Invisible mothers: A content analysis of motherhood ideologies and myths in magazines

Sex Roles

Volumn 49, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 21-33

  Johnston, Deirdre D ^a   Swanson, Debra H ^a  

^a HOPE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Content analysis; Ideology; Magazines; Media; Motherhood; Myths; Women

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038827218     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1023905518500     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Bailey, N., Brown, G., & Wilson, C. (2002), 'The baby brigade': Teenage mothers and sexuality. Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering, 4(1), 101-110.
2. Bakhtin, M. (1981). The dialogic imagination; Four essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.
3. Barnett, R. C., & Rivers, C. (1998). She works, he works: How twoincome families are happy, healthy, and thriving. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Barthes, R. (1972). Mythologies. New York: Hill & Wang. (Original work published 1957)
5. Bassin, D., Honey, M., & Kaplan, M. (1994). Representations of motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
6. Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine.
7. Blair-Loy, M. (2001). Cultural constructions of family schemas: The case of women finance executives. Gender and Society, 15, 687-709.
8. Bolton, M. (2000). The third shift: Managing hard choices in our careers, homes, and lives as women. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
9. Boris, E. (1994). Mothers are not workers: Homework regulation and the construction of motherhood, 1948-1953. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. N. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience, and agency (pp. 161-179). New York: Routledge.
10. Buxton, J. (1998). Ending the mother war: Starting the workplace revolution. London: Macmillan.
11. Chang, G. (1994). Undocumented Latinas: The new 'employable mother'. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. N. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience, and agency (pp. 259-285). New York: Routledge.
12. Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13. Collins, P. H. (1994). Shifting the center: Race, class, and feminist theorizing about motherhood. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. N. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience, and agency (pp. 45-64). New York: Routledge.
14. Coontz, S. (1992). The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap. New York: Basic Books.
15. Corrigan, P., & Sayer, D. (1985). The great arch: English state formation as cultural revolution. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
16. Crabtree, S. (1996, December 30). Not just food and fashion: These pages pack a punch. Insight on the News, pp. 11-14.
17. Dagnan, C. (1999) Pay day: Treasurer for stay-at-home moms. Joplin, MO: College Press.
18. Dally, A. (1982). Inventing motherhood: The consequences of an ideal. London: Burnett Books.
19. Dates, J. L. (1995). Caroline Jones: Advertising agency executive. In C. Lont (Ed.), Women and media: Content/careers/criticism (pp. 131-142). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
20. DiLapi, E. (1989). Lesbian mothers and the motherhood hierarchy, Journal of Homosexuality, 18, 101-121.
21. Dill, B. T. (1988). Our mother's grief: Racial ethnic women and the maintenance of families. Journal of Family History, 13, 415-431.
22. Ehrenreich, B., & English, D. (1978). For her own good: 150 years of the experts' advice to women. New York: Anchor Books.
23. Ehrensaft, D. (1983). When women and men mother. In J. Trebilcot (Ed.), Mothering: Essays in feminist theory (pp. 41-60). Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefleld.
24. Eyer, D. E. (1992). Mother-infant bonding: A scientific fiction. New Haven, CT Yale University Press.
25. Eyer, D. E. (1996). Motherguilt: How our culture blames mothers for what's wrong with society. New York: Times Books.
26. Ferguson, A. (1983). On conceiving motherhood and sexuality: A feminist materialist approach. In J. Trebilcot (Ed.), Mothering: Essays in feminist theory (pp. 153-182). Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
27. Ferguson, M. (1983). Forever feminine: Women's magazines and the cult of femininity. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
28. Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality (Vol. 1). New York: Pantheon.
29. Fox-Genovese, E. (1996). 'Feminism is not the story of my life:' How today's feminist elite has lost touch with the real concerns of women. New York: Anchor Books.
30. Gilbert, L. A. (1994). Current perspectives on dual-career families. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3, 101-105.
31. Glenn, E. N. (1992). From servitude to service work: Historical continuities in the racial division of women's work. Signs, 18, 1-43.
32. Glenn, E. N. (1994). Social constructions of mothering: A thematic overview. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. N. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience, and agency (pp. 1-29). New York: Routledge.
33. Guetzkow, H. (1950). Unitizing and categorizing problems in coding qualitative data. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6, 47-58.
34. Hanson, S. L., & Sloane, D. M. (1992). Young children and job satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 799-811.
35. Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
36. Held, V. (1983). The obligations of mothers and fathers. In J. Trebilcot (Ed.), Mothering essays in feminist theory (pp. 9-20). Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
