Macao: The shadow land

World Policy Journal

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 73-95

  Maxwell, Kenneth ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038832683     PISSN: 07402775     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. The Sino-American Treaty and documents can be found in Hunter Miller, ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 4 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1934), pp. 647-62.
2. See Geoffrey C. Gunn, Encountering Macau: A Portuguese City-state on the Periphery of China, 1557-1999 (Boulder, Col.: Westview, 1996).
3. "Did Britain's Diplomats Blunder?" Economist, May 17, 1997, pp. 47-48.
4. There was truth to the charges of kidnapping. See C. R. Boxer, Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550-1770 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1948), p. 223.
5. Jonathan D. Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (New York: Viking Penguin, 1984), p. 193.
6. The district or county office was the lowest level in the Chinese imperial bureaucracy. The major responsibility of this low-level bureaucrat in Macao was to make sure that the Portuguese paid their annual rent and customs duties to the Chinese imperial authorities. See Jonathan Porter, Macau: The Imaginary City (Boulder, Col.: Westview, 1996). Porter's is by far the best recent book on Macao in English.
7. Angela Guimarães, Uma Relação Especial: Macau e as relações luso-chinesas, 1780-1844 (Lisbon: Edição Centro de Investigações e Estudos de Sociologia, 1996.)
8. For a discussion of the seven great Chinese voyages of the Grand Eunuch Zheng He between 1405 and 1433, see K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History form the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), esp. pp. 34-62.
9. C. R. Boxer's The Great Ship of the Amacon: Annals of Macao and the Old Japan Trade, 1555-1640 (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Historiées Ultramarinos, 1963) is one of the great works on the Portuguese in Asia and is still unsurpassed for its pithy detail and original research. More recently, the Indian historian Sanjay Subrahmanyam has written an excellent overview, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History (London and New York: Longman, 1993).
10. C. R. Boxer's The Great Ship of the Amacon: Annals of Macao and the Old Japan Trade, 1555-1640 (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Historiées Ultramarinos, 1963) is one of the great works on the Portuguese in Asia and is still unsurpassed for its pithy detail and original research. More recently, the Indian historian Sanjay Subrahmanyam has written an excellent overview, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History (London and New York: Longman, 1993).
11. Yoshitomo Okamoto, The Namban Art of Japan (New York and Tokyo: Weatherhill and Heibonsha, 1972). See also, Luiz Carlos Lisboa and Mara Rúbia Arakaki, Namban (São Paulo: Aliança Cultural Brasil-Jap̃o, 1993).
12. Yoshitomo Okamoto, The Namban Art of Japan (New York and Tokyo: Weatherhill and Heibonsha, 1972). See also, Luiz Carlos Lisboa and Mara Rúbia Arakaki, Namban (São Paulo: Aliança Cultural Brasil-Jap̃o, 1993).
13. C. R. Boxer, Portuguese Society in the Tropics: The Municipal Councils of Goa, Macao, Bahia, and Luanda 1510-1600 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
14. For these events, see Boxer, Fidalgos in the Far East, pp. 72-92; and Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606-1661 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), pp. 119-20.
15. For these events, see Boxer, Fidalgos in the Far East, pp. 72-92; and Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606-1661 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), pp. 119-20.
16. Boxer, Great Ship of the Amacon, p. 19.
17. Ibid.
18. The most accessible Chinese text on this period is the report by two officials, Tcheong-u-Lam and Ian-kuong-Iam, Ou Mun Kei-Leok: Monografia de Macau, trans. Luis Gonçalves (Macao: Imprensa Nacional, 1950). Boxer reproduced the remarkable illustrations of Chinese and Portuguese inhabitants of Macao contained in the original manuscript in his Fidalgos in the Far East.
19. The most accessible Chinese text on this period is the report by two officials, Tcheong-u-Lam and Ian-kuong-Iam, Ou Mun Kei-Leok: Monografia de Macau, trans. Luis Gonçalves (Macao: Imprensa Nacional, 1950). Boxer reproduced the remarkable illustrations of Chinese and Portuguese inhabitants of Macao contained in the original manuscript in his Fidalgos in the Far East.
