table 3.9.
2. U.S. Bureau of the Census projections of the Hispanic population in 2050 to range from 62.2 million to 133.1 million with 96.5 million as the "most likely" middle series. James Smith and Barry Edmonston project about 112 million Hispanics in 2050. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Population Projections of the United States by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2050," by Jennifer Cheeseman Day, Current Population Reports P25-1130 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996): table I; and James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., National Academy of Sciences, Pane on Demographic and Economic Impacts of Immigration, The New American: Economy, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, forthcoming): chapter 3, table 3.9.
3. Jorge del Pinal, "Latinos and California's Future: Too Few At the Schoolhouse Door," paper presented at the Chicano/ Latino Policy Project and La Raza Law Journal Fifth Annual Symposium, University of California, Berkeley, March 1996; and California Department of Finance, "California Public K-12 Enrollment Projections by Ethnicity, 1996 Series." Accessed online at http://www.dof.ca.gov/html/Demograp/K12ethtb.htm, on Aug. 15, 1996.
4. Mario Barrera, Race and Class in the Southwest (South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame, 1979).
5. Alejandro Portes, "Introduction: Immigration and Its Aftermath," International Migration Review, 28 no. 4 ( 1995): 632-39; and other articles in this volume.
6. Morris Janowits, The Reconstruction of Patriotism: Education for Civic Consciousness (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1983): 129.
7. Peter Skerry, Mexican Americans, the Ambivalent Minority (New York: The Free Press, 1993): 7.
8. Linda Chavez, Out of the Barrio: Toward a New Politics of Hispanic Assimilation (New York: Basic Books, 1991): 102, 106.
9. Jorge Chapa, "The Myth of Hispanic Progress: Trends in the Educational and Economic Attainment of Mexican Americans," Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy 4 (1989): 7.
10. Frank D. Bean and Marta Tienda, The Hispanic Population of the United States (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1987): 18.
11. Peter Skerry "Mexican Americans: Caught Between Progress and Politics," The Washington Post 24 October 1993: C3.
12. Bean and Tienda, The Hispanic Population.
13. Robert J. Shafer and Donald J. Mabry, Neighbors: Mexico and the United States (Chicago: Nelson-Hall 1981): 85-87.
14. Los Angeles was the intended residence of about 30 percent of the immigrants admitted to the United States from El Salvador and Guatemala in 1995, for example. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1995 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997): 66-7.
15. These figures refer to Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA), rather than the larger Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) used to define the Houston-Galveston metropolitan area.
16. William H. Frey and Reynolds Farley, "Latino, Asian, and Black Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Are Multietninc Metros Different?" Demography 33 (1996): 35-50.
17. "Mexicans Spread Out," Rural Migration News 3, no. 2, April 1997. Accessed online at http://migration.ucdavis.edu/ rmn/apr_97-02.html, on June 12, 1997.
18. Refugio I. Rochín and Emily Marroquin, eds., Rural Latino Resources: A National Guide (East Lansing, MI: Julian Samora Research Institute, 1997): 22-23.
19. Enrique E. Figueroa, "Emerging Latino Populations in Rural New York," and "Other Important Points," in Immigration and Ethnic Communities: A Focus on Latinos, ed. Refugio I. Rochín (East Lansing, MI: Julian Samora Research Institute, 1996): 48-49, 116-17.
20. Enrique E. Figueroa, "Emerging Latino Populations in Rural New York," and "Other Important Points," in Immigration and Ethnic Communities: A Focus on Latinos, ed. Refugio I. Rochín (East Lansing, MI: Julian Samora Research Institute, 1996): 48-49, 116-17.
21. Rochín and Marroquin, 1997: 12-13.
22. Richard R. Alba and John R. Logan, "Variations on Two Themes: Racial and Ethnic Patterns in the Attainment of Suburban Residence," Demography 28 (1991): 431-53.
23. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P25-1130: 14-15; and Current Population Reports P23-183: 2.
24. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P25-1130: 14-15; and Current Population Reports P23-183: 2.
25. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P25-1130: table 1. These projections assume that immigration will remain constant. The middle series assumes net immigration of 820,000 persons per year, of whom 350,000 are Hispanic. Furthermore, they do not consider the 3.8 million persons living in Puerto Rico, who enter and exit the United States with no legal barriers. The U.S. population is projected to reach 394 million by 2050 under the middle projection series, nearly 283 million under the lowest projection series and almost 519 million under the highest projection series.
26. Carlos Cordova and Jorge del Pinal, Hispanics - Latinos: Diverse People in a Multicultural Society (Washington, DC: National Association of Hispanic Publications, 1995): 4.
27. Persons born in the United States as used here do not strictly correspond to the native-born population. Puerto Ricans born outside the U.S. would be considered native-born, but are not included here.
28. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1993 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994): 29. Aside from the incompleteness, these data reflect immigration from the country of last residence, and not the country of birth, and may not reflect the national and ethnic origins of the immigrants.
29. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1991 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992): 72.
30. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Effects of the Immigration Reform and Control Act: Characteristics and Labor Market Behavior of the Legalized Population Five Years Following Legalization (Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1996).
31. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1995: 182-5.
32. Douglas S. Massey and Audrey Singer, "New Estimates of Undocumented Mexican Migration to the United States and the Probability of Apprehension," Demography 32, no. 2 (May 1995): 203-13. The authors' figures do not account for deaths or changes in legal status.
33. For research on transnational migration, see Nina Click Schiller, et al., Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1992).
34. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1995: 28-30.
35. Lawrence A. Cardoso, Mexican Emigration to the United States 1897-1931 (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1980).
36. The termination of the Bracero Program did not end the need for agricultural labor or the economic needs of the migrant worker population. The increased undocumented migration in the 1970s and 1980s is viewed by many as the legacy of the Bracero Program.
37. Kitty Calavita, Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration and the INS (New York: Routledge, 1992).
38. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Effects of the Immigration Reform and Control Act: Characteristics and Labor Market Behavior of the Legalized Population Five Years Following Legalization (Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1996).
39. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1995: 183.
40. For a discussion of the effects of NAFTA, see Philip L. Martin, Trade and Migration: NAFTA and Agriculture (Washington: DC: Institute for International Economics, 1993) or U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, Binational Study on Migration: Executive Summary (Washington, DC: US Commission on Immigration Reform, 1997). For recent legislation, consult the INS web site at http://www.ins.usdoj.gov.
41. For a discussion of the effects of NAFTA, see Philip L. Martin, Trade and Migration: NAFTA and Agriculture (Washington: DC: Institute for International Economics, 1993) or U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, Binational Study on Migration: Executive Summary (Washington, DC: US Commission on Immigration Reform, 1997). For recent legislation, consult the INS web site at http://www.ins.usdoj.gov.
42. Silvia Pedraza, "Cuba's Refugees: Manifold Migrations" in Origins and Destinies: Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America, eds. Silvia Pedraza and Rüben Rumbaut (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1996): 263-79.
43. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Immigration to the United States in Fiscal Year 1995 (Washington, DC: Immigration and Naturalization Service, June 1997).
44. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1995: 91.
45. Pedraza, "Cuba's Refugees."
46. Sherri Grasmuck and Patricia R. Pessar, Between Two Islands: Dominican International Migration (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987).
47. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1995: 28-30, 183.
48. See Sarah J. Mahler, American Dreaming: Immigrant Life on the Margins (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); and Terry A. Repak, Waiting on Washington: Central American Workers in the Nation's Capital (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995).
49. See Sarah J. Mahler, American Dreaming: Immigrant Life on the Margins (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); and Terry A. Repak, Waiting on Washington: Central American Workers in the Nation's Capital (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995).
50. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1995: 28-30.
51. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P25-1130: table 1.
52. Stephanie J. Ventura, et al., "Advance Report of Final Natality Statistics, 1995," Monthly Vital Statistics Report 45, no. 11 (Supplement, 10 June 1997): table 11.
53. The TFR is calculated for women ages 15 to 44. Women with less than nine years of education may include a disproportionate share of teen mothers, some of whom may complete additional education.
54. Mary Heim and Nancy Austin, "Fertility of Immigrant Women in California." Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco, CA, April 1995.
55. Consejo Nacional de Población, La Situación Demográfica de México, 1997 (Mexcio City: CONAPO, 1997).
56. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Fertility of American Women: June 1994," by Amara Bachu, Current Population Reports P20-482 (1995): vi, xxii.
57. B. Meredith Burke, "Mexican Immigrants Shape California's Fertility Future," Population Today (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, September 1995): 4-5.
58. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P25-1130: table A-6.
59. Greta A. Gilbertson, Joseph P. Fitzpatrick, and Lijun Yang, "Hispanic Intermarriage in New York City: New Evidence from 1991," International Migration Review 30, no. 2 (1996): 445-59.
60. Rüben G. Rumbaut, "Ties That Bind: Immigration and Immigrant Families in the United States," in Immigration and the Family: Research and Policy on U.S. Immigrants, eds. Alan Booth, Ann C. Crouter, and Nancy Landale (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997); and Refugio I. Rochin and Emily Marroquin, eds., Rural Latino Resources: A National Guide (East Lansing, MI: Julian Samora Research Institute, 1997): 12-14.
61. Rüben G. Rumbaut, "Ties That Bind: Immigration and Immigrant Families in the United States," in Immigration and the Family: Research and Policy on U.S. Immigrants, eds. Alan Booth, Ann C. Crouter, and Nancy Landale (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997); and Refugio I. Rochin and Emily Marroquin, eds., Rural Latino Resources: A National Guide (East Lansing, MI: Julian Samora Research Institute, 1997): 12-14.
62. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1996): 54, table 58. The figures for whites and blacks include Hispanics.
63. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P20-495.
64. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Hispanic Americans Today," by Jorge del Pinal and Jesus M. Garcia, Current Population Reports P23-183 (June 1993): 8.
65. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Marital Status and Living Arrangements: March 1994," Current Population Reports P20-484, and earlier reports.
66. Prior to 1990, the Census Bureau asked respondents the number of years of education completed. Respondents completing four years of high school and four years of college were counted as having high school and Bachelor's degrees, respectively. Beginning with 1990, respondents were asked the number of years of education and the highest degree completed. Both questions produce similar proportions of high school and college graduates. (For additional details see U.S. Bureau of the Census, "The Hispanic Population in the United States: March 1992," by Jesus M. Garcia, Current Population Reports P20-465RV (1993): A-4-5); and Current Population Reports P23-183: 10.
67. Prior to 1990, the Census Bureau asked respondents the number of years of education completed. Respondents completing four years of high school and four years of college were counted as having high school and Bachelor's degrees, respectively. Beginning with 1990, respondents were asked the number of years of education and the highest degree completed. Both questions produce similar proportions of high school and college graduates. (For additional details see U.S. Bureau of the Census, "The Hispanic Population in the United States: March 1992," by Jesus M. Garcia, Current Population Reports P20-465RV (1993): A-4-5); and Current Population Reports P23-183: 10.
68. See for example, Thomas P. Carter, Mexican Americans in School: A History of Educational Neglect (New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1970).
69. Bean and Tienda, The Hispanic Population: 258-60.
70. National Center for Education Statistics, The Digest of Education Statistics 1996 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 1996): 16, table 7.
71. See Bean and Tienda, The Hispanic Population: 256-279; and Gerardo Marin and Barbara VanOss Marín, Research With Hispanic Populations, Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 23 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications 1991): 11-17.
72. See Bean and Tienda, The Hispanic Population: 256-279; and Gerardo Marin and Barbara VanOss Marín, Research With Hispanic Populations, Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 23 (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications 1991): 11-17.
73. Linda Chavez, Out of the Barrio.
74. Rubén G. Rumbaut, "Passages to Adulthood: The Adaptation of Children of Immigrants in Southern California" (Michigan State University, 1997); and Elaine Woo, "School Success of Immigrants' Children Tracked," Los Angeles Times 16 June 1997: A-1, 19.
75. Rubén G. Rumbaut, "Passages to Adulthood: The Adaptation of Children of Immigrants in Southern California" (Michigan State University, 1997); and Elaine Woo, "School Success of Immigrants' Children Tracked," Los Angeles Times 16 June 1997: A-1, 19.
76. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1996: 187, table 179.
77. Ibid.: 419, 102.
78. Alejandro Pones and Richard Schauffler, "Language and the Second Generation," in The New Second Generation, ed. Alejandro Portes (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996): 8-29.
79. Peter Skerry, Mexican Americans, the Ambivalent Minority; and Portes and Schauffler, "Language and the Second Generation."
80. Portes and Schauffler, "Language and the Second Generation."
81. "Current Labor Statistics," Monthly Labor Review 120, no. 2 (February 1997): 53-54, table 4.
82. Luis M. Falcón and Dan Gilbarg, "Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans in the Labor Market: An Historical Overview," in Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the United States: Sociology, ed. Félix Padilla (Houston: Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana and Arte Público Press, 1994): 55-77.
83. Authors' calculations based on the March 1996 Current Population Survey.
84. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Money Income in the United States: 1995," Current Population Reports P60-193 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1996): B-9-10, table B-4. The figures for black families include black Hispanics.
85. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Poverty in the United States: 1995," by Eleanor Baugher and Leatha Lamison-White, Current Population Reports P60-194 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996): C-11-C13, table C-3. Figures for white and black families include Hispanics.
86. Edward E. Telles and Edward Murguia, "Phenotype Discrimination and Income Differences Among Mexican Americans,Social Science Quarterly 7, no. 4 (1990): 682-96.
87. Barry R. Chiswick and Teresa A. Sullivan, "The New Immigrants," in State of the Union, Vol. 2, ed. Reynolds Farley (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995): 241.
88. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Program Participation 1992 to 1993: Who Gets What," by Jan Tin, Current Population Reports P70-46 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996): 3, table A.
89. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook, 1995: 130.
90. Rubén G. Rumbaut, ́Immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean: A Socioeconomic Profile,́ in Immigrants and Immigrant Communities: A Focus on Latinos, ed. Refugio I. Rochín (East Lansing, MI: Julian Samora Research Institute, 1996): 5.
91. NALEO, 1994 National Roster of Hispanic Elected Officials (Washington, DC: NALEO, 1994).
92. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Accessed online at http://www.census.gov/population/www.socdemo/voting/votetext.html, on May 9, 1997.
93. Louis DeSipio, Counting on the Latino Vote (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 1996).
94. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Accessed online at http://www.census.gov/population/socdem/voting/profile/ptable.txt, on Sept. 11, 1997.
95. Cordova and del Pinal, Hispanics - Latinos.
96. NALEO, 1994 National Roster of Hispanic Elected Officials.