The specialized business press and industry-related political communication: A comparative study

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 74, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 757-772

  Hollifield, C Ann ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0038878885     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909707400407     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Don Gussow, The New Business Journalism: An Insider's Look at the Workings of America's Business Press (NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), 14-15; Veronis, Suhler & Associates, The Veronis, Suhler & Associates Communications Industry Forecast (NY: Author, 1995), 218, 273, 288-89.
2. Don Gussow, The New Business Journalism: An Insider's Look at the Workings of America's Business Press (NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), 14-15; Veronis, Suhler & Associates, The Veronis, Suhler & Associates Communications Industry Forecast (NY: Author, 1995), 218, 273, 288-89.
3. Jean A. Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition and Managerial Gratifications from Business News" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1986), 109-114; James W. Dearing and Everette M. Rogers, Agenda Setting (CA: Sage, 1996), 24-40; Barbara J. Nelson, Making an Issue of Child Abuse (IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 58-65.
4. Jean A. Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition and Managerial Gratifications from Business News" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1986), 109-114; James W. Dearing and Everette M. Rogers, Agenda Setting (CA: Sage, 1996), 24-40; Barbara J. Nelson, Making an Issue of Child Abuse (IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 58-65.
5. Jean A. Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition and Managerial Gratifications from Business News" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1986), 109-114; James W. Dearing and Everette M. Rogers, Agenda Setting (CA: Sage, 1996), 24-40; Barbara J. Nelson, Making an Issue of Child Abuse (IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 58-65.
6. Barry Cole and Mal Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators: The FCC and the Broadcast Audience (MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978), 51-62; John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies (MA: Little, Brown and Co., 1984), 63; Martin Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking (NY: W.W. Norton & Co, 1986).
7. Barry Cole and Mal Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators: The FCC and the Broadcast Audience (MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978), 51-62; John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies (MA: Little, Brown and Co., 1984), 63; Martin Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking (NY: W.W. Norton & Co, 1986).
8. Barry Cole and Mal Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators: The FCC and the Broadcast Audience (MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978), 51-62; John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies (MA: Little, Brown and Co., 1984), 63; Martin Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking (NY: W.W. Norton & Co, 1986).
9. Kathleen L. Endres, "Research Review: The Specialized Business Press," in The American Magazine, ed. David Abrahamson (IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1995), 72-83; One explanation for this lack of research may be the perception that trade publications are sometimes captive to the industries they cover. However, such research on the trade media as exists consistently indicates that readers of the trade press view these publications as a critical source of necessary news and information about their industries that is unavailable elsewhere. See Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition," 109-114; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Using Public Relations Theory to Evaluate Specialized Magazines as Communication Channels," in Public Relations Research, vol. I, ed. J.E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), 115-24. Similarly, in surveys, trade press reporters and editors report holding themselves and their publications to journalistic standards of performance. See R.G. Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann E. Reisner, "Comparing Ethical Concerns of Agricultural and General Journalists," Journal of Applied Communications 75 (1, 1991): 42-48; Shawn L. Oliver and Curtis Paulson, "An Examination of the Ethical Issues Facing Agricultural Communicators in Seven Agricultural Communication Organizations," Journal of Applied Communications 79 (3, 1995): 12-26. Finally, there also is evidence that journalists and publishers in the specialized business press recognize the agenda-setting function of their work. See Gussow, The New Business Journalism, 129.
10. Kathleen L. Endres, "Research Review: The Specialized Business Press," in The American Magazine, ed. David Abrahamson (IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1995), 72-83; One explanation for this lack of research may be the perception that trade publications are sometimes captive to the industries they cover. However, such research on the trade media as exists consistently indicates that readers of the trade press view these publications as a critical source of necessary news and information about their industries that is unavailable elsewhere. See Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition," 109-114; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Using Public Relations Theory to Evaluate Specialized Magazines as Communication Channels," in Public Relations Research, vol. I, ed. J.E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), 115-24. Similarly, in surveys, trade press reporters and editors report holding themselves and their publications to journalistic standards of performance. See R.G. Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann E. Reisner, "Comparing Ethical Concerns of Agricultural and General Journalists," Journal of Applied Communications 75 (1, 1991): 42-48; Shawn L. Oliver and Curtis Paulson, "An Examination of the Ethical Issues Facing Agricultural Communicators in Seven Agricultural Communication Organizations," Journal of Applied Communications 79 (3, 1995): 12-26. Finally, there also is evidence that journalists and publishers in the specialized business press recognize the agenda-setting function of their work. See Gussow, The New Business Journalism, 129.
