CT for thromboembolic disease

Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 105-126

  Washington, Lacey ^a   Gulsun, Meltem ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ARTERIOGRAPHY; ARTIFACT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNER; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY; LUNG EMBOLISM; LUNG SCINTISCANNING; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MEDICAL EXAMINATION; MORTALITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PHLEBOGRAPHY; PULMONARY ARTERY; RADIOLOGIST; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; THROMBOEMBOLISM; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0038683251     PISSN: 03630188     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0363-0188(02)00006-3     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. van Beek EJ, Kuijer PM, Boller HR, Brandjes DP, Bojsuyt PM, ten Cate JW. The clinical course of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Arch Inter Med 1997;157: 2593-2598.
2. Nielsen HK. Pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism. Semin Thrombo Hemost 1991;17(Suppl 3):250-253.
3. Wagenvoort CA. Pathology of pulmonary thromboembolism. Chest 1995;107(Suppl):10S-17S.
4. Rubinstein ID, Murray D, Hoffstein V. Fatal pulmonary emboli in hospitalized patients. An autopsy study. Arch Inter Med 1988;148:1425-1426.
5. Heit JA. Venous thromboembolism epidemiology: implications for prevention and management. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002;2:3-14.
6. Heit JA. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community. Thrombosis & Haemostasis 2001;86(1): p.452-463.
7. Oger E. Incidence of venous thromboembolism: a community-based study in Western France. EPI-GETBP Study Group. Groupe d'Etude de la Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale. Thromb Haemos 2000;83:657-660.
8. Anand SS, Wells PS, Hunt D, Brill-Edwards P, Cook D, Cislaug JS. Does this patient have deep vein thrombosis? JAMA 1998;279:1094-1099 [see comments.] [erratum appears in JAMA 1998 Jul 22-29;280(4):328;JAMA 1998 May 27;279(20):1614.].
9. Wells PS, Anderson JR, Bormanis J, et al. Value of assessment of pretest probability of deep-vein thrombosis in clinical management. Lancet 1997;350:1795-1798.
10. Wells PS, Hirsh S, Anderson JR, et al. Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1995;345:1326-1330.
11. Fraser RS, et al. 4th Ed. Fraser and Pare's Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest; vol. IV. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1999.
12. Coon WW. Risk factors in pulmonary embolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976;143:385-390.
13. Worsley DF, Alavi A, Aronchick JM, Chen JT, Greenspan RH, Ravin CE. Chest radiographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: observations from the PIOPED Study. Radiology 1993;189:133-136.
14. Smith TP. Pulmonary embolism: what's wrong with this diagnosis? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1489-1497.
15. Meignan M, Rosso J, Gauthier H. Systematic lung scans reveal a high frequency of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep venous thrombosis. Arch Inter Med 2000;160:159-164.
16. Moser KM, et al. Frequent asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. JAMA 1994; 271:223-225.
17. Galle C, Papazyan SP, Miron MJ, Slosman D, Bounameae H, Perrier A. Prediction of pulmonary embolism extent by clinical findings, D-dimer level and deep vein thrombosis shown by ultrasound. Thromb Haemos 2001;86:1156-1160.
18. Morpurgo M, Schmid C. The spectrum of pulmonary embolism: clinicopathologic correlations. Chest 1995;107: 18S-20S.
19. Sheiman RG, McArdle CR. Clinically suspected pulmonary embolism: use of bilateral lower extremity US as the initial examination-a prospective study. Radiology 1999;212:75-78.
20. Stern JB, Abehsera M, Grenet D, et al. Detection of pelvic vein thrombosis by magnetic resonance angiography in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and normal lower limb compression ultrasonography(*). Chest 2002;122:115-121.
21. Maki DD, Kumar N, Nguyen B, Langer JE, Miller WT Jr, Gefter WB. Distribution of thrombi in acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: implications for sonography and CT and MR venography. AJR, Am J Roentgenol 2000;175: 1299-1301.
22. Moser KM, LeMoine JR. Is embolic risk conditioned by location of deep venous thrombosis? Ann Int Med 1981;94(4 Pt 1):439-444.
23. Cronan JJ. Venous thromboembolic disease: the role of US. Radiology 1993;186:619-630.
24. Nicolaides AN, Kakkar VV, Field ES, Renney JT. The origin of deep vein thrombosis: a venographic study. Br J Radiol 1971;44:653-663.
