Against the grain: The East Timor intervention

Survival

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 127-142

  Cotton, James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038766194     PISSN: 00396338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00396330112331343015     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. In the former, the Philippines and Thailand, as well as Australia and New Zealand; in the latter, the Philippines, Thailand, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
2. Kusuma Snitwongse, 'Thirty years of ASEAN: achievements through political cooperation', The Pacific Review, vol. 11, no. 2, 1998, pp. 184-94.
3. John Funston, 'ASEAN: Out of its Depth?', Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 20, no. 1, 1998, pp. 22-37.
4. Jusuf Wanandi, 'Asean's future at stake', The Straits Times (Singapore), 9 August 2000.
5. Linbo Jin, 'The Principle of Non-Intervention in the Asia Pacific Region: A Chinese Perspective', in David Dickens and Guy Wilson-Roberts (eds.) Non-Intervention and State Sovereignty in the Asia-Pacific (Wellington: Centre for Strategic Studies, 2000), p. 56.
6. Peter Carey, 'Historical Introduction', in Peter Carey and Steve Cox, Generations of Resistance: East Timor (London: Cassell, 1995), pp. 9-55; James S. Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed (Milton, Queensland: Jacaranda Press, 1983); Geoffrey C. Gunn, Timor Loro Sae: 500 years (Macau: Livros do Oriente, 2000); Jill Jolliffe, East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1978).
7. Peter Carey, 'Historical Introduction', in Peter Carey and Steve Cox, Generations of Resistance: East Timor (London: Cassell, 1995), pp. 9-55; James S. Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed (Milton, Queensland: Jacaranda Press, 1983); Geoffrey C. Gunn, Timor Loro Sae: 500 years (Macau: Livros do Oriente, 2000); Jill Jolliffe, East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1978).
8. Peter Carey, 'Historical Introduction', in Peter Carey and Steve Cox, Generations of Resistance: East Timor (London: Cassell, 1995), pp. 9-55; James S. Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed (Milton, Queensland: Jacaranda Press, 1983); Geoffrey C. Gunn, Timor Loro Sae: 500 years (Macau: Livros do Oriente, 2000); Jill Jolliffe, East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1978).
9. Peter Carey, 'Historical Introduction', in Peter Carey and Steve Cox, Generations of Resistance: East Timor (London: Cassell, 1995), pp. 9-55; James S. Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed (Milton, Queensland: Jacaranda Press, 1983); Geoffrey C. Gunn, Timor Loro Sae: 500 years (Macau: Livros do Oriente, 2000); Jill Jolliffe, East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1978).
10. Heike Krieger (ed.), East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 60-3.
11. Leonard C. Sebastian and Anthony L. Smith, 'The East Timor Crisis: A Test Case for Humanitarian Intervention', Southeast Asian Affairs 2000 (Singapore: ISEAS, 2000), pp. 64-86.
12. INTERFET, http://203.46.183.231/ easttimor/; James Cotton, 'The Emergence of an Independent East Timor: National and Regional Challenges', Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 22, no. 1, 2000, pp. 1-22.
13. Alan Dupont, 'ASEAN's Response to the East Timor Crisis', Australian Journal of International Affairs, vol. 54, no. 2, 2000, pp. 163-170
14. Joon-Num Mak, 'The Security Environment in Southeast Asia', in Desmond Ball (ed.) Maintaining the Strategic Edge: The Defence of Australia in 2015 (Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, 1999), pp. 102, 108.
15. Department of National Defense, Republic of the Philippines, In Defense of the Philippines. 1998 Defense Policy Paper (Manila: Department of National Defense, 1998); Ministry of Defence, Thailand, The Defence of Thailand 1996 (Bangkok: Ministry of Defence/Strategic Research Institute, 1996), p. 31.
16. Department of National Defense, Republic of the Philippines, In Defense of the Philippines. 1998 Defense Policy Paper (Manila: Department of National Defense, 1998); Ministry of Defence, Thailand, The Defence of Thailand 1996 (Bangkok: Ministry of Defence/Strategic Research Institute, 1996), p. 31.
17. Ministry of Defence, Malaysia, Towards Defence Self-Reliance (Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Defence, 1997), p. 71.
18. Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea, Defense White Paper 1998 (Seoul: Ministry of National Defense, 1999), p. 149. Prior to the East Timor commitment, the most numerous Korean contingents served in Somalia (UNOSOM II) and in Angola (UNAVEM III). From 1995 South Korea has kept one infantry battalion and an engineering company, as well as other support forces, earmarked for service under the UN.
19. Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney), 11 October 1999.
20. Peter Bartu, 'The Militia, the Military, and the People of Bobonaro District', Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 32, no. 1-2, 2000, pp. 35-42.