37. Hrdy, S. B. (2000). Mother nature. London: Vintage.
38. Hunter, B. (2000). Home by choice: Raising emotionally secure children in an insecure world. Sisters, OR: Multnomah.
39. Johnson, M. M. (1988). Strong mothers, weak wives: The search for gender equality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
40. Johnston, D. & Swanson, D. (2003). Undermining mothers: A content analysis of the representation of mothers in magazines. In Mass Communication and Society, 6 (3).
41. Kaplan, E. A. (1990). Sex, work and motherhood: The impossible triangle. Journal of Sex Research, 27, 409-425.
42. Kaplan, E. A. (1992). Motherhood and representation: The mother in popular culture and melodrama. New York: Routledge.
43. Keller, K. (1994). Mothers and work in popular American magazines. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
44. Kenison, K. (2000). Mitten strings for God: Reflections for mothers in a hurry. New York: Warner Books.
45. Kennedy, J. (1992). Analyzing qualitative data: Log-linear analysis for behavioral research (2nd ed.). New York: Praeger.
46. Kittay, E. F. (1983). Womb envy: An explanatory concept. In J. Trebilcot (Ed.), Mothering: Essays in feminist theory (pp. 94-128). Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
47. Krippendorf, K. (1970). Bivariate agreement coefficiants for reliability of data. In E. F. Borgatta & G. W. Bohrnstedt (Eds.), Sociological methodology (pp. 139-150). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
48. Ladd-Tbylor, M., & Umansky, L. (1998). 'Bad' mothers: The politics of blame in twentieth-century America. New York: New York University Press.
49. Lakoff, G. (1996). Moral politics: What conservatives know that liberals don't. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
50. Leach, P. (1995). Children first. New York: Vintage Books.
51. Lewin, E. (1994). Negotiating lesbian motherhood: The dialectics of resistance and accommodation. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. N. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience, and agency (pp. 333-354). New York: Routledge.
52. Lewin, T. (2000, October 24). For the first time, most married moms work, census shows. Lakeshore Press, pp. A1, A5.
53. Maushart, S. (1999). The mask of motherhood: How becoming a mother changes everything and why we pretend it doesn't. New York: New Press.
54. McMahon, M. (1995). Engendering motherhood: Identity and selftransformation in women's lives. New York: Guilford Press.
55. Mediamark Research Inc. (1999). Fall 1999 magazine audience estimates. New York: Author.
56. Murphy, B. (1994). Women's magazines: Confusing differences. In L. Turner & H. Sterk (Eds.), Differences that make a difference: Examining the assumptions of gender research (pp. 119-127). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57. Peters, J. (1997). When mothers work: Loving our children without sacrificing our selves. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.
58. Rich, A. (1976). Of women born: Motherhood as experience and institution. New York: Norton.
59. Risman, B. (1998). Gender vertigo: American families in transition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
60. Rothman, B. K. (1994). Beyond mothers and fathers: Ideology in a patriarchal society. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. N. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience, and agency (pp. 139-160). New York: Routledge.
61. Ruddick, S. (1983). Maternal thinking. In J. Trebilcot (ed.), Mothering: Essays in feminist theory (pp. 213-230). Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
62. Ruddick, S. (1989). Maternal thinking: Toward a politics of peace. New York: Ballantine Books.
63. Sanders, D., & Bullen, M. (1992). Staying home: From full-time professional to full-time parent. Boston: Little, Brown.
64. Schlessinger, L. (2000). Parenthood by proxy: Don't have them if you won't raise them. New York: HarperCollins.
65. Scott, W. A. (1955). Reliability of content analysis: The case of nominal scale coding. Public Opinion Quarterly, 19, 321-325.
66. Smith, J. F. (1983). Parenting and property. In J. Trebilcot (Ed.), Mothering: Essays in feminist theory (pp. 199-212). Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefleld.
67. Solinger, R. (1994). Race and 'value': Black and White illegitimate babies, 1945-1965. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. N. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience, and agency (pp. 287-310). New York: Routledge.
68. Thomas, S. (1994). Artifactual study in the analysis of culture: A defense of content analysis in postmodern age. Communication Research, 21, 683-697.
69. Thurer, S. (1995). The myths of motherhood: How culture reinvents the good mother. New York: Penguin.
70. Trebilcot, J. (1983). Mothering: Essays in feminist theory. Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
71. Valeska, L. (1983). If all else fails, I'm still a mother. In J. Trebilcot (Ed.), Mothering: Essays in feminist theory (pp. 70-80). Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefleld.
72. Wall Street Journal essay: Women's magazines have liberal bias. (1997, Fall). Media Report to Women, 1228, 3-4.
73. Walsh, S. (1999, November). What's new in women's magazines .... not much. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Communication Association, Chicago, IL.
74. Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication. New York: Norton.
75. Wolfe, N. (1991). The beauty myth. New York: Morrow.
76. Zimmerman, T. S., Holm, K. E., & Haddock, S. A. (2001). A decade of advice for women and men in the best-selling self-help literature. Family Relations, 50, 122-133.