Multispecies comparison of the casein gene loci and evolution of casein gene family

Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 327-345

  Rijnkels, Monique ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Casein gene; Comparative analysis; Evolution; Gene cluster; Mammary gland; Secretory protein

Indexed keywords

CASEIN; MILK PROTEIN; SECRETORY PROTEIN;

EVOLUTION; GENE CLUSTER; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE LOCUS; GENOME; HUMAN; MAMMARY GLAND; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; UNINDEXED SEQUENCE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; BASE SEQUENCE; CASEINS; CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; EVOLUTION; EXONS; INTRONS; LACTATION; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MULTIGENE FAMILY; RNA SPLICING; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, NUCLEIC ACID; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 0038827449     PISSN: 10833021     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1022808918013     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. H. E. Swaisgood (1993). Review and update of casein chemistry. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3054-3061.
2. J. E. Plowman and L. K. Creamer (1995). Restrained molecular dynamics study of the interaction between bovine κ-casein peptide 98-111 and bovine chymosin and porcine pepsin. J. Dairy Res. 62:451-467.
3. A. F. Stewart, I. M. Willis, and A. G. Mackinlay (1984). Nucleotide sequence of bovine α s1-and κ-casein cDNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:3895-3907.
4. J. C. Mercier, P. Gaye, S. Soulier, D. Hue-Delahaie, and J. L. Vilotte (1985). Construction and identification of recombinant plasmids carrying cDNAs coding for ovine α s1-, α s2-, β-, κ-casein, and β-lactoglobulin. Nucleotide sequence of α s1-casein cDNA. Biochemie 67:959-971.
5. C. Leroux, N. Mazure, and P. Martin (1992). Mutations away from splice site recognition sequences might cis-modulate alternative splicing of goat α s1-casein transcripts. Structural organization of the relevant gene. J. Biol. Chem. 267:6147-6157.
6. L. J. Alexander and C. W. Beattie (1992). The sequence of porcine α s1-casein cDNA: Evidence for protein variants generated by altered RNA splicing. Anim. Genet. 23:283-288.
7. S. Kappeler, Z. Farah, and Z. Puhan (1998). Sequence analysis of Camelus dromedarius milk caseins. J. Dairy Res. 65:209-222.
8. L. B. Johnsen, L. K. Rasmussen, T. E. Petersen, and L. Berglund (1995). Characterization of three types of human α s1-casein mRNA transcripts. Biochem. J. 309:237-242.
9. M. J. Grusby, S. C. Mitchell, N. Nabavi, and L. H. Glimcher (1990). Casein expression in cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:6897-6901.
10. A. A. Hobbs and J. M. Rosen (1982). Sequence of rat α-and γ-casein mRNAs: Evolutionary comparison of the calcium-dependent rat casein multigene family. Nucleic Acids Res. 10:8079-8098.
11. E. Devinoy, E. Schaerer, G. Jolivet, M. L. Fontaine, J. P. Kraehenbuhl, and L. M. Houdebine (1988). Sequence of the rabbit α s1-casein cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:11813.
12. L. Hall, J. E. Laird, and R. K. Craig (1984). Nucleotide sequence determination of guinea-pig casein B cDNA reveals homology with bovine and rat α s1 casein and conservation of non-coding regions of the mRNA. Biochem. J. 222:561-670.
13. D. Milenkovic, P. Martin, G. Guerin, and C. Leroux (2002). A specific pattern of splicing for the horse α S1-casein mRNA and partial genomic characterization of the relevant locus. Genet. Sel. Evol. 34:509-519.
14. C. Collet, R. Joseph, and K. Nicholas (1992). Molecular characterization and in-vitro hormonal requirements for expression of two casein genes from a marsupial. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 8:13-20.
15. M. R. Ginger, C. P. Piotte, D. E. Otter, and M. R. Grigor (1999). Identification, characterisation and cDNA cloning of two caseins from the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1427:92-104.
16. A. F. Stewart, J. Bonsing, C. W. Beattie, F. Shah, I. M. Willis, and A. G. MacKinlay (1987). Complete nucleotide sequences of bovine α S2-and β-casein cDNAs: Comparisons with related sequences in other species. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:231-241.