25. Spritzer CE, Arata MA, Freed KS. Isolated pelvic deep venous thrombosis: relative frequency as detected with MR imaging. Radiology 2001;219:521-525.
26. Loud PA, Katz DS, Bruoe DA, Klippenstein DL, Grossman ZD. Deep venous thrombosis with suspected pulmonary embolism: detection with combined CT venography and pulmonary angiography. Radiology 2001;219:498-502.
27. Hill SL, Berry RE. Subclavian vein thrombosis: a continuing challenge. Surgery 1990;108:1-9.
28. Kommareddy A, Zaroukian MH, Hassouna HI. Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002;28:89-100.
29. Prandoni P, Polistena P, Bernard E, et al. Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis. Risk factors, diagnosis, and complications. Arch Int Med 1997;157:57-62.
30. Gotthardt M, Schipper M, Franzius C, et al. Follow-up of perfusion defects in pulmonary perfusion scanning after pulmonary embolism: are we too careless? Nucl Med Commun 2002;23:447-452.
31. Palareti G, Legnani C, Cosmi B, Guazzaloca G, Pancani C, Coccheri S. Risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence: high negative predictive value of D-dimer performed after oral anticoagulation is stopped. Thromb Haemost 2002;87: 7-12.
32. Moser KM, Auge WR, Fedullo PF. Chronic major-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 1990; 81:1735-1743.
33. Fedullo PF, Auger WR, Kern KM, Rubin LS. Current concepts: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1465-1472.
34. Greenspan RH, Ravin CE, Polansky SM, McLoud TC. Accuracy of the chest radiograph in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Invest Radiol 1982;17:539-543.
35. Buckner CB, Walker CW, Purnell GI. Pulmonary embolism: chest radiographic abnormalities. J Thorac Imaging 1989;4: 23-27.
36. Novelline RA, Baltarowich OH, Athanasoulis CA, Waltman AC, Greenfield AJ, McKusick KA. The clinical course of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and a negative pulmonary arteriogram. Radiology 1978;126:561-567.
37. Johnson MS. Current strategies for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2002;13:13-23.
38. Henschke CI, Mateescu I, Yankelevitz DF. Changing practice patterns in the workup of pulmonary embolism. Chest 1995;107:940-945.
39. Khorasani R, Gudas TF, Nikpoor N, Polak JF. Treatment of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and intermediate-probability lung scans: is diagnostic imaging underused? AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:1355-1357.
40. Burkill GJ, Bell JR, Padley SP. Survey on the use of pulmonary scintigraphy, spiral CT and conventional pulmonary angiography for suspected pulmonary embolism in the British Isles. Clin Radiol 1999;54:807-810.
41. Baile EM, King GG, Muller NL, et al. Spiral computed tomography is comparable to angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161(3 Pt 1):1010-1015.
42. PIOPED Investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism: results of the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 1990;263:2753-2759.
43. Stein PD, Terrin ML, Gottschalk A, Alavi A, Henry JW. Value of ventilation/perfusion scans versus perfusion scan alone in acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1992;69: 1239-1241.
44. de Groot MR, Turkstra F, van Marwijk Kooy M, et al. Value of chest X-ray combined with perfusion scan versus ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:412-415.
45. Goodman LR, Lipchik RJ. Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism: time for a new approach. Radiology 1996;199: 25-27.
46. van Beek EJ, Brouwers EM, Song B, Bongaerts AH, Oudkerk M. Lung scintigraphy and helical computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2001;7:87-92.
47. Montgomery KD, Potter HG, Helfet DL. Magnetic resonance venography to evaluate the deep venous system of the pelvis in patients who have an acetabular fracture. J Bone Joint Surg 1995;77:1639-1649.
48. Weinmann EE, Salzmann EW. Deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1630-1641.
49. Jongbloets LM, Lensing AW, Koopman MM, Buller HR, ten Cate JW. Limitations of compression ultrasound for the detection of symptomless postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Lancet 1994;343:1142-1144.
50. Stein PD, Hull RD, Pine G. Strategy that includes serial noninvasive leg tests for diagnosis of thromboembolic disease in patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism based on data from PIOPED. Arch Intern Med 1995;155: 2101-2104.
51. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Coates G, Panju AA, Gill GS. A new noninvasive management strategy for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2459-2555.
52. Tapson V. Acute venous thromboembolism: diagnostic guidelines. Am Fa Physician 2000;62:2226, 2228, 2231.
53. Heit JA, Minor TA, Audrews JC, Larson DR, Li H, Nichols WL. Determinants of plasma fibrin D-dimer sensitivity for acute pulmonary embolism as defined by pulmonary angiography. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1999;123:235-240.
54. Anderson DR, Wells PS. D-dimer for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Curr Opinion Hematol 2000;7:296-301.
55. Gefter WB, Hatabu H, Holland GA, Gupta KB, Henschke CI, Pacevsky HI. Pulmonary thromboembolism: recent developments in diagnosis with CT and MR imaging. Radiology 1995;197:561-574.
56. Sostman HD, Layish DT, Tapson VF, et al. Prospective comparison of helical CT and MR imaging in clinically suspected acute pulmonary embolism. J Magn Reson Imaging 1996;6:275-281.
57. Reittner P, Coxson HO, Makano Y, et al. Pulmonary embolism: comparison of gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography with contrast-enhanced spiral CT in a porcine model. Acad Radiol 2001;8:343-350.
58. Bongartz G, Boos M, Scheffler K, Steinbrich W. Pulmonary circulation. Eur Radiol 1998;8:698-706.
59. Li KC, Pelc LR, Napel SA, et al. MRI of pulmonary embolism using Gd-DTPA-polyethylene glycol polymer enhanced 3D fast gradient echo technique in a canine model. Magn Reson Imaging 1997;15:543-550.
60. Hurst DR, Katerooni EA, Stafford-Johnson D, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: comparison of CT angiography and MR angiography in canines. Journal of Vascular & Interventional Radiology 1999;10(3):p. 309-18.
61. Meaney JF, Weg JG, Chenerert TL, Stafford-Johnson D, Hamilton BH, Prince MR. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with magnetic resonance angiography. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1422-1427.
62. Gupta A, Frazer CK, Ferguson JM, et al. Acute pulmonary embolism: diagnosis with MR angiography. Radiology 1999; 210:353-359.
63. Sinner WN. Computed tomography of pulmonary thromboembolism. Eur J Radiol 1982;2:8-13.
64. Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Wattinne L, Giraud F. Central pulmonary thromboembolism: diagnosis with spiral volumetric CT with the single-breath-hold technique-comparison with pulmonary angiography. Radiology 1992;185:381-387.
65. Loud PA, Grossman ZD, Klippenstein DL, Ray CF. Combined CT venography and pulmonary angiography: a new diagnostic technique for suspected thromboembolic disease. AJR, Am Roentgenol 1998;170:951-954.
66. Baldt MM, Zontsich T, Stumpflen A, et al. Deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity: efficacy of spiral CT venography compared with conventional venography in diagnosis. Radiology 1996;200:423-428.
67. Goodman LR, Curtin SJ, Mewissen MW, et al. Detection of pulmonary embolism in patients with unresolved clinical and scintigraphic diagnosis: helical CT versus angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;164:1369-1374.
68. Mayo JR, Remy-Jardin M, Muller NL, et al. Pulmonary embolism: prospective comparison of spiral CT with ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy. Radiology 1997;205:447-452.
69. Blachere H, Latrabe V, Montaudon M, et al. Pulmonary embolism revealed on helical CT angiography: comparison with ventilation-perfusion radionuclide lung scanning. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1041-1047.
70. Garg K, Sieter H, Welsh CH, Johnston RJ, Russ PD. Clinical validity of helical CT being interpreted as negative for pulmonary embolism: implications for patient treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999;172:1627-1631.
71. Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Baghaie F, Fribourg M, Artaud D, Duhamel A. Clinical value of thin collimation in the diagnostic workup of pulmonary embolism. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;175:407-411.
72. Qanadli SD, Hajjam ME, Mesurolle B, et al. Pulmonary embolism detection: prospective evaluation of dual-section helical CT versus selective pulmonary arteriography in 157 patients. Radiology 2000;217:447-455.
73. Drucker EA, Rivite SM, Shepard JA, et al. Acute pulmonary embolism: assessment of helical CT for diagnosis. Radiology 1998;209:235-241.
