Childhood cancer incidence rates and hazardous air pollutants in California: An exploratory analysis

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 111, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 663-668

  Reynolds, Peggy ^a   Von Behren, Julie ^a   Gunier, Robert B ^a   Goldberg, Debbie E ^b   Hertz, Andrew ^c   Smith, Daniel F ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c IMPACT ASSESSMENT INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Air pollution; Brain cancer; Childhood cancer; Leukemia

Indexed keywords

1,1,2 TRICHLOROETHANE; 1,2 DIBROMOETHANE; 1,2 DICHLOROETHANE; 1,3 BUTADIENE; ACETALDEHYDE; ACRYLAMIDE; ACRYLONITRILE; ALLYL CHLORIDE; BENZENE; BROMOFORM; CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; CHLOROFORM; DICHLOROMETHANE; DIOXIN; FORMALDEHYDE; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; HEXACHLOROETHANE; HYDRAZINE; LINDANE; METHYL CHLORIDE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; PROPYLENE OXIDE; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; VINYL CHLORIDE;

ADOLESCENT; AGE; AIR POLLUTANT; AIR POLLUTION; CANCER INCIDENCE; CARCINOGENICITY; CHILD; CHILDHOOD CANCER; CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FEMALE; GLIOMA; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALIZATION; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; POISSON DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SEX DIFFERENCE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0038746676     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5986     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Cal/EPA OEHHA. 1997. Technical Support Document for Determining Cancer Potency Factors. Sacramento, CA:California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
2. Caldwell JC, Woodruff TJ, Morello-Frosch R, Axelrad DA. 1998. Application of health information to hazardous air pollutants modeled in EPA's cumulative exposure project. Toxicol Ind Health 14:429-454.
3. California ARB. 1999. California Ambient Air Quality Data 1980-1998 (data file). Sacramento, CA:California Air Resources Board.
4. California DOF. 1998. Race/Ethnic Population with Age and Sex Detail, 1970-2040 (data file). Sacramento, CA:State of California, Department of Finance.
5. Clean Air Act - Reflecting the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. 1990. Public Law 101-549.
6. Colt JS, Blair A. 1998. Parental occupational exposures and risk of childhood cancer. Environ Health Perspect 106(suppl 3):909-925.
7. Cowell J. 1991. The genetics of retinoblastoma. Br J Cancer 63:333-336.
8. EDF. 1999. Scorecard. New York:Environmental Defense Fund. Available: http://www.scorecard.org [accessed 15 April 1999].
9. ESRI. 2000. ArcView. Version 3.2a. Redlands, CA:Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
10. Feychting M, Svensson D, Ahlbom A. 1998. Exposure to motor vehicle exhaust and childhood cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 24:8-11.
11. Frome EL, Checkoway H. 1985. Use of Poisson regression models in estimating incidence rates and ratios. Am J Epidemiol 121:309-323.
12. Greenland S. 1995. Dose-response and trend analysis in epidemiology: alternatives to categorical analysis. Epidemiology 6:356-365.
13. IARC. 1982. Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. 29th ed. Lyon, France:International Agency for Research on Cancer.
14. Kelly TJ, Mukund R, Spicer CW, Pollack AJ. 1994. Concentrations and transformations of hazardous air pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 28:378A-387A.
15. Knox EG, Gilman EA. 1997. Hazard proximities of childhood cancers in Great Britain from 1953-80. J Epidemiol Community Health 51:151-159.
16. Kyle AD, Wright CC, Caldwell JC, Buffler PA, Woodruff TJ. 2001. Evaluating the health significance of hazardous air pollutants using monitoring data. Public Health Rep 116:32-44.
17. Langholz B, Ebi K, Thomas C, Peters J, London S. 2002. Traffic density and the risk of childhood leukemia in a Los Angeles case-control study. Ann Epidemiol 12:482-487.
18. Li F, Fraumeni J, Mulvihill J, Slattner W, Dreyfus M, Tucker M, et al. 1988. A cancer family syndrome in twenty-four kindreds. Cancer Res 48:5358-5362.