20. This period has been skillfully evoked in the romanticized histories of Austin Coates's City of Broken Promises (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1967), and A Macao Narrative (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1975). For the opium trade, see Martin Booth, Opium: A History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), pp. 103-37.
21. This period has been skillfully evoked in the romanticized histories of Austin Coates's City of Broken Promises (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1967), and A Macao Narrative (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1975). For the opium trade, see Martin Booth, Opium: A History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), pp. 103-37.
22. This period has been skillfully evoked in the romanticized histories of Austin Coates's City of Broken Promises (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1967), and A Macao Narrative (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1975). For the opium trade, see Martin Booth, Opium: A History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), pp. 103-37.
23. On Valignano, see Spence, Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci, pp. 40-41. For the Jesuits in Macao and China, see also Porter, Macau, pp. 104-16.
24. On Valignano, see Spence, Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci, pp. 40-41. For the Jesuits in Macao and China, see also Porter, Macau, pp. 104-16.
25. The Macao Senate had to calm the Chinese with a lengthy memorial explaining that no anti-Chinese plot was involved in the fracas.
26. On the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal and its empire, see Kenneth Maxwell, Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 71-86; on the Jesuits within the Portuguese Empire, see Dauril Alden, The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire and Beyond (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996).
27. On the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal and its empire, see Kenneth Maxwell, Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 71-86; on the Jesuits within the Portuguese Empire, see Dauril Alden, The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire and Beyond (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996).
28. The Basic Law is printed in full in Steve Shipp, Macau, China: A Political History of the Portuguese Colony's Transition to Chinese Rule (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1997), pp. 143-71. There is also a good description of the negotiations and legal background in R. D. Cremer, ed., Macau: City of Commerce and Culture, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong: API Press, 1991), esp. pp. 261-353.
29. The Basic Law is printed in full in Steve Shipp, Macau, China: A Political History of the Portuguese Colony's Transition to Chinese Rule (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1997), pp. 143-71. There is also a good description of the negotiations and legal background in R. D. Cremer, ed., Macau: City of Commerce and Culture, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong: API Press, 1991), esp. pp. 261-353.
30. South China Morning Post, May 12, 1997.
31. Ibid., April 19, 1997.
32. Reuters World Service, May 12, 1997.
33. South China Morning Post, April 19, 1997; and Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Chi-92-082, April 27, 1997.
34. South China Morning Post, April 19, 1997; and Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Chi-92-082, April 27, 1997.
35. Shipp, Macau, China, p. 146.
36. Wall Street Journal, May 6, 1997.
37. FBIS, Chi-93-139, May 19, 1997, p. A6.
38. FBIS, Chi-92-127, daily report, May 7, 1997; FBIS, Chi-97-128, May 8, 1997; and Far Eastern Economic Review, September 26, 1996, p. 30.
39. FBIS, Chi-92-127, daily report, May 7, 1997; FBIS, Chi-97-128, May 8, 1997; and Far Eastern Economic Review, September 26, 1996, p. 30.
40. FBIS, Chi-92-127, daily report, May 7, 1997; FBIS, Chi-97-128, May 8, 1997; and Far Eastern Economic Review, September 26, 1996, p. 30.
41. For this period in Portugal, see Kenneth Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge Universiy Press, 1995).
42. China thus demanded that the United Nations exclude Macao from the list of territories "under colonial rule." As far as the China was concerned, Macao was "part of China" and a domestic question. The Portuguese acquiesced in this definition and described Macao thereafter as "a Chinese territory under Portuguese administration."
43. Fok Kai Cheong, Estudos sobre a Instalação dos Portugueses em Macau (Lisbon and Macao: Gradiva, 1996).
44. Franco Nogueira, Salazar: Estudo Biográfico, 6 vols. (Coimbra: Atlántida Editora, 1977), vol.3, p. 393.
45. FBIS, Chi-97-086, daily report, May 2, 1997, p. A11. C.R. Boxer, ́Dares-e-tomares nas relações luso-chinesas durante os sécules XVII e XVIII através de Macau,̃ Boletim do Arquivo Histórico de Macau, vol. 1 (January 1981), pp. 3-13.