11. Kathleen L. Endres, "Research Review: The Specialized Business Press," in The American Magazine, ed. David Abrahamson (IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1995), 72-83; One explanation for this lack of research may be the perception that trade publications are sometimes captive to the industries they cover. However, such research on the trade media as exists consistently indicates that readers of the trade press view these publications as a critical source of necessary news and information about their industries that is unavailable elsewhere. See Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition," 109-114; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Using Public Relations Theory to Evaluate Specialized Magazines as Communication Channels," in Public Relations Research, vol. I, ed. J.E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), 115-24. Similarly, in surveys, trade press reporters and editors report holding themselves and their publications to journalistic standards of performance. See R.G. Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann E. Reisner, "Comparing Ethical Concerns of Agricultural and General Journalists," Journal of Applied Communications 75 (1, 1991): 42-48; Shawn L. Oliver and Curtis Paulson, "An Examination of the Ethical Issues Facing Agricultural Communicators in Seven Agricultural Communication Organizations," Journal of Applied Communications 79 (3, 1995): 12-26. Finally, there also is evidence that journalists and publishers in the specialized business press recognize the agenda-setting function of their work. See Gussow, The New Business Journalism, 129.
12. Kathleen L. Endres, "Research Review: The Specialized Business Press," in The American Magazine, ed. David Abrahamson (IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1995), 72-83; One explanation for this lack of research may be the perception that trade publications are sometimes captive to the industries they cover. However, such research on the trade media as exists consistently indicates that readers of the trade press view these publications as a critical source of necessary news and information about their industries that is unavailable elsewhere. See Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition," 109-114; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Using Public Relations Theory to Evaluate Specialized Magazines as Communication Channels," in Public Relations Research, vol. I, ed. J.E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), 115-24. Similarly, in surveys, trade press reporters and editors report holding themselves and their publications to journalistic standards of performance. See R.G. Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann E. Reisner, "Comparing Ethical Concerns of Agricultural and General Journalists," Journal of Applied Communications 75 (1, 1991): 42-48; Shawn L. Oliver and Curtis Paulson, "An Examination of the Ethical Issues Facing Agricultural Communicators in Seven Agricultural Communication Organizations," Journal of Applied Communications 79 (3, 1995): 12-26. Finally, there also is evidence that journalists and publishers in the specialized business press recognize the agenda-setting function of their work. See Gussow, The New Business Journalism, 129.
13. Kathleen L. Endres, "Research Review: The Specialized Business Press," in The American Magazine, ed. David Abrahamson (IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1995), 72-83; One explanation for this lack of research may be the perception that trade publications are sometimes captive to the industries they cover. However, such research on the trade media as exists consistently indicates that readers of the trade press view these publications as a critical source of necessary news and information about their industries that is unavailable elsewhere. See Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition," 109-114; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Using Public Relations Theory to Evaluate Specialized Magazines as Communication Channels," in Public Relations Research, vol. I, ed. J.E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), 115-24. Similarly, in surveys, trade press reporters and editors report holding themselves and their publications to journalistic standards of performance. See R.G. Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann E. Reisner, "Comparing Ethical Concerns of Agricultural and General Journalists," Journal of Applied Communications 75 (1, 1991): 42-48; Shawn L. Oliver and Curtis Paulson, "An Examination of the Ethical Issues Facing Agricultural Communicators in Seven Agricultural Communication Organizations," Journal of Applied Communications 79 (3, 1995): 12-26. Finally, there also is evidence that journalists and publishers in the specialized business press recognize the agenda-setting function of their work. See Gussow, The New Business Journalism, 129.
