Survey on the medical use of Cannabis and THC in Germany

Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 17-40

  Grotenhermen, Franjo ^a   Schnelle, Martin ^b  

^a Nova Institut   (Germany)

^b Inst Oncological Immunological Res   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS; CANNABIS DERIVATIVE; DRONABINOL; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ALLERGY; ANOREXIA; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BACKACHE; CHRONIC PAIN; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRIME; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG USE; DYSMENORRHEA; EPILEPSY; FEMALE; FIBROMYALGIA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GERMANY; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH SURVEY; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIGRAINE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NAUSEA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SPINAL CORD INJURY; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 0038792188     PISSN: 15299775     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J175v03n02_03     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Barsch, G. 1996. Zur therapeutischen Anwendung von Cannabis: Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie unter HIV-positiven und Aids-kranken Männern und Frauen [On the medical use of cannabis: Results of a pilot study among HIV positives and men and women with AIDS]. In Cannabis als Medizin. Beiträge auf einer Fachtagung zu einem drängenden Thema [Cannabis as Medicine. Contributions on a Conference to an Urgent Issue], edited by Deutsche Aids Hilfe. Berlin: Aids-Forum D.A.H.
2. Beal, J.E., R. Olson, L. Laubenstein, J.O. Morales, P. Bellman, B. Yangco, L. Lefkowitz, T.F. Plasse, and K.V. Shepard. 1995. Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. J Pain Symptom Manage 10(2):89-97.
3. Brown, J., J. Beck, J. Mandel, H. Feldman, M. Apostolides, T. Mikuriya, and V. Hernandez. Unpublished letter, 1996. (Cited in: Gieringer D. 2002. Medical use of cannabis: experience in California. In Cannabis and cannabinoids. Pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential, edited by F. Grotenhermen and E. Russo. Binghamton. NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.)
4. Campbell. F.A., M.R. Tramer, D. Carroll, D.J. Reynolds. R.A. Moore, and H.J. McQuay. 2001. Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review. Brit Med J 323(7303):13-16.
5. Chatterjee. A., A. Almahrezi, M. Ware, and M.-A. Fitzcharles. 2002. A dramatic response to inhaled cannabis in a woman with central thalamic pain and dystonia. J Pain Symptom Manage 24(1):4.
6. Consroe, P., R.E. Musty, J. Rein, W. Tillery, and R. Pertwee. 1997. The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis. Europ Neurol 38(1): 44-48.
7. Consroe, P., W. Tillery, J. Rein, and R.E. Musty. 1998. Reported marijuana effects in patients with spinal cord injury. In 1998 Symposium on the Cannabinoids. Burlington: International Cannabinoid Research Society.
8. DHS. 1998. (Deutsche Hauptstelle gegen die Suchtgefahren e.V. [German Federal Office against Dangers of Addiction]). Repräsentativerhebung zum Gebrauch psychoaktiver Substanzen bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland [Representative survey on the use of psychoactive substances in German adults]. Sucht 44 (Supplement 1).
9. EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction). 2001. Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union. Available from URL http://www.emcdda.org/publications.
10. Flenker, I., and H. Möller. 2001. Drogen: Cannabis als Arzneimittel [Drugs: Cannabis as a remedy]. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 98(17):A-1104-1106.
11. Gieringer, D. 2002. Medical use of cannabis: Experience in California. In Cannabis and cannabinoids. Pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential, edited by F. Grotenhermen and E. Russo. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.
12. Grinspoon. L., and J.B. Bakalar. 1998. The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder: anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research. J Psychoactive Drugs 30(2):171-177.
13. Grotenhermen, F. 2001. Cannabinoids in pain management. Cannabinoid receptor agonists will soon find their place in modern medicine. Brit Med J 323(7323): 1250-1251.
14. Grotenhermen, F. 2002. Review of unwanted actions of cannabis and THC. In Cannabis and cannabinoids. Pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential, edited by F. Grotenhermen and E. Russo. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.
15. Grotenhermen, F. 2002b. Practical hints. In Cannabis and cannabinoids. Pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential, edited by F. Grotenhermen and E. Russo. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.
16. Helliwell, D. 1999. GPs are key informants in medicinal cannabis survey. GP Speak, Newsletter of the Northern Rivers Division of General Practice. April: 4.