74. Stein PD, Henry JW. Prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism in central and subsegmental pulmonary arteries and relation to probability interpretation of ventilation/perfusion lung scans. Chest 1997;111:1246-1248.
75. Diffin DC, Leyendecker JR, Johnson SP, Zucker RJ, Grebe PJ. Effect of anatomic distribution of pulmonary emboli on interobserver agreement in the interpretation of pulmonary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:1085-1089.
76. Stein PD, Athanasoulis CA, Alavi A. Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1992;85:462-468.
77. Stein PD, Henry JW, Gottschalk A. Reassessment of pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: relation of interpreter agreement to the order of the involved pulmonary arterial branch. Radiology 1999;210:689-691.
78. Johnson, MS, Stine SB, Shah H, Harris VJ, Ambrosius WT, Trerotola SO. Possible pulmonary embolus: evaluation with digital subtraction versus cut-film angiography - prospective study in 80 patients. Radiology 1998;207:131-138.
79. van Beek EJR, Bakker AL, Reekers JA. Pulmonary embolism: interobserver agreement in the intepretation of conventional angiographic and DSA images in patients with non-diagnostic lung scan results. Radiology 1996;198:721-724.
80. Rathbun SW, Raskob GE, Whitsett TI. Sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Ann Int Med 2000;132:227-232.
81. Lomis NN, Yoon HC, Moran AG, Miller FJ. Clinical outcomes of patients after a negative spiral CT pulmonary arteriogram in the evaluation of acute pulmonary embolism. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1999;10:707-712.
82. Goodman LR, Lipchik RJ, Kuzo RS, Liu Y, McAuliffe TL, O'Brien DJ. Subsequent pulmonary embolism: risk after a negative helical CT pulmonary angiogram - prospective comparison with scintigraphy. Radiology 2000;215:535-542.
83. Gottsater A, Berg A, Centergard J, Frennby B, Nirhov N, Nyman U. Clinically suspected pulmonary embolism: is it safe to withhold anticoagulation after a negative spiral CT? Eur Radiol 2001;11:65-72.
84. Swensen SJ, Sheedy PF 2nd, Ryu JH, et al. Outcomes after withholding anticoagulation from patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism and negative computed tomographic findings: a cohort study. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77: 130-138.
85. van Rossum AB, Pattynama PM, Mallens WM, Hermans J, Heijerman HG. Can helical CT replace scintigraphy in the diagnostic process in suspected pulmonary embolism? A retrolective-prolective cohort study focusing on total diagnostic yield. Eur Radiol 1998;8:90-96.
86. Cross JJ, Kemp PM, Walsh CG, Flower CD, Dixon AK. A randomized trial of spiral CT and ventilation perfusion scintigraphy for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Clin Radiol 1998;53:177-182.
87. Daniel KR, Jackson RE, Kline JA. Utility of lower extremity venous ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis and exclusion of pulmonary embolism in outpatients. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 35:547-554.
88. Stein PD, Henry JW, Relyea B. Untreated patients with pulmonary embolism. Chest 1995;107:931-935.
89. Garg K, Kemp JL, Russ PD, Baron AF. Thromboembolic disease: variability of interobserver agreement in the interpretation of CT venography with CT pulmonary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:1043-1047.
90. Coche EE, Hamoir XL, Hammer FD, Hainaut P, Goffette PP. Using dual-detector helical CT angiography to detect deep venous thrombosis in patients with suspicion of pulmonary embolism: diagnostic value and additional findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:1035-1038.
91. Duwe KM, Shiau M, Budorick HE, Austin JH, Berkmen YM. Evaluation of the lower extremity veins in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a retrospective comparison of helical CT venography and sonography. 2000 ARRS Executive Council Award I. American Roentgen Ray Society. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;175:1525-1531.
92. Cham MD, Yankeleritz DF, Shahem D, et al. Deep venous thrombosis: detection by using indirect CT venography. The Pulmonary Angiography-Indirect CT Venography Cooperative Group. Radiology 2000;216:744-751.
93. Garg K, Kemp JL, Wojcik D, et al. Thromboembolic disease: comparison of combined CT pulmonary angiography and venography with bilateral leg sonography in 70 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;175:997-1001.