14. Kathleen L. Endres, "Research Review: The Specialized Business Press," in The American Magazine, ed. David Abrahamson (IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1995), 72-83; One explanation for this lack of research may be the perception that trade publications are sometimes captive to the industries they cover. However, such research on the trade media as exists consistently indicates that readers of the trade press view these publications as a critical source of necessary news and information about their industries that is unavailable elsewhere. See Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition," 109-114; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Using Public Relations Theory to Evaluate Specialized Magazines as Communication Channels," in Public Relations Research, vol. I, ed. J.E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), 115-24. Similarly, in surveys, trade press reporters and editors report holding themselves and their publications to journalistic standards of performance. See R.G. Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann E. Reisner, "Comparing Ethical Concerns of Agricultural and General Journalists," Journal of Applied Communications 75 (1, 1991): 42-48; Shawn L. Oliver and Curtis Paulson, "An Examination of the Ethical Issues Facing Agricultural Communicators in Seven Agricultural Communication Organizations," Journal of Applied Communications 79 (3, 1995): 12-26. Finally, there also is evidence that journalists and publishers in the specialized business press recognize the agenda-setting function of their work. See Gussow, The New Business Journalism, 129.
15. Kathleen L. Endres, "Research Review: The Specialized Business Press," in The American Magazine, ed. David Abrahamson (IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1995), 72-83; One explanation for this lack of research may be the perception that trade publications are sometimes captive to the industries they cover. However, such research on the trade media as exists consistently indicates that readers of the trade press view these publications as a critical source of necessary news and information about their industries that is unavailable elsewhere. See Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition," 109-114; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Using Public Relations Theory to Evaluate Specialized Magazines as Communication Channels," in Public Relations Research, vol. I, ed. J.E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), 115-24. Similarly, in surveys, trade press reporters and editors report holding themselves and their publications to journalistic standards of performance. See R.G. Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann E. Reisner, "Comparing Ethical Concerns of Agricultural and General Journalists," Journal of Applied Communications 75 (1, 1991): 42-48; Shawn L. Oliver and Curtis Paulson, "An Examination of the Ethical Issues Facing Agricultural Communicators in Seven Agricultural Communication Organizations," Journal of Applied Communications 79 (3, 1995): 12-26. Finally, there also is evidence that journalists and publishers in the specialized business press recognize the agenda-setting function of their work. See Gussow, The New Business Journalism, 129.
16. Peter Gerlach, "Research About Magazines Appearing in Journalism Quarterly," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 178-82; D. Charles Whitney, "Agenda Setting: Power and Contingency," in Communication Yearbook, ed. J. A. Anderson (NJ: Sage Publications, 1991), 347-56.
17. Peter Gerlach, "Research About Magazines Appearing in Journalism Quarterly," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 178-82; D. Charles Whitney, "Agenda Setting: Power and Contingency," in Communication Yearbook, ed. J. A. Anderson (NJ: Sage Publications, 1991), 347-56.
18. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, "Communication and Public Policy," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. D.D. Nimmo and K.R. Sanders (CA: Sage, 1981), 391-416; Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, 63; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 51-62; Fay L. Cook, Tom R. Tyler, Edward G. Goetz, Margaret T. Gordon, David Protess, Donna R. Leff, and Harvey L. Molotch, "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (spring 1983): 16-35.
19. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, "Communication and Public Policy," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. D.D. Nimmo and K.R. Sanders (CA: Sage, 1981), 391-416; Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, 63; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 51-62; Fay L. Cook, Tom R. Tyler, Edward G. Goetz, Margaret T. Gordon, David Protess, Donna R. Leff, and Harvey L. Molotch, "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (spring 1983): 16-35.
20. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, "Communication and Public Policy," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. D.D. Nimmo and K.R. Sanders (CA: Sage, 1981), 391-416; Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, 63; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 51-62; Fay L. Cook, Tom R. Tyler, Edward G. Goetz, Margaret T. Gordon, David Protess, Donna R. Leff, and Harvey L. Molotch, "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (spring 1983): 16-35.
21. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, "Communication and Public Policy," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. D.D. Nimmo and K.R. Sanders (CA: Sage, 1981), 391-416; Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, 63; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 51-62; Fay L. Cook, Tom R. Tyler, Edward G. Goetz, Margaret T. Gordon, David Protess, Donna R. Leff, and Harvey L. Molotch, "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (spring 1983): 16-35.
22. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, "Communication and Public Policy," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. D.D. Nimmo and K.R. Sanders (CA: Sage, 1981), 391-416; Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, 63; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 51-62; Fay L. Cook, Tom R. Tyler, Edward G. Goetz, Margaret T. Gordon, David Protess, Donna R. Leff, and Harvey L. Molotch, "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (spring 1983): 16-35.