17. A. Klotz, I. Krause, and R. Einspanier (2000). Complete sequence determination of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) β-casein mRNA transcripts isolated from somatic milk cells. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 211.
18. C. Provot, M. A. Persuy, and J. C. Mercier (1989). Complete nucleotide sequence of ovine β-casein cDNA: Inter-species comparison. Biochimie 71:827-832.
19. L. J. Alexander and C. W. Beattie (1992). The sequence of porcine β-casein cDNA. Anim. Genet. 23:369-371.
20. B. Lonnerdal, S. Bergstrom, Y. Andersson, K. Hjalmarsson, A. K. Sundqvist, and O. Hernell (1990). Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding human milk β-casein. Febs. Lett. 269:153-156.
21. M. Yoshimura, M. R. Banerjee, and T. Oka (1986). Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding mouse β casein. Nucleic. Acids Res. 14:8224.
22. D. E. Blackburn, A. A. Hobbs. and J. M. Rosen (1982). Rat β casein cDNA: Sequence analysis and evolutionary comparisons. Nucleic Acids Res. 10:2295-2307.
23. E. Schaerer, E. Devinoy, J. P. Kraehenbuhl, and L. M. Houdebine (1988). Sequence of the rabbit β-casein cDNA: Comparison with other cDNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:11814.
24. M. Watanabe, S. Sugano, T. Togashi, J. Imai, K. Uchida, R. Yamaguchi, and S. Tateyama (2000). Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of canine β-casein. DNA Seq. 11:295-300.
25. T. Sasaki, M. Sasaki, and J. Enami (1993). Mouse γ-casein cDNA: PCR cloning and sequence analysis. Zool. Sci. 10:65-72.
26. S. P. Dawson, C. J. Wilde, P. J. Tighe, and R. J. Mayer (1993). Characterization of two novel casein transcripts in rabbit mammary gland. Biochem. J. 296:777-784.
27. M. Boisnard, D. Hue, C. Bouniol, J. C. Mercier, and P. Gaye (1991). Multiple mRNA species code for two non-allelic forms of ovine α s2-casein. Eur. J. Biochem. 201:633-641.
28. C. Bouniol (1993). Sequence of the goat α s2-casein-encoding cDNA. Gene 125:235-236.
29. L. J. Alexander, G. N. Das, and C. W. Beattie (1992). The sequence of porcine α s2-casein cDNA. Anim. Genet. 23:365-367.
30. L. G. Hennighausen, A. Steudle and A. E. Sippel (1982). Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA coding for mouse epsilon casein. Eur. J. Biochem. 126:569-572.
31. L. Hall, J. R. Laird, J. C. Pascall, and R. K. Craig (1984). Guinea-pig casein cDNA. Nucleaotide sequence analysis and comparison of the deduced protein sequence with that of bovine α s2 casein. Eur. J. Biochem. 1138:585-589.
32. J. P. Furet, J. C. Mercier, S. Soulier, P. Gaye, D. D. Hue, and J. L. Vilotte (1990). Nucleotide sequence of ovine κ-casein cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:5286.
33. A. Coll, J. M. Folch, and A. Sanchez (1993). Nucleotide sequence of the goat κ-casein cDNA. J. Anim. Sci. 71:2833.
34. W. B. Levine, L. J. Alexander, G. E. Hoganson, and C. W. Beattie (1992). Cloning and sequencing of the porcine κ-casein cDNA. Anim. Genet. 23:361-363.
35. S. Bergstrom, L. Hansson, O. Hernell, B. Lonnerdal, M. Stromqvist, and A. K. Sundqvist (1992). Nucleotide sequence of human κ-casein cDNA. Unpublished manuscript. (EMBL/GenBank accesion no. X66417).
36. M. D. Thompson, J. R. Dave, and H. L. Nakhasi (1985). Molecular cloning of mouse mammary gland κ-casein: Comparison with rat κ-casein and rat and human γ-fibrinogen. DNA 4:263-271.
37. H. L. Nakhasi, F. H. Grantham, and P. M. Gullino (1984). Expression of κ-casein in normal and neoplastic rat mammary gland is under the control of prolactin. J. Biol. Chem. 259:14894-14898.