94. Lesser BA, Leeper KV Jr, Stein PD, et al. The diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1992;102:17-22.
95. Goldberg SN, Palmer EL, Scott JA, Fisher R. Pulmonary embolism: prediction of the usefulness of initial ventilation-perfusion scanning with chest radiographic findings. Radiology 1994;193:801-805.
96. Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Artaud D, Fribourg M, Beregi JP. Spiral CT of pulmonary embolism: diagnostic approach, interpretive pitfalls and current indications. Eur Radiol 1998; 8:1376-1390.
97. Kuzo RS, Goodman LR. HCT evaluation of pulmonary embolism: technique and interpretation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:959-965.
98. Ghaye B, Szapiro D, Mastora I, et al. Peripheral pulmonary arteries: how far in the lung does multi-detector row spiral CT allow analysis? Radiology 2001;219:629-636.
99. Boiselle PM, Rosen M, Raptopoulos V. Comparison of CT pulmonary angiography image quality on single and multidetector scanners [Abstr 61]. Presented at the 2001 meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society; Seattle.
100. Yankelevitz DF, Shahan D, Shah A, Rademacker J, Henschke CI. Optimization of contrast delivery for pulmonary CT angiography. Clin Imaging 1998;22:398-403.
101. Loud PA, Katz DS, Klippenstein DL, Shah RD, Grossman ZD. Combined CT venography and pulmonary angiography in suspected thromboembolic disease: diagnostic accuracy for deep venous evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174: 61-65.
102. Bruce D, Loud PA, Klippenstein DL, Grossman ZD, Katz DS. Combined CT venography and pulmonary angiography: how much venous enhancement is routinely obtained? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:1281-1285.
103. Loud PA, Klippenstein DL. Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in cancer patients: correlation of presenting symptoms with venous sonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med 1998;17:693-696 quiz 697-698.
104. Matar LD, Ramirez JA, Durham NC, et al. Optimal timing of CT venography following CT pulmonary angiography using a multidetector row helical scanner work in progress. Presented at the 1999 meeting of the Radiological Society of North America; Chicago, IL.
105. Patel S, Kazerooni EA. Venous enhancement in the pelvis and thigh on multi-detector CT with variable scan delay times. Presented at the 2000 meeting of the Society of Thoracic Radiology; San Diego, CA.
106. Yoon Y-C, Yi C-A, Le KS, et al. Diagnostic value of triple-phase indirect CT venography of lower extremities in patients suspected of pulmonary embolism: a work in progress. Presented at the 2002 meeting of the Society of Thoracic Radiology; San Francisco, CA.
107. Simon M, Boiselle PM, Choi JR, Rosen MP, Reynolds K, Raptopoulos V. Paddle-wheel CT display of pulmonary arteries and other lung structures: a new imaging approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;177:195-198.
108. Balakrishnan J, Meziane MA, Siegelman SS, Fishmen EK. Pulmonary infarction: CT appearance with pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989;13:941-945.
109. Shah AA, Davis SD, Gamsu G, Intriere L. Parenchymal and pleural findings in patients with and patients without acute pulmonary embolism detected at spiral CT. Radiology 1999; 211:147-153.
110. Lee KS, Bae WK, Lee BH, Kim Iy, Choi LW, Lee BH. Bronchovascular anatomy of the upper lobes: evaluation with thin-section CT. Radiology 1991;181:765-772.
111. Lee KS, Im JG, Bae WK, et al. CT anatomy of the lingular segmental bronchi. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1991;15:86-91.
112. Jardin M, Remy J. Segmental bronchovascular anatomy of the lower lobes: CT analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985; 147:457-468.
113. Ciccotosto C, Goodman LR, Washington L. CT diagnosis of pulmonary embolus. In: Boisello P, White C, editors. New Techniques in Thoracic Imaging. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001:139-178.
114. Remy-Jardin M, Remy J. Spiral CT angiography of the pulmonary circulation. Radiology 1999;212:615-636.
115. Gosselin MV, Thieszen SL, Yoon CH. Contrast dynamics during pulmonary CT angiogram (PCTA): analysis of an inspiration-induced artifact. Presented the 2001 meeting of the Society of Thoracic Radiology; Boca Raton, FL.
116. Arakawa H, Kurihara Y, Sasaka K, Nakajima Y, Webb WR. Air trapping on CT of patients with pulmonary embolism. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;178:1201-1207.