19. Morello-Frosch R, Pastor M, Porras C, Sadd J. 2002. Environmental justice and regional inequality in Southern California: implications for future research. Environ Health Perspect 110(suppl 2):149-154.
20. Nordlinder R, Jarvholm B. 1997. Environmental exposure to gasoline and leukemia in children and young adults - an ecology study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 70:57-60.
21. Pearson R, Wachtel H, Ebi K. 2000. Distance-weighted traffic density in proximity to a home is a risk factor for leukemia and other childhood cancers. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 50:175-180.
22. Pratt G, Palmer K, Wu C, Oliaei F, Hollerbach C, Fenske M. 2000. An assessment of air toxics in Minnesota. Environ Health Perspect 108:815-825.
23. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Hertel O, Thomsen B, Olsen J. 2001. Air pollution from traffic at the residence of children with cancer. Am J Epidemiol 153:433-443.
24. Reynolds P, Elkin E, Scalf R, Von Behren J, Neutra R. 2001. A case-control pilot study of traffic exposures and early childhood leukemia using a geographic information system. Bioelectromagnetics Suppl 5:S58-S68.
25. Reynolds P, Von Behren J, Gunier RB, Goldberg DE, Hertz A, Smith D. 2002. Traffic patterns and childhood incidence rates in California, United States. Cancer Causes Control 13:665-673.
26. Rinsky R, Smith A, Hornung R, Filloon T, Young R, Okun A, et al. 1987. Benzene and leukaemia: an epidemiological risk assessment. N Engl J Med 316:1044-1050.
27. Rosenbaum AS, Axelrad DA, Woodruff TJ, Wei Y-H, Ligocki MP, Cohen JP. 1999. National estimates of outdoor air toxics concentrations. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 49:1138-1152.
28. Ross J, Davies S, Potter J, Robinson L. 1994. Epidemiology of childhood leukemia, with a focus on infants. Epidemiol Rev 16:243-272.
29. SAS. 2000. SAS. Version 8.0e. Cary, NC:SAS Institute, Inc.
30. Sasieni P. 1995. Natural cubic splines. In: State Technical Bulletin Reprints. Vol. 4. College Station, TX:Stata Corporation, 171-174.
31. Savitz D, Feingold L. 1989. Association of childhood cancer with residential traffic density. Scand J Work Environ Health 15:360-363.
32. Savitz DA, Chen J. 1990. Parental occupation and childhood cancer: review of epidemiologic studies. Environ Health Perspect 88:325-337.
33. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA:Iowa State University.
34. South Coast AQMD. 1999. Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study in the South Coast Air Basin, MATES-II. Diamond Bar, CA:South Coast Air Quality Management District.
35. StataCorp. 2001. State Statistical Software. Version 7.0. College Station, TX:Stata Corporation.
36. Stern A. 1992. A history of the air pollution legislation in the United States. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 32:44-61.
37. Stewart A, Webb J, Hewitt D. 1958. A survey of childhood malignancies. Br Med J 1:1495-1508.
38. U.S. Census Bureau. 1992. Census of Population and Housing, 1990: Modified Age/Race, Sex and Hispanic Origin (MARS) State and County File (data file). Washington, DC:U.S. Census Bureau.
39. U.S. EPA. 1986. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
40. U.S. EPA. 1999. Integrated Risk Information System. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/index [accessed 12 April 1999].
41. Wallace L. 1991. Comparison of risks from outdoor and indoor exposure to toxic chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 95:7-13.
42. Wilkinson P, Thakrar B, Walls P, Landon M, Falconer S, Grundy C, et al. 1999. Lymphohaematopoietic malignancy around all industrial complexes that include major oil refineries in Great Britain. Occup Environ Med 56:577-580.
43. Woodruff T, Caldwell J, Cogliano V, Axelrad D. 20DO. Estimating cancer risk from outdoor concentrations of hazardous air pollutants in 1990. Environ Res 82:194-206.
44. Woodruff TJ, Axelrad DA, Caldwell JC, Morello-Frosch R, Rosenbaum A. 1998. Public health implications of 1990 air toxics concentrations across the United States. Environ Health Perspect 106:245-251.