23. Roger Cobb, Jennie Keith-Ross, and Marc H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," The American Political Science Review 70 (March 1976): 126-38; Cook et al. "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking. 8. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building, 2d ed. (MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 96-102; Maxwell E. McCombs, "The Agenda-Setting Approach," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. Nimmo and Sanders, 391-416; Whitney, "Agenda Setting: Power and Contingency," 350-51.
24. Roger Cobb, Jennie Keith-Ross, and Marc H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," The American Political Science Review 70 (March 1976): 126-38; Cook et al. "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking. 8. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building, 2d ed. (MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 96-102; Maxwell E. McCombs, "The Agenda-Setting Approach," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. Nimmo and Sanders, 391-416; Whitney, "Agenda Setting: Power and Contingency," 350-51.
25. Roger Cobb, Jennie Keith-Ross, and Marc H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," The American Political Science Review 70 (March 1976): 126-38; Cook et al. "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking. 8. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building, 2d ed. (MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 96-102; Maxwell E. McCombs, "The Agenda-Setting Approach," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. Nimmo and Sanders, 391-416; Whitney, "Agenda Setting: Power and Contingency," 350-51.
26. Roger Cobb, Jennie Keith-Ross, and Marc H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," The American Political Science Review 70 (March 1976): 126-38; Cook et al. "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking. 8. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building, 2d ed. (MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 96-102; Maxwell E. McCombs, "The Agenda-Setting Approach," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. Nimmo and Sanders, 391-416; Whitney, "Agenda Setting: Power and Contingency," 350-51.
27. Roger Cobb, Jennie Keith-Ross, and Marc H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," The American Political Science Review 70 (March 1976): 126-38; Cook et al. "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking. 8. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building, 2d ed. (MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 96-102; Maxwell E. McCombs, "The Agenda-Setting Approach," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. Nimmo and Sanders, 391-416; Whitney, "Agenda Setting: Power and Contingency," 350-51.
28. Roger Cobb, Jennie Keith-Ross, and Marc H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," The American Political Science Review 70 (March 1976): 126-38; Cook et al. "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking. 8. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building, 2d ed. (MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 96-102; Maxwell E. McCombs, "The Agenda-Setting Approach," in Handbook of Political Communication, ed. Nimmo and Sanders, 391-416; Whitney, "Agenda Setting: Power and Contingency," 350-51.
29. Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 52; Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, 63-64; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking.
30. Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 52; Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, 63-64; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking.
31. Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 52; Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, 63-64; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking.
32. Bernard C. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), 13; Cook et al., "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Gerald M. Kosicki, "Problems and Opportunities in Agenda Setting," Journal of Communication 43 (2, 1993): 100-127; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," in Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (winter 1972): 176-87; Everette M. Rogers and James W. Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research: Where Has It Been, Where Is It Going?" in Communication Yearbook, ed. J. A. Anderson (NJ: Sage Publications, 1988), 555-94.
33. Bernard C. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), 13; Cook et al., "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Gerald M. Kosicki, "Problems and Opportunities in Agenda Setting," Journal of Communication 43 (2, 1993): 100-127; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," in Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (winter 1972): 176-87; Everette M. Rogers and James W. Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research: Where Has It Been, Where Is It Going?" in Communication Yearbook, ed. J. A. Anderson (NJ: Sage Publications, 1988), 555-94.
34. Bernard C. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), 13; Cook et al., "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Gerald M. Kosicki, "Problems and Opportunities in Agenda Setting," Journal of Communication 43 (2, 1993): 100-127; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," in Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (winter 1972): 176-87; Everette M. Rogers and James W. Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research: Where Has It Been, Where Is It Going?" in Communication Yearbook, ed. J. A. Anderson (NJ: Sage Publications, 1988), 555-94.
35. Bernard C. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), 13; Cook et al., "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Gerald M. Kosicki, "Problems and Opportunities in Agenda Setting," Journal of Communication 43 (2, 1993): 100-127; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," in Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (winter 1972): 176-87; Everette M. Rogers and James W. Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research: Where Has It Been, Where Is It Going?" in Communication Yearbook, ed. J. A. Anderson (NJ: Sage Publications, 1988), 555-94.
36. Bernard C. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), 13; Cook et al., "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Gerald M. Kosicki, "Problems and Opportunities in Agenda Setting," Journal of Communication 43 (2, 1993): 100-127; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," in Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (winter 1972): 176-87; Everette M. Rogers and James W. Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research: Where Has It Been, Where Is It Going?" in Communication Yearbook, ed. J. A. Anderson (NJ: Sage Publications, 1988), 555-94.