38. Z. Bosze, E. Devinoy, C. Puissant, M. L. Fontaine, and L. M. Houdebine (1993). Characterization of rabbit κ-casein cDNA: Control of κ casein gene expression in vivo and in vitro. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 11:9-17.
39. L. Hall (1990). Nucleotide sequence of guinea-pig κ-casein cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:6129.
40. S. X. Stasiuk, E. L. Summers, and J. Demmer (2000). Cloning of a marsupial κ-casein cDNA from the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 12:215-222.
41. D. Koczan, G. Hobom, and H. M. Seyfert (1991). Genomic organization of the bovine α-S1 casein gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:5591-5596.
42. R. Passey, W. Glenn, and A. Mackinlay (1996). Exon skipping in the ovine α s1-casein gene. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 114:389-394.
43. M. Rijnkels, P. M. Kooiman, H. A. de Boer, and F. R. Pieper (1997). Organization of the bovine casein gene locus. Mamm. Genome 8:148-152.
44. M. Rijnkels, D. Wheeler, H. A. de Boer, and F. R. Pieper (1997). Structure and expression of the mouse casein gene locus. Mamm. Genome. 8:9-15.
45. M. Rijnkels, E. Meershoek, H. A. de Boer, and F. R. Pieper (1997). Physical map and localization of the human casein gene locus. Mamm. Genome 8:285-286.
46. L. Yu-Lee, M. L. Richter, C. H. Couch, A. F. Stewart, A. G. Mackinlay, and J. M. Rosen. (1986). Evolution of the casein multigene family: Conserved sequences in the 5′ flanking and exon regions. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:1883-1902.
47. G. Jolivet, E. Devinoy, M. L. Fontaine, and L. M. Houdebine (1992). Structure of the gene encoding rabbit α s1-casein. Gene 113:257-262.
48. J. Bonsing, J. M. Ring, A. F. Stewart, and A. G. Mackinlay (1988). Complete nucleotide sequence of the bovine β-casein gene. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 41:527-537.
49. S. I. Gorodetsky, T. M. Tkach, and T. V. Kapelinskaya (1988). Isolation and characterization of the Bos taunts β-casein gene. Gene 66:87-96.
50. C. Provot, M. A. Persuy, and J. C. Mercier (1995). Complete sequence of the ovine β-casein-encoding gene and interspecies comparison. Gene 154:259-263.
51. B. Roberts, P. DiTullio, J. Vitale, K. Hehir, and K. Gordon (1992). Cloning of the goat β-casein-encoding gene and expression in transgenic mice. Gene 121:255-262.
52. L. Hansson, A. Edlund, T. Johansson, O. Hernell, M. Stromqvist, S. Linqvist, B. Lonnerdal, and S. Bergstrom (1994). Structure of human β-casein encoding gene. Gene 139:193-199.
53. M. Yoshimura and T. Oka (1989). Isolation and structural analysis of the mouse β-casein gene. Gene 78:267-275.
54. W. K. Jones, L. L. Yu, S. M. Clift, T. L. Brown, and J. M. Rosen (1985). The rat casein multigene family. Fine structure and evolution of the β-casein gene. J. Biol. Chem. 260:7042-7050.
55. D. Thepot, E. Devinoy, M. L. Fontaine, and L. M. Houdebine (1991). Structure of the gene encoding rabbit β-casein. Gene 97:301-306.
56. M. A. Groenen, R. J. Dijkhof, A. J. Verstege, and J. J. van der Poel (1993). The complete sequence of the gene encoding bovine α s2-casein. Gene 123:187-193.
57. L. Ramunno, E. Longobardi, M. Pappalardo, A. Rando, P. Di Gregorio, G. Cosenza, P. Mariani, N. Pastore, and P. Masina (2001). An allele associated with a non-detectable amount of α s2 casein in goat milk. Anim. Genet. 32:19-26.
58. L. J. Alexander, A. F. Stewart, A. G. Mackinlay, T. V. Kapelinskaya, T. M. Tkach, and S. I. Gorodetsky (1988). Isolation and characterization of the bovine κ-casein gene. Eur. J. Biochem. 178:395-401.