21. Jill Jolliffe, East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1978), p. 66.
22. Garth Nettheim, 'International Law and international politics', in Catholic Institute for International Relations and International Platform of Jurists for East Timor, International Law and the Question of East Timor (London: CIIR/IPJET, 1995), pp. 181-204.
23. Heike Krieger (ed.), East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) p. 53.
24. José Ramos-Horta, Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor (Lawrenceville: The Red Sea Press, 1987). The issue was then devolved to the Secretary-General under his 'Good Offices' powers. East Timor never disappeared from the UN agenda; human-rights abuses and the frustration of seeking self-determination were regularly discussed. UN attentions were rekindled by the Santa Cruz incident of November 1991. Indonesia's actions were the subject of a particularly damning report by Bacre Waly Ndiaye, the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. See Heike Krieger, East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents, pp. 261-3. Aid donors, including the Netherlands and Canada, withdrew their support, and the international media turned its attention to other forms of malfeasance by the Suharto regime. The UN arranged meetings abroad of various East Timorese to encourage reconciliation. In this context, José Ramos-Horta met Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas for the first time at the UN in 1995.
25. José Ramos-Horta, Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor (Lawrenceville: The Red Sea Press, 1987). The issue was then devolved to the Secretary-General under his 'Good Offices' powers. East Timor never disappeared from the UN agenda; human-rights abuses and the frustration of seeking self-determination were regularly discussed. UN attentions were rekindled by the Santa Cruz incident of November 1991. Indonesia's actions were the subject of a particularly damning report by Bacre Waly Ndiaye, the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. See Heike Krieger, East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents, pp. 261-3. Aid donors, including the Netherlands and Canada, withdrew their support, and the international media turned its attention to other forms of malfeasance by the Suharto regime. The UN arranged meetings abroad of various East Timorese to encourage reconciliation. In this context, José Ramos-Horta met Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas for the first time at the UN in 1995.
26. José Ramos-Horta, Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor (Lawrenceville: The Red Sea Press, 1987); Sonny Inbaraj, East Timor: Blood and Tears in ASEAN (Chiangmai: Silkworm Books, 1995).
27. José Ramos-Horta, Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor (Lawrenceville: The Red Sea Press, 1987); Sonny Inbaraj, East Timor: Blood and Tears in ASEAN (Chiangmai: Silkworm Books, 1995).
28. Daniel P. Moynihan, A Dangerous Place (Boston: Little Brown, 1978), p. 247; Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, The War Against East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1984), pp. 8-10; John Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991) pp. 84, 134; Allan Nairn, 'U.S. Support for the Indonesian Military. Congressional Testimony', Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 32, no. 1-2, 2000, pp. 43-48.
29. Daniel P. Moynihan, A Dangerous Place (Boston: Little Brown, 1978), p. 247; Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, The War Against East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1984), pp. 8-10; John Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991) pp. 84, 134; Allan Nairn, 'U.S. Support for the Indonesian Military. Congressional Testimony', Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 32, no. 1-2, 2000, pp. 43-48.
30. Daniel P. Moynihan, A Dangerous Place (Boston: Little Brown, 1978), p. 247; Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, The War Against East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1984), pp. 8-10; John Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991) pp. 84, 134; Allan Nairn, 'U.S. Support for the Indonesian Military. Congressional Testimony', Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 32, no. 1-2, 2000, pp. 43-48.
31. Daniel P. Moynihan, A Dangerous Place (Boston: Little Brown, 1978), p. 247; Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, The War Against East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1984), pp. 8-10; John Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991) pp. 84, 134; Allan Nairn, 'U.S. Support for the Indonesian Military. Congressional Testimony', Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 32, no. 1-2, 2000, pp. 43-48.
32. James Cotton, 'East Timor and Australia - Twenty-five years of the policy debate', in James Cotton (ed.) East Timor and Australia (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre/ Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 1-20.
33. Desmond Ball and Hamish McDonald, Death in Balibo, Lies in Canberra (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2000); Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia and the Indonesian Incorporation of Portuguese Timor 2974-1976, Wendy Way (ed.) (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2000).
34. Desmond Ball and Hamish McDonald, Death in Balibo, Lies in Canberra (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2000); Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia and the Indonesian Incorporation of Portuguese Timor 2974-1976, Wendy Way (ed.) (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2000).
35. Christine M. Chinkin, 'East Timor Moves to the World Court', European Journal of International Law, vol. 4, no. 2,1993, pp. 206-22; Heike Krieger (ed.), East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents, pp. 399-406; Thomas D. Grant, 'East Timor, the U.N. system, and enforcing non-recognition in international law', Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 33,20no. 2, 2000, pp. 273-97.