37. Bernard C. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), 13; Cook et al., "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," 22-28; Gerald M. Kosicki, "Problems and Opportunities in Agenda Setting," Journal of Communication 43 (2, 1993): 100-127; Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," in Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (winter 1972): 176-87; Everette M. Rogers and James W. Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research: Where Has It Been, Where Is It Going?" in Communication Yearbook, ed. J. A. Anderson (NJ: Sage Publications, 1988), 555-94.
38. Ernst B. Haas, When Knowledge is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations (CA: University of California Press, 1990), 9; Patrick R. Parsons, "Defining Cable Television: Structuration and Public Policy," Journal of Communication 39 (2, 1989): 10-26; Thomas Streeter, "The Cable Fable Revisited: Discourse, Policy, and the Making of Cable Television," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (June 1987): 174-200.
39. Ernst B. Haas, When Knowledge is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations (CA: University of California Press, 1990), 9; Patrick R. Parsons, "Defining Cable Television: Structuration and Public Policy," Journal of Communication 39 (2, 1989): 10-26; Thomas Streeter, "The Cable Fable Revisited: Discourse, Policy, and the Making of Cable Television," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (June 1987): 174-200.
40. Ernst B. Haas, When Knowledge is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations (CA: University of California Press, 1990), 9; Patrick R. Parsons, "Defining Cable Television: Structuration and Public Policy," Journal of Communication 39 (2, 1989): 10-26; Thomas Streeter, "The Cable Fable Revisited: Discourse, Policy, and the Making of Cable Television," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (June 1987): 174-200.
41. Denis McQuail, Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest (London: Sage Publications, 1992), 20.
42. Hays and Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," 936; Reisner, "Comparing Ethical Concerns of Agricultural and General Journalists," 43-44.
43. Hays and Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," 936; Reisner, "Comparing Ethical Concerns of Agricultural and General Journalists," 43-44.
44. Hays and Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," 936; Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition and Managerial Gratifications from Business News," 109-114; Oliver and Paulson, "An Examination of the Ethical Issues Facing Agricultural Communicators in Seven Agricultural Communication Organizations," 13.
45. Hays and Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," 936; Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition and Managerial Gratifications from Business News," 109-114; Oliver and Paulson, "An Examination of the Ethical Issues Facing Agricultural Communicators in Seven Agricultural Communication Organizations," 13.
46. Hays and Reisner, "Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," 936; Dobos, "A Social Ecology Study of Media Competition and Managerial Gratifications from Business News," 109-114; Oliver and Paulson, "An Examination of the Ethical Issues Facing Agricultural Communicators in Seven Agricultural Communication Organizations," 13.
47. Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 52; Amal Kawar, "Issue Definition, Democratic Participation, and Genetic Engineering," Policy Studies Journal 17 (4, 1989): 719-43; R.J. Milavsky, "Recent Journal and Trade Publication Treatments of Globalization in Mass Media Marketing and Social Change," International Journal of Advertising 12 (winter 1993): 45-56.
48. Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 52; Amal Kawar, "Issue Definition, Democratic Participation, and Genetic Engineering," Policy Studies Journal 17 (4, 1989): 719-43; R.J. Milavsky, "Recent Journal and Trade Publication Treatments of Globalization in Mass Media Marketing and Social Change," International Journal of Advertising 12 (winter 1993): 45-56.
49. Cole and Oettinger, Reluctant Regulators, 52; Amal Kawar, "Issue Definition, Democratic Participation, and Genetic Engineering," Policy Studies Journal 17 (4, 1989): 719-43; R.J. Milavsky, "Recent Journal and Trade Publication Treatments of Globalization in Mass Media Marketing and Social Change," International Journal of Advertising 12 (winter 1993): 45-56.
50. Cobb, Keith-Ross, and Ross's models have been successfully tested against policy processes in the United States. See Elaine B. Sharp, "Agenda-Setting and Policy Results: Lessons From Three Drug Policy Episodes," Policy Studies Journal 20 (4, 1992): 538-51; Kawar, "Issue Definition, Democratic Participation, and Genetic Engineering," 719-43.