59. A. Edlund, T. Johansson, B. Leidvik, and L. Hansson (1996). Structure of the human κ-casein gene. Gene 174:65-69.
60. M. Baranyi, A. Aszodi, E. Devinoy, M. L. Fontaine, L. M. Houdebine, and Z. Bosze (1996). Structure of the rabbit κ-casein encoding geneexpression of the cloned gene in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. Gene 174:27-34.
61. L. Ferretti, P. Leone, and V. Sgaramella (1990). Long range restriction analysis of the bovine casein genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:6829-6833.
62. D. W. Threadgill and J. E. Womack (1990). Genomic analysis of the major bovine milk protein genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:6935-6942.
63. Y. Fujiwara, M. Miwa, M. Nogami, K. Okumura, T. Nobori, T. Suzuki, and M. Ueda (1997). Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the human casein gene family. Hum. Genet. 99:368-373.
64. W. J. Murphy, E. Eizirik, S. J. O'Brien, O. Madsen, M. Scally, C. J. Douady, E. Teeling, O. A. Ryder, M. J. Stanhope, W. W. de Jong, and M. S. Springer (2001). Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 294:2348-2351.
65. A. Pauloin, C. Rogel-Gaillard, F. Piumi, H. Hayes, M. L. Fontaine, E. Chanat, P. Chardon, and E. Devinoy (2002). Structure of the rabbit α s1-and β-casein gene cluster, assignment to chromosome 15 and expression of the α s1-casein gene in HC11 cells. Gene 283:155-162.
66. C. Karrman, B. Backman, M. Dixon, G. Holmgren, and K. Forsman (1997). Mapping of the locus for autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta (AIH2) to a 4-Mb YAC contig on chromosome 4q11-q21. Genomics 39:164-170.
67. L. M. Sabatini, T. Ota, and E. A. Azen (1993). Nucleotide sequence analysis of the human salivary protein genes HIS1 and HIS2. and evolution of the STATH/HIS gene family. Mol. Biol. Evol. 10:497-511.
68. A. J. Marshall, Q. Du, K. E. Draves, Y. Shikishima, K. T. Hay-Glass, and E. A. Clark (2002). FDC-SP, a novel secreted protein expressed by follicular dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 169:2381-2389.
69. J.-C. Mercier and J.-L. Vilotte (1993). Structure and function of milk protein genes. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3079-3098.
70. J. Bonsing and A. G. Mackinlay. (1987). Recent studies on nucleotide sequences encoding the caseins. J. Dairy Res. 54:447-461.
71. P. Ferranti, S. Lilla, L. Chianese, and F. Addeo (1999). Alternative nonallelic deletion is constitutive of ruminant α(s1)-casein. J. Protein Chem. 18:595-602.
72. P. Ferranti, F. Addeo, A. Malorni, L. Chianese, C. Leroux, and P. Martin (1997). Differential splicing of pre-messenger RNA produces multiple forms of mature caprine α(s1)-casein. Eur. J. Biochem. 249:1-7.
73. N. P. Shah. (2000). Effects of milk-derived bioactives: An overview. Br. J. Nutr. 84(Suppl. 1): S3-S10.
74. F. A. Kondrashov and E. V. Koonin (2001). Origin of alternative splicing by tandem exon duplication. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10:2661-2669.
75. H. D. Zucht, K. Raida, K. Adaermann, H. J. Magert, and W. G. Frossmann (1995). Casocidin-I: A casein-α s2 derived peptide exhibits antibacterial activity. FEBS Lett. 372:185-188.
76. H. M. Farrell Jr., E. D. Wickham, H. J. Dower, E. G. Piotrowski, P. D. Hoagland, P. H. Cooke, and M. L. Groves (1999). Characterization of the particles of purified κ-casein: Trypsin as a probe of surface-accessible residues. J. Protein Chem. 18:637-652.
77. A. M. Fiat and P. Jolles (1989). Caseins of various origins and biologically active casein peptides and oligosaccharides: Structural and physiological aspects. Mol. Cell Biochem. 87:5-30.
78. P. Jolles, M. H. Loucheux-Lefebvre, and A. Henschen (1978). Structural relatedness of κ-casein and fibrinogen γ-chain. J. Mol. Evol. 11:271-277.
