Waste management and risk assessment: Environmental discrimination through regulation

Urban Geography

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 400-418

  Heiman, Michael K ^a  

^a DICKINSON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038800662     PISSN: 02723638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2747/0272-3638.17.5.400     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Ahearne, J., 1993, Integrating risk analysis into public policymaking. Environment, Vol. 35(2), 16-20, 37-40.
2. Anderton, D., Anderson, A., Rossi, P., Oakes, J., Fraser, M, Weber, E., and Calabrese, E., 1994, Hazardous waste facilities: "Environmental equity" issues in metropolitan areas. Evaluation Review, Vol. 18, 123-140.
3. Bailey, C., Faupel, C., Gundlach, J., 1993, Environmental politics in Alabama's Blackbelt. In R. Bullard, ed., Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston, MA: South End Press, 107-122.
4. Beasley, C., Jr., 1991, Dances with garbage. E Magazine, November/December, 38-58.
5. Been, V, 1994, Locally undesirable land uses in minority neighborhoods: Disproportionate siting or market dynamics? The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 103, 1383-1422.
6. Berry, B., 1977, The Social Burdens of Environmental Pollution: A Comparative Metropolitan Data Source. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
7. Bowen, W., Sailing, M., Haynes, K., and Cyran, E., 1995, Toward environmental justice: Spatial equity in Ohio and Cleveland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 85, 641-663.
8. Bryant, B. and Mahai, P., eds., 1992, Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
9. Bukro, C., 1995, ChemWaste enters venture, takes $91 million charge. The Chicago Tribune, March 18, Business Section, 1.
10. Bullard, R. 1990, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
11. Bullard, R. 1993, Anatomy of environmental racism. In R. Hofrichter, ed., Toxic Struggles: The Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers, 25-35.
12. Bullard, R. 1994, A new "chicken-or-egg" debate: Which came first-the neighborhood or the toxic dump? The Workbook (published by the Southwest Research and Information Center, Albuquerque, NM), Vol. 19(2), 60-62.
13. Carson, R., 1962, Silent Spring. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
14. Cerrell Associates, Inc., 1984, Political Difficulties Facing Waste-to-Energy Conversion Plant Siting, Report for the California Waste Management Board Technical Information Series. Los Angeles: Author.
15. Chavez, C., 1993, Farmworkers at risk. In R. Hofrichter, ed., Toxic Struggles: The Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers, 163-170.
16. Citizens Clearinghouse for Hazardous Waste, 1995, Who we are. Everyone's Backyard (Published by CCHW, Falls Church, VA), Vol. 13(3), 3.
17. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 1994, A Fish Consumption Survey of the Umatilla, Nez Perce, Yakama, and Warm Springs Tribes of the Columbia River Basin. Technical Report 94-3. Portland, OR: Author.
18. Commoner, B., 1990, Making Peace With the Planet New York: Pantheon.
19. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Senate Bill 1, 1995, The Land Recycling and Environmental Remediation Standards Act. Harrisburg, PA: Author.
20. Costner, P. and Thornton, J., 1990, Playing With Fire: Hazardous Waste Incineration. Washington, DC: Greenpeace.
21. Cushman, J.H., Jr., 1992, Environmental hazards to poor gain new focus at E.P.A. The New York Times, January 21, C4.
22. Derr, P., Goble, R., Kasperson, R., and Kates, R., 1981, Worker protection: The double standard. Environment, Vol. 23(7), 7-15, 31-36.
23. Dowie, M., 1995, Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
24. Farren, J.D., Esq., 1992, Report on the Site Selection Process for the North Carolina "Low-Level" Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility. Mimeograph prepared for the Chatham County Board of Commissioners and the Chatham County Site Designation Review Committee, January 28. Raleigh, NC: Author.
25. Feagin, J. and Feagin, C., 1978, Discrimination American Style: Institutional Racism and Sexism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
26. Finkel, A. 1994, Should we-and can we-reduce worst risks first? In A. Finkel and D. Golding, eds., Worst Things First?: The Debate Over Risk-Based National Environmental Priorities. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 3-20.
27. Floegel, M. and Montague, P., 1993, Industries can benefit from regulation. Rachel's Hazardous Waste News No. 344 (July 1, 1993). Annapolis, MD: Environmental Research Foundation.