46. FBIS, Chi-97-086, daily report, May 2, 1997, p. A11. C.R. Boxer, ́Dares-e-tomares nas relações luso-chinesas durante os sécules XVII e XVIII através de Macau,̃ Boletim do Arquivo Histórico de Macau, vol. 1 (January 1981), pp. 3-13.
47. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Macau, May 13, 1997.
48. There is an excellent account of the Macanese in ́The Macanese: Anthropology, History, Ethnology,́ Review of Culture, (InstitutO Cultural de Macau), no. 20, 1994.
49. For a forceful analysis of the problem of corruption in Macao, see Lo Shiu-hing, ́Bureaucratic Corruption and Its Control in Macao,́ Asian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 15 (June 1993), pp. 32-58.
50. Hong Kong Sing Tao Jim Pao (in Chinese), FBIS, Chi-96-236, daily report, December 5, 1996, p. A16 (translated text). The veil that closely covers the role of Macao and its money in domestic Portuguese politics was partially lifted by the "tell all," or at least part of the "all" in a remarkable book by Rui Mateus, the former confidant, translator, and political bagman for Mario Soares. Mateus was caught up in allegations of corruption in the contracting of Macao's new international airport, and former president Soares quickly dumped him; as a result, Mateus's book reveals a good deal of the seamy side of Portuguese politics, including the extraordinary tale of the murky proposed deals over the use of Macao as a base for a television franchise aimed at the Hong Kong market and southern China, involving Soares, and at various stages, the late Robert Maxwell, Rupert Murdoch, and Stanley Ho. See Rui Mateus, Contos Proibidos: Memórias de um PS desconbecido (Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996). Soares, when asked about the Mateus book, said that he ́had not read it.... He did not wish to disturb himself or waste time uselessly.́ See Maria João Avillez, Soares, Democracia (Lisbon: Púbico, 1996), p. 272.
51. Hong Kong Sing Tao Jim Pao (in Chinese), FBIS, Chi-96-236, daily report, December 5, 1996, p. A16 (translated text). The veil that closely covers the role of Macao and its money in domestic Portuguese politics was partially lifted by the "tell all," or at least part of the "all" in a remarkable book by Rui Mateus, the former confidant, translator, and political bagman for Mario Soares. Mateus was caught up in allegations of corruption in the contracting of Macao's new international airport, and former president Soares quickly dumped him; as a result, Mateus's book reveals a good deal of the seamy side of Portuguese politics, including the extraordinary tale of the murky proposed deals over the use of Macao as a base for a television franchise aimed at the Hong Kong market and southern China, involving Soares, and at various stages, the late Robert Maxwell, Rupert Murdoch, and Stanley Ho. See Rui Mateus, Contos Proibidos: Memórias de um PS desconbecido (Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996). Soares, when asked about the Mateus book, said that he ́had not read it.... He did not wish to disturb himself or waste time uselessly.́ See Maria João Avillez, Soares, Democracia (Lisbon: Púbico, 1996), p. 272.
52. Hong Kong Sing Tao Jim Pao (in Chinese), FBIS, Chi-96-236, daily report, December 5, 1996, p. A16 (translated text). The veil that closely covers the role of Macao and its money in domestic Portuguese politics was partially lifted by the "tell all," or at least part of the "all" in a remarkable book by Rui Mateus, the former confidant, translator, and political bagman for Mario Soares. Mateus was caught up in allegations of corruption in the contracting of Macao's new international airport, and former president Soares quickly dumped him; as a result, Mateus's book reveals a good deal of the seamy side of Portuguese politics, including the extraordinary tale of the murky proposed deals over the use of Macao as a base for a television franchise aimed at the Hong Kong market and southern China, involving Soares, and at various stages, the late Robert Maxwell, Rupert Murdoch, and Stanley Ho. See Rui Mateus, Contos Proibidos: Memórias de um PS desconbecido (Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996). Soares, when asked about the Mateus book, said that he ́had not read it.... He did not wish to disturb himself or waste time uselessly.́ See Maria João Avillez, Soares, Democracia (Lisbon: Púbico, 1996), p. 272.