79. G. R. Crabtree, C. M. Comeau, D. M. Fowlkes, A. J. Fornace Jr., J. D. Malley, and J. A. Kant (1985). Evolution and structure of the fibrinogen genes. Random insertion of introns or selective loss? J. Mol. Biol. 185:1-19.
80. P. Jolles, S. Levy-Toledano, A. M. Fiat, C. Soria, D. Gillessen, A. Thomaidis, F. W. Dunn, and J. P. Caen (1986). Analogy between fibrinogen and casein. Effect of an undecapeptide isolated from κ-casein on platelet function. Eur. J. Biochem. 158:379-382.
81. M. R. Ginger and M. R. Grigor (1999). Comparative aspects of milk caseins. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 124:133-145.
82. D. G. Blackburn (1993). Lactation: Historical patterns and potential for manipulation. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3195-3212.
83. T. Sakakura, Y. Nishizuka, and C. J. Dawe (1976). Mesenchyme-dependent morphogenesis and epithelium-specific cytodifferentiation in mouse mammary gland. Science 194:1439-1441.
84. R. D. Burgoyne, S. E. Handel, A. W. Sudlow, M. D. Turner, S. Kumar, J. P. Simons, D. R. Blatchford, and C. J. Wilde (1995). The secretory pathway for milk protein secretion and its regulation. In C. J. Wilde, M. Peaker, and C. H. Knight (eds.). Intercellular Signalling in the Mammary Gland, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 253-263.
85. S. Kumar, A. R. Clarke, M. L. Hooper, D. S. Horne, A. J. Law, J. Leaver, A. Springbett, E. Stevenson, and J. P. Simons (1994). Milk composition and lactation of β-casein-deficient mice [published erratum appears in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 22:91(24):11767.1994Nov.]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:6138-6142.
86. E. Chanat, P. Martin, and M. Ollivier-Bousquet (1999). α(S1) -casein is required for the efficient transport of β-and κ-casein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus of mammary epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 112:3399-3412.
87. M. A. Groenen, R. J. Dijkhof, J. J. van der Poel, R. van Diggelen, and E. Versiege (1992). Multiple octamer binding sites in the promoter region of the bovine α s2-casein gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:4311-4318.
88. A. Gereneser, E. Barta, S. Boa, P. Kastanis, Z. Bosze, and C. B. Whitelaw (2002). Comparative analysis on the structural features of the 5′ flanking region of κ-casein genes from six different species. Genet. Sel. Evol. 34:117-128.
89. S. Pierre, G. Jolivet, E. Devinoy, and L.-M. Houdebine (1994). A combination of distal and proximal regions is required for efficient prolactin regulation of transfected rabbit α s1-casein chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct. Mol. Endocrinol. 8:1720-1730.
90. C. Schmidhauser, G. F. Casperson, C. A. Myers, K. T. Sanzo, S. Bolten, and M. J. Bissell (1992). A novel transcriptional enhancer is involved in the prolactin-and extracellular matrix-dependent regulation of β-casein gene expression. Mol. Biol. Cell. 3:699-709.
91. P. Winklehner-Jennewein, S. Geymayer, J. Lechner, T. Welte, L. Hansson, S. Geley, and W. Doppler (1998). A distal enhancer region in the human β-casein gene mediates the response to prolactin and glucocorticoid hormones. Gene 217:127-139.
92. T. Pantano, G. Jolivet, S. Prince, C. Menck-Le Bourhis, C. Maeder, C. Viglietta, S. Rival, and L. M. Houdebine (2002). Effect of the rabbit αs1-casein gene distal enhancer on the expression of a reporter gene in vitro and in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290:53-61.