36. Christine M. Chinkin, 'East Timor Moves to the World Court', European Journal of International Law, vol. 4, no. 2,1993, pp. 206-22; Heike Krieger (ed.), East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents, pp. 399-406; Thomas D. Grant, 'East Timor, the U.N. system, and enforcing non-recognition in international law', Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 33,20no. 2, 2000, pp. 273-97.
37. Christine M. Chinkin, 'East Timor Moves to the World Court', European Journal of International Law, vol. 4, no. 2,1993, pp. 206-22; Heike Krieger (ed.), East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents, pp. 399-406; Thomas D. Grant, 'East Timor, the U.N. system, and enforcing non-recognition in international law', Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 33,20no. 2, 2000, pp. 273-97.
38. James Cotton and John Ravenhill (eds.), Seeking Asian Engagement. Australia in World Affairs 1991-95 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1997) pp. 1-16.
39. Lansell Taudevin, East Timor: Too Little Too Late (Sydney: Duffy & Snellgrove, 1999); William Maley, 'The UN and East Timor', Pacifica Review, vol. 12, no. 1, 2000, pp. 63-76.
40. Lansell Taudevin, East Timor: Too Little Too Late (Sydney: Duffy & Snellgrove, 1999); William Maley, 'The UN and East Timor', Pacifica Review, vol. 12, no. 1, 2000, pp. 63-76.
41. Ian Bostock, 'By the Book. East Timor: An Operational Evaluation', Jane's Defence Weekly, 3 May 2000, p. 27; Sue Smith, 'A Handmaidens Tale: An Alternative View of the Logistic Lessons Learned from INTERFET' (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, unpublished paper, 2000).
42. Ian Bostock, 'By the Book. East Timor: An Operational Evaluation', Jane's Defence Weekly, 3 May 2000, p. 27; Sue Smith, 'A Handmaidens Tale: An Alternative View of the Logistic Lessons Learned from INTERFET' (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, unpublished paper, 2000).
43. Patrick Walsh, Military Coalition Building: A Structural and Normative Assessment of Coalition Architecture (Ann Arbor: UMI, 1999).
44. Estimates of how much coalition operations added to the overall cost of INTERFET vary but a sum of A$20 million is probably conservative. The Canberra Times (Canberra), 13 May 2000.
45. Geoffrey A. McKee, 'A New Timor Gap', Inside Indonesia, 62 (April-June, 2000), pp. 18-20.
46. Jarat Chopra, 'The UN's Kingdom of East Timor', Survival, vol. 42, no. 3, 2000, pp. 27-39, James Traub, 'Inventing East Timor', Foreign Affairs, vol. 79, no. 4, 2000, pp. 74-89.
47. Jarat Chopra, 'The UN's Kingdom of East Timor', Survival, vol. 42, no. 3, 2000, pp. 27-39, James Traub, 'Inventing East Timor', Foreign Affairs, vol. 79, no. 4, 2000, pp. 74-89.
48. Sue Downey, 'The United Nations in East Timor: Comparisons with Cambodia', in Damien Kingsbury (ed.) Guns and ballot boxes. East Timor's vote for independence (Clayton; Monash Asia Institute, 2000), pp. 117-134.
49. Sorpong Peou, Intervention and Change in Cambodia: Towards Democracy? (Singapore: ISEAS, 2000), pp. 247-86.
50. Jarat Chopra, Peace-Maintenance: The Evolution of International Political Authority (London: Routledge, 1999); Tonya Langford, 'Things Fall Apart: State Failure and the Politics of Intervention', International Studies Review, vol. 1, no. 1,1999, pp. 59-79; William Shawcross, Deliver us from Evil. Warlords & Peacekeepers in a World of Endless Conflict (London: Bloomsbury, 2000) pp. 362-75.
51. Jarat Chopra, Peace-Maintenance: The Evolution of International Political Authority (London: Routledge, 1999); Tonya Langford, 'Things Fall Apart: State Failure and the Politics of Intervention', International Studies Review, vol. 1, no. 1,1999, pp. 59-79; William Shawcross, Deliver us from Evil. Warlords & Peacekeepers in a World of Endless Conflict (London: Bloomsbury, 2000) pp. 362-75.
52. Jarat Chopra, Peace-Maintenance: The Evolution of International Political Authority (London: Routledge, 1999); Tonya Langford, 'Things Fall Apart: State Failure and the Politics of Intervention', International Studies Review, vol. 1, no. 1,1999, pp. 59-79; William Shawcross, Deliver us from Evil. Warlords & Peacekeepers in a World of Endless Conflict (London: Bloomsbury, 2000) pp. 362-75.