53. New York Times, October 19, 1998.
54. Final Report of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U. S. Senate, Investigation of Illegal or Improper Activities in Connection with 1996 Federal Election Campaigns, together with additional and minority views, March 10, 1998. 105th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1998), pp. 2497-2904, 5270-5413; and Report of the Select Committee United States House of Representatives, U.S. National Security and Military/ Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, 105th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1999). The most comprehensive discussion on Yah Lin "Charlie" Trie's role as a direct source or solicitor of the second largest volume of contributions returned by the Democratic National Committee is to be found in the testimony of Jerry Campane, special agent, Senate Governmental Affairs Campaign Finance Investigation, on July 29, 1998. This testimony was not in the six-volume Senate committee report, but is available through the Federal Document Clearing House. Charlie Trie was charged by the Justice Department's Campaign Finance Task Force. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 18 months of home detention, three years probation, and a $5,000 fine (Wall Street Journal, November 10, 1999).
55. Final Report of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U. S. Senate, Investigation of Illegal or Improper Activities in Connection with 1996 Federal Election Campaigns, together with additional and minority views, March 10, 1998. 105th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1998), pp. 2497-2904, 5270-5413; and Report of the Select Committee United States House of Representatives, U.S. National Security and Military/ Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, 105th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1999). The most comprehensive discussion on Yah Lin "Charlie" Trie's role as a direct source or solicitor of the second largest volume of contributions returned by the Democratic National Committee is to be found in the testimony of Jerry Campane, special agent, Senate Governmental Affairs Campaign Finance Investigation, on July 29, 1998. This testimony was not in the six-volume Senate committee report, but is available through the Federal Document Clearing House. Charlie Trie was charged by the Justice Department's Campaign Finance Task Force. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 18 months of home detention, three years probation, and a $5,000 fine (Wall Street Journal, November 10, 1999).
56. Final Report of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U. S. Senate, Investigation of Illegal or Improper Activities in Connection with 1996 Federal Election Campaigns, together with additional and minority views, March 10, 1998. 105th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1998), pp. 2497-2904, 5270-5413; and Report of the Select Committee United States House of Representatives, U.S. National Security and Military/ Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, 105th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1999). The most comprehensive discussion on Yah Lin "Charlie" Trie's role as a direct source or solicitor of the second largest volume of contributions returned by the Democratic National Committee is to be found in the testimony of Jerry Campane, special agent, Senate Governmental Affairs Campaign Finance Investigation, on July 29, 1998. This testimony was not in the six-volume Senate committee report, but is available through the Federal Document Clearing House. Charlie Trie was charged by the Justice Department's Campaign Finance Task Force. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 18 months of home detention, three years probation, and a $5,000 fine (Wall Street Journal, November 10, 1999).
57. Economist Intelligence Unit Country Report, April 27, 1998.
58. Lo Shiu-hing, "Comparative Political Systems: The Cases of Hong Kong and Macau," Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 25, no. 2 (1995), pp. 254-71, and his "Aspects of Political Development in Macao," China Quarterly, no. 120 (December 1989), pp. 837-51.
59. Lo Shiu-hing, "Comparative Political Systems: The Cases of Hong Kong and Macau," Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 25, no. 2 (1995), pp. 254-71, and his "Aspects of Political Development in Macao," China Quarterly, no. 120 (December 1989), pp. 837-51.
60. These questions are discussed in detail in U.S. Department of State, Macau Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996, released January 30, 1997.
61. Asian Wall Street Journal Weekly, September 23, 1996.
62. For the current economic situation, see International Monetary Fund, Public Information Notice No. 99140, May 7, 1999. Article IV Consultation held in 1998 with Portugal-Macau.
63. Boxer, Fidalgos in the Far East, p. 288.