93. R. H. Waterston, K. Lindblad-Toh, E. Birney, J. Rogers, J. F. Abril, P. Agarwal, R. Agarwala, R. Ainscough, M. Alexandersson, P. An, S. E. Antonarakis, J. Attwood, R. Baertsch, J. Bailey, K. Barlow, S. Beck, E. Berry, B. Birren, T. Bloom, P. Bork, M. Botcherby, N. Bray, M. R. Brent, D. G. Brown, S. D. Brown, C. Bult, J. Burton, J. Butler, R. D. Campbell, P. Carninci, S. Cawley, F. Chiaromonte, A. T. Chinwalla, D. M. Church, M. Clamp. C. Clee, F. S. Collins, L. L. Cook, R. R. Copley, A. Coulson, O. Couronne, J. Cuff, V. Curwen, T. Cutts, M. Daly, R. David, J. Davies, K. D. Delehaunty, J. Deri, E. T. Dermitzakis, C. Dewey, N. J. Dickens, M. Diekhans, S. Dodge, I. Dubchak, D. M. Dunn, S. R. Eddy, L. Elnitski, R. D. Emes, P. Eswara, E. Eyras, A. Felsenfeld, G. A. Fewell, P. Flicek, K. Foley, W. N. Frankel, L. A. Fulton, R. S. Fulton, T. S. Furey, D. Gage, R. A. Gibbs, G. Glusman, S. Gnerre, N. Goldman, L. Goodstadt, D. Grafham, T. A. Graves, E. D. Green, S. Gregory, R. Guigo, M. Guyer, R. C. Hardison, D. Haussler, Y. Hayashizaki, L. W. Hillier, A. Hinrichs, W. Hlavina, T. Holzer, F. Hsu, A. Hua, T. Hubbard, A. Hunt, I. Jackson, D. B. Jaffe, L. S. Johnson, M. Jones, T. A. Jones, A. Joy, M. Kamal, E. K. Karlsson, D. Karolchik, A. Kasprzyk, J. Kawai, E. Keibler, C. Kells, W. J. Kent, A. Kirby, D. L. Kolbe, I. Korf, R. S. Kucherlapati, E. J. Kulbokas, D. Kulp, T. Landers, J. P. Leger, S. Leonard, I. Letunic, R. Levine, J. Li, M. Li, C. Lloyd, S. Lucas, B. Ma, D. R. Maglott, E. R. Mardis, L. Matthews, E. Mauceli, J. H. Mayer, M. McCarthy, W. R. McCombie, S. McLaren, K. McLay, J. D. McPherson, J. Meldrim, B. Meredith, J. P. Mesirov, W. Miller, T. L. Miner, E. Mongin, K. T. Montgomery, M. Morgan, R. Mott, J. C. Mullikin, D. M. Muzny, W. E. Nash, J. O. Nelson, M. N. Nhan, R. Nicol, Z. Ning, C. Nusbaum, M. J. O'Connor, Y. Okazaki, K. Oliverv, E. Overton-Larty, L. Pachter, G. Parra, K. H. Pepin, J. Peterson, P. Pevzner, R. Plumb, C. S. Pohl, A. Poliakov, T. C. Ponce, C. P. Ponting, S. Potter, M. Quail, A. Reymond, B. A. Roe, K. M. Roskin, E. M. Rubin, A. G. Rust, R. Santos, V. Sapojnikov, B. Schultz, J. Schultz, M. S. Schwartz, S. Schwartz, C. Scott, S. Seaman, S. Searle, T. Sharpe, A. Sheridan, R. Shownkeen, S. Sims, J. B. Singer, G. Slater, A. Smit, D. R. Smith, B. Spencer, A. Stabenau, N. Stange-Thomann, C. Sugnet, M. Suyama, G. Tesler, J. Thompson, D. Torrents, E. Trevaskis, J. Tromp, C. Ucla, A. Ureta-Vidal, J. P. Vinson, A. C. Von Niederhausern, C. M. Wade, M. Wall, R. J. Weber, R. B. Weiss, M. C. Wendl, A. P. West, K. Wetterstrand, R. Wheeler, S. Whelan, J. Wierzbowski, D. Willey, S. Williams, R. K. Wilson, E. Winter, K. C. Worley, D. Wyman, S. Yang, S. P. Yang, E. M. Zdobnov, M. C. Zody, and E. S. Lander (2002) Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 420:520-562.
94. B. Oliver, M. Parisi, and D. Clark (2002). Gene expression neighborhoods. J. Biol. 1: 4.
95. Y. Yu and A. Bradley (2001). Engineering chromosomal rear-rangements in mice. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:780-790.