Nature, origin, and production characteristics of the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation, central Appalachian basin, United States

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin

Volumn 87, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 847-872

  Ryder, Robert T ^a   Zagorski, William A ^b  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b Great Lakes Energy Partners   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NATURAL GAS; PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS; PRESSURE EFFECTS; SANDSTONE; SATURATION (MATERIALS COMPOSITION);

GAS SATURATION;

CRUDE PETROLEUM;

BLACK SHALE; FLUID PRESSURE; HYDROCARBON GENERATION; HYDROCARBON MIGRATION; HYDROCARBON RESOURCE; SILURIAN; SOURCE ROCK;

APPALACHIAN BASIN; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0038675002     PISSN: 01491423     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1306/01210300199     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Alexander, R., J. M. Biddison, M. Brannock, S. Reyher, W. Shafer, A. Maslowski, and M. Shafer, 1985, Clinton panel discussion 1985, in The new Clinton collection 1985: Columbus, Ohio, Ohio Geological Society, p. 3-18.
2. Avary, K. L., 1996, Play Sts: the Lower Silurian Tuscarora Sandstone fractured anticlinal play, in J. B. Roen and B. J. Walker, eds., The atlas of major Appalachian gas plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication, v. 25, p. 151-155.
3. Barker, C. E., and R. H. Goldstein, 1990, Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer: Geology, v. 18, p. 1003-1006.
4. Barker, J. F., and S. J. Pollock, 1984, The geochemistry and origin of natural gases in southern Ontario: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 32, p. 313-326.
5. Boley, D. W., H. R. Johnson, and W. K. Overbey Jr., 1965, Oil-reservoir analysis and predicted recovery by waterflooding, Clinton sand, Logan oil field, Hocking Country, Ohio: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 6683, 43 p.
6. Boswell, R. M., S. Poole, S. Pratt, and D. L. Matchen, 1993, Appalachian basin low-permeability sandstone reservoir characteristics; Final contractor's report: EG & G Washington Analytical Services, Report 94CC-R91-003, 73 p. (prepared under U.S. Department of Energy contract no. DE-AC21-90MC26328; available from U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Morgantown, West Virginia).
7. Bownocker, J. A., 1903, The Clinton Formation as a source of oil and gas, in The occurrence and exploitation of petroleum and natural gas in Ohio: Geological Survey of Ohio, Fourth Series, Bulletin 1, p. 101-125.
8. Brannock, M. C., 1993, The Starr fault system of southeastern Ohio, in An update of Ohio's subsurface geology: Special Meeting of the Ohio Geological Society, p. 1-13, 22 figs.
9. Breen, K. J., C. G. Angelo, R. W. Masters, and A. C. Sedam, 1985, Chemical and isotopic characteristics of brines from three oil-and gas-producing sandstones in eastern Ohio, with applications to the geochemical tracing of brine sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4315, 58 p.
10. Brett, C. E., W. M. Goodman, and S. T. LoDuca, 1990, Sequence, cycles, and basin dynamics in the Silurian of the Appalachian foreland basin: Sedimentary Geology, v. 69, p. 191-244.
11. Bruner, K. R., 1983, Petrology and diagenesis of the Lower Silurian Tuscarora Sandstone, Kanawha County, West Virginia: Master's thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 148 p.
12. Burruss, R. C., and R. T. Ryder, 1998, Composition of crude oil and natural gas produced from 10 wells in the Lower Silurian "Clinton" sands, Trumbull County, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-799, 50 p.
13. Castle, J. W., 1998, Regional sedimentology and stratal surfaces of a Lower Silurian clastic wedge in the Appalachian foreland basin: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 68, p. 1201-1211.
14. Castle, J. W., and A. P. Byrnes, 1998, Petrophysics of low-permeability Medina sandstone, northwestern Pennsylvania, Appalachian basin: The Log Analyst, v. 39, p. 36-45.
15. Cochrane, R. O., and Bailey Geological Services, 1986, Evaluation of the conventional and potential oil and gas reserves of the Silurian sandstone reservoirs of Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey Open-File Report 5578, 275 p.
16. Cole, G. A., R. J. Drozd, R. A. Sedivy, and H. I. Halpern, 1987, Organic geochemistry and oil-source correlations, Paleozoic of Ohio: AAPG Bulletin, v. 71, p. 788-809.
17. Copley, D. W., 1980, Upgrading Medina gas well production in western New York: World Oil, v. 190, p. 97-104.
18. Core, D. L., 1986, Clinton/Medina production in southern Adams Township, Washington County, Ohio: Preprint of paper presented at the Technical Session of the Ohio Oil and Gas Association, 6 p., 18 figures.
19. Cotter, E., 1982, Tuscarora Formation of Pennsylvania, in Guidebook for SEPM Eastern Section field trip, 105 p.
20. Cottingham, K., 1929, Structural conditions in portions of eastern Ohio, in Structure of typical American oil fields: AAPG Symposium Volume, v. 1, p. 124-137.
21. Dahlberg, E. C., 1995, Applied hydrodynamics in petroleum exploration, 2nd ed.: New York, Springer-Verlag, 295 p.
22. Davis, T. B., 1984, Subsurface pressure profiles in gas saturated basins, in J. A. Masters, ed., Elmworth - case study of a deep basin gas field: AAPG Memoir 38, p. 189-203.
23. Decker, M. K., 1999, Potential supply of natural gas in the United States: Report of the Potential Gas Committee (December 31, 1998), Potential Gas Agency, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, March 1999, 195 p.
24. Drozd, R. J., and G. A. Cole, 1994, Point Pleasant-Brassfield(!) petroleum system, Appalachian basin, U.S.A., in L. B. Magoon and W. G. Dow, eds., The petroleum system - from source to trap: AAPG Memoir 60, p. 387-398.
25. Dutton, S. P., S. J. Clift, D. S. Hamilton, H. S. Hamlin, T. F. Hentz, W. E. Howard, M. S. Akhter, and S. E. Laubach, 1993, Major low-permeability gas reservoirs in the continental United States: Texas Bureau of Economic Geology and Gas Research Institute Report of Investigations 211, 221 p.
26. Engelder, T., 1982, Is there a genetic relationship between regional joints and contemporary stress within the lithosphere of North America?: Tectonics, v. 1, p. 161-177.
27. Engelder, T., 1985, Loading paths to joint propagation during a tectonic cycle: an example from the Appalachian Plateau, U.S.A.: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 7, p. 459-476.
28. Fakundiny, R. H., J. T. Myers, P. W. Pomeroy, J. W. Pfred, and T. A. Nowak Jr., 1978, Structural instability features in the vicinity of the Clarendon-Linden fault system, western New York and Lake Ontario, in Advances in analysis of geotechnical instabilities: SM Study No. 13, paper 4: Waterloo, Canada, University of Waterloo Press, p. 121-178.
29. Gautier, D. L., G. L. Dolton, K. I. Takahashi, and K. L. Varnes, eds., 1996, 1995 National assessment of United States oil and gas resources - Results, methodology, and supporting data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