17. Holdcroft, A., A Smith. A. Jacklin, H. Hodgson, B. Smith, A Newton, and F. Evans. 1997. Pain relief with oral cannabinoids in familial Mediterranean fever. Anaesthesia 52(5): 483-486.
18. House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology. 1998. Cannabis. the scientific and medical evidence. London: The Stationery Office.
19. Iversen, L. 2001 Cannabinoids in pain management. Few well controlled trials of cannabis exist for systemic review. Brit Med J 323(7323):1250.
20. Joy, J.E., S.J. Watson, and J.A. Benson, eds. 1999. Marijuana and medicine: Assessing the science base. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press.
21. Kalso, E. 2001. Cannabinoids for pain and nausea. Brit Med J 323(7303):2-3.
22. Martyn, C.N., L.S. Illis, and J. Thom. 1995. Nabilone in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 345(8949):579.
23. Maurer, M., V. Henn, A. Dittrich, and A. Hofmann. 1990. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol shows antispastic and analgesic effects in a single case double-blind trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 240(1):1-4.
24. McPartland, J., and Russo, E. 2001. Cannabis and cannabis extracts: Greater than the sum of their parts? J Cannabis Ther 1(3/4):103-132.
25. McPartland, J.M., and V. Mediavilla. 2002. Non-cannabinoid components. In Cannabis and cannabinoids. Pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential, edited by F. Grotenhermen and E. Russo. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.
26. Meinck, H.M., P.W. Schonle, and B. Conrad. 1989. Effect of cannabinoids on spasticity and ataxia in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 236(2):120-122.
27. Müller-Vahl, K.R., H. Kolbe, and R. Dengler. 1997. Gilles de la Tourette-Syndrom. Einfluß von Nikotin, Alkohol und Marihuana auf die klinische Symptomatik. Nervenarzt 68:985-989.
28. Müller-Vahl, K.R., U. Schneider, H. Prevedel, K. Theloe, H. Kolbe, T. Daldrup, and H.M. Emrich. 2002. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette-Syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial. J Clin Psychiatr (in press).
29. Müller-Vahl, K.R., U. Schneider, H. Kolbe, and H.M. Emrich. 1999. Treatment of Tourette-syndrome with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Am J Psychiatry 156:495.
30. Musty, R.E., and R. Rossi. 2001. Effects of smoked cannabis and oral Δ9-tetra-hydrocannabinol on nausea and emesis after cancer chemotherapy: a review of state clinical trials. J Cannabis Ther 1(1):29-42.
31. N. N. Monographs. 2001. Dronabinol capsules 2.5/5 or 10 mg (NRF 22.7.); oily dronabinol drops 2.5% (NRF 22.8). In Neues Rezepturformularium (NRF), Loose-Leaf Collection of 2001, edited by Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Apothekerverbände. Eschborn, Germany: Govi-Verlag Pharmazeutischer Verlag/Stuttgart, Germany: Deutscher Apotheker-Verlag.
32. Nedelmann, C. 2000. Das Verbot von Cannabis ist ein "kollektiver Irrweg" [The prohibition of cannabis is a "collective wrong way"]. Deutsches Ärtzeblatt 97(43): A-2833-A2837.
33. Petro, D.J. 1980. Marihuana as a therapeutic agent for muscle spasm or spasticity. Psychosomatics 21(1):81, 85.
34. Petro, D.J. 2001. Cannabinoids in pain management. Spasticity is not the same as pain. Brit Med J 323(7323):1250.
35. Regelson, W., J.R. Butler, J. Schutz, T. Kirk, L. Peek, M.L. Green, and M.O. Zalis. 1976. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an effective antidepressant and appetite-stimulating agent in advanced cancer patients. In Pharmacology of marihuana, edited by M.C. Braude and S. Szara. Vol 2, New York: Raven Press.
36. Rommelspacher, H. 2000. Cannabis: Als Arzneimittel nur von geringem therapeutischen Nutzen [Cannabis: as a medical drug only of low value]. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 97(51-52):A-3473-3475.
37. Russo, E. 2001. Cannabinoids in pain management. Study was bound to conclude that cannabinoids had limited efficacy. Brit Med J 323(7323):1249-1250.
38. Schnelle. M., F. Grotenhermen, M. Reif, and R.W. Gorter. 1999. Ergebnisse einer standardisierten Umfrage zur medizinisehen Verwendung von Cannabisprodukten im deutschen Sprachraum. [Results of a standardized survey on the medical use of cannabis products in the German-speaking area]. Forschende Komplementärmedizin [Research in Complementary Medicine] (Suppl 3): 28-36.
39. Schon. F., P.E. Hart, T.L. Hodgson, A.L. Pambakian, M. Ruprah, E.M. Williamson et al. 1999. Suppression of pendular nystagmus by smoking cannabis in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Neurol 53(9):2209-2210.
40. TNO Preventie en Gezondheid. 1998. Aard en omvang van Cannabis gebruik bij mensen met Multiple Sclerose. ISBN 9067435171.
41. Tramer, M.R., D. Carroll, F.A. Campbell, D.J. Reynolds, R.A. Moore, and H.J. McQuay. 2001. Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review. Brit Med J 323(7303):16-21.
42. Ware, M.A., A. Gamsa, J. Persson, and M.A. Fitzcharles. 2002. Cannabis for chronic pain: case series and implications for clinicians. Pain Res Manag 7(2):95-99.