51. Cobb, Keith-Ross, and Ross's models have been successfully tested against policy processes in the United States. See Elaine B. Sharp, "Agenda-Setting and Policy Results: Lessons From Three Drug Policy Episodes," Policy Studies Journal 20 (4, 1992): 538-51; Kawar, "Issue Definition, Democratic Participation, and Genetic Engineering," 719-43.
52. Research Group of The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, Separating Fact From Fiction on the Information Superhighway - Special Report (NY, NY: The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, 1994), 8-12.
53. Ann Hollifield and Rohan Samarajiva, "Changing Discourses in U.S. Information-Communication Policy: From Free Flow to Competitive Advantage?," Gazette 54 (2, 1994), 121-43; Robert B. Reich, "Behold! We Have an Industrial Policy," New York Times, 22 May 1988, sec. A, p. 29.
54. Ann Hollifield and Rohan Samarajiva, "Changing Discourses in U.S. Information-Communication Policy: From Free Flow to Competitive Advantage?," Gazette 54 (2, 1994), 121-43; Robert B. Reich, "Behold! We Have an Industrial Policy," New York Times, 22 May 1988, sec. A, p. 29.
55. Cobb, Keith-Ross, and Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," 126-38.
56. Endres, "Research Review: The Specialized Business Press," 72-83; Marcia R. Prior-Miller, "Research Review: Issues in Magazine Typology," in The American Magazine, ed. David Abrahamson (IA: Iowa State University Press, 1995), 3-23.
57. Endres, "Research Review: The Specialized Business Press," 72-83; Marcia R. Prior-Miller, "Research Review: Issues in Magazine Typology," in The American Magazine, ed. David Abrahamson (IA: Iowa State University Press, 1995), 3-23.
58. International Media Guide, Edition: Business and Professional Publications - The Americas (NY: Directories International, 1993), XI.
59. Research Group of The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, Separating Fact from Fiction, 8.
60. The Freedom Forum study did not track use of the formal name of the proposed network, "National Information Infrastructure" or its acronym "NII." It would have been an obvious error, however, to have failed to include the network's formal name in a key word search.
61. Key word searches of the Nexis database result in citation lists in reverse chronological order. This list was printed and examined for articles from foreign publications and general interest business publications and for articles that appeared in more than one publication or edition. All such items were eliminated from the citation list. The sample was then drawn as described, and the articles identified in the sample were downloaded. In a few instances, two copies of a single article that appeared in different publications under different headlines were downloaded. Such articles were identified, discarded, and replaced with the next article on the citation list.
62. Ole R. Holsti, Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities (MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1969), 137.
63. Intercoder reliability: Variable "Policy issues," .88, four coders; Variable "Primary uses," .90, six coders; Variable "Topics of coverage," .92, four coders. Test/re-test: Variable Policy issues," 100%; Variable "Primary uses," 82%; Variable "Topics of coverage," 96%.
64. The difference of proportions test was used because the hypotheses focused on relationships between specific categories within the distribution rather than the entire distribution. See James L. Bruning and B.L. Kintz, Computational Handbook of Statistics (IL: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1968), 199-201. Additionally, the large number of cases in this study -15,505-made usual nonparametric measures of statistical significance for nominal data useless. Chi-Square tests, for example, become meaningless where there are more than 1,000 cases. See Kirk W. Elifson, Richard P. Runyon, and Audrey Haber, Fundamentals of Social Statistics, 2d ed. (NY: McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1990), 413-16. The difference of proportions test also is sensitive to sample size and because statistical significance does not necessarily indicate that differences are meaningful, the separate benchmark of meaningfulness was established.
65. The difference of proportions test was used because the hypotheses focused on relationships between specific categories within the distribution rather than the entire distribution. See James L. Bruning and B.L. Kintz, Computational Handbook of Statistics (IL: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1968), 199-201. Additionally, the large number of cases in this study -15,505-made usual nonparametric measures of statistical significance for nominal data useless. Chi-Square tests, for example, become meaningless where there are more than 1,000 cases. See Kirk W. Elifson, Richard P. Runyon, and Audrey Haber, Fundamentals of Social Statistics, 2d ed. (NY: McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1990), 413-16. The difference of proportions test also is sensitive to sample size and because statistical significance does not necessarily indicate that differences are meaningful, the separate benchmark of meaningfulness was established.
66. Oscar H. Gandy Jr., Beyond Agenda Setting: Information Subsidies and Public Policy (NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp., 1982).