28. Freeman, A.M., III and Portney, P.R., 1989, Economics clarifies choices about managing risk. Resources, No. 95, Spring, 1-4.
29. Gelobter, M., 1992, Toward a model of "environmental discrimination." In B. Bryant, and P. Mohai, eds., Race and Incidence of Environmental Hazards. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 64-81.
30. Gerrard, M., 1994, Whose Backyard, Whose Risk Fear and Fairness in Toxic and Nuclear Waste Siting. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
31. Gibbs, L., 1993, Join together: Organizing your community. In M. Legator and S. Strawn, eds., Chemical Alert: A Community Action Handbook Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 7-26.
32. Ginsburg, R., 1994, Playing with fire: L.A.'s pollution trading experiment. Dollars and Sense, May/June, 23-25, 42.
33. Goldman, B., 1993, Not Just Prosperity: Achieving Sustainability With Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation.
34. Goldman, B., and Fitton, L., 1994, Toxic Wastes and Race Revisited Washington, DC: Center for Policy Alternatives.
35. Gottlieb, R., 1993, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement. Washington, DC: Island Press.
36. Greenberg, M., 1993, Proving environmental inequality in siting locally unwanted land uses. Risk-Issues in Health & Safety, Vol. 4, Summer, 235-252.
37. Gutlin, J., 1991, At our peril: The false promise of risk assessment. Greenpeace Magazine, March/April, 11-18.
38. Hamilton, J., 1995, Testing for environmental racism: Prejudice, profits, political power? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 14, 107-132.
39. Handcock, D., 1992, For sale: Nuclear waste sites-anybody buying? The Workbook (published by the Southwest Research and Information Center, Albuquerque, NM), Vol. 17(3), 98-104.
40. Harrison, D., Jr., 1975, Who Pays for Clean Air: The Cost and Benefit Distribution of Automobile Emission Standards. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
41. Heiman, M., 1988, The Quiet Evolution: Power, Planning, and Profits in New York State. New York: Praeger.
42. Heiman, M., 1990, From 'not in my backyard!' to 'not in anybody's backyard!' Grassroots challenge to hazardous waste facility siting. American Planning Association Journal, Vol. 56, 359-362.
43. Heiman, M., 1996, Race, Waste and Class: New Perspectives on Environmental Justice, (Editor's introduction for a special edition). Antipode, Vol. 28, 111-121.
44. Hileman, B., 1993, Concerns broaden over chlorine and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Chemical & Engineering News, April 19, 11-20.
45. Holusha, J., 1995, Cities redeveloping old industrial sites with E.P.A.'s aid. The New York Times, December 4, A1, B8.
46. Kay, J. 1994, California's endangered communities of color. In R. Bullard, ed., Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 155-188.
47. Krauss, C., 1993, Blue-collar women and toxic-waste protests: The process of politicization. In R. Hofrichter, ed., Toxic Struggles: The Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 107-117.
48. Lavelle, M. and Coyle, M., 1993, Unequal protection: The racial divide in environmental law. In R. Hofrichter, ed., Toxic Struggles: The Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 136-143.
49. Lazarus, R., 1993, Pursuing "environmental justice": The distributional effects of environmental protection. Northwest University Law Review, Vol. 87, 787-857.
50. Levine, A., 1982, Love Canal Science, Politics, and People. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
51. Mann, E., 1991, L.A.'s Lethal Air: New Strategies for Policy, Organizing, and Action. Los Angeles: Labor/Community Strategy Center.
52. Mohai, P. and Bryant, B., 1992, Environmental injustice: Weighing race and class as factors in the distribution of environmental hazards. University of Colorado Law Review, Vol. 63,921-932.
53. Montague, P., 1993, The risks of an environmental presidency. Rachel's Hazardous Waste News, Annapolis, MD: Environmental Research Foundation, No. 359, October 14.
54. Montague, P., 1995a, House passes costly risk assessment bill. Rachel's Environment & Health Weekly, No. 435 (March 30, 1995) (formerly Rachel's Hazardous Waste News).
55. Montague, P., 1995b, Making good decisions. Rachel's Environment & Health Weekly, No. 470, November 30, 1995 (formerly Rachel's Hazardous Waste News).
56. Moses, M., 1993, Farmworkers and pesticides. In R. Bullard, ed., Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston, MA: South End Press.
57. Mydans, S., 1994, Tribe smells sludge and bureaucrats. The New York Times, October 20, A-18.
58. National Research Council, 1983, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
59. Nelson, E., 1993, Pollution trading: Buying and selling pieces of our lives. Z Magazine, September, 47-51.
60. Nichols, A., 1994, Risk-based priorities and environmental justice. In A. Finkel and D. Golding, eds., Worst Things First?: The Debate Over Risk-Based National Environmental Priorities Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 267-273.
61. O'Brien, M., 1990, When Risk Assessment Fails. Working Paper. Eugene, OR: Environmental Law Alliance.
62. O'Brien, M., 1994, A proposal to address, rather than rank, environmental problems. In A. Finkel and D. Golding, eds., Worst Things First?: The Debate Over Risk-Based National Environmental Priorities. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 87-105.
63. Perlin, S., Setzer, R.W., Creason, J., and Sexton, K., 1995, Distribution of industrial air emissions by income and race in the United States: An approach using the Toxic Release Inventory. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 29, 69-80.
64. Portney, P., and Harrington, W., 1995, Health-based environmental standards: Balancing costs with benefits. Resources, No. 120, Summer, 7-10.
65. Proctor, R., 1995, Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don't Know About Cancer. New York: Basic Books.
66. Reilly, W.K., 1991, Why I propose a national debate on risk. EPA Journal, Vol. 17(2), 2-5.
67. Rios, R., Poje, G., and Detels, R., 1993, Susceptibility to environmental pollutants among minorities. Toxicology and Industrial Health, Vol. 9, 797-820.
68. Robinson, P.W., 1992, Uranium production and its effects on Navajo communities along the Rio Puerco in western New Mexico. In B. Bryant and P. Mohai, eds., Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 153-162.
69. Rogers, E., n.d. (c. 1993), Life Is in the Balance. Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Company.
70. Ruckelshaus, W., 1983, Science, risk and public policy. Science, Vol. 221, September, 54-59.
71. Schwab, J., 1994, Deeper Shades of Green: The Rise of Blue-Collar and Minority Environmentalism in America. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
72. Setting environmental priorities: The debate about risk [Special Issue], 1991. EPA Journal, Vol. 17(2).
73. Sexton, K., 1992, Cause for immediate concern. EPA Journal, Vol. 18, 38-39.
74. Student Environmental Action Coalition, 1995, What is SEAC? Threshold (published by SEAC, Chapel Hill, NC) November/December, 2.
75. Unequal protection: The racial divide in environmental law [Special Issue], 1992. The National Law Journal, September 21.
76. United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, 1987, Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States. New York: Author.
77. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1987, Unfinished Business: A Comparative Assessment of Environmental Problems. Washington, DC: Author, Office of Policy Analysis.
78. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1992, Environmental Equity: Reducing Risk for All Communities (Vol. 2). Washington, DC: Author, Environmental Equity Workgroup, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation.
79. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1994, Working draft: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency outline of proposed environmental justice strategy. Mimeograph prepared August 13 in response to Section 1-103(c) of Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations. Washington, DC: Author, Office of Environmental Justice.
80. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1995, 1993 Toxic Release Inventory: Public Data Release. Washington, DC: Author, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics.
81. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1988, Technical Support Document on Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. Cincinnati, OH: Author, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development.
82. United States General Accounting Office (USGAO), 1983, Siting of Hazardous Waste Landfills and Their Correlation with Racial and Economic Status of Surrounding Communities. Washington, DC: Author.
83. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1995, Hazardous and Nonhazardous Waste: Demographics of People Living Near Waste Facilities Washington, DC: Author.
84. Viereck, J., 1993, The newest smallpox blanket. Against the Current, Vol. 7(6), 17-18.
85. West, P., Fly, M., Larkin, F., and Marans, R., 1995, Minorities and toxic fish consumption: Implications for point discharge policy in Michigan. In B. Bryant, ed., Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press, 124-137.
86. Winner, L., 1991, Risk: Another name for danger. In T. Goldfarb, ed., Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Environmental Issues (4th ed.). Guilford, CT: Dushkin, 60-68.
87. Zimmerman, R., 1993, Social equity and environmental risk. Risk Analysis, Vol. 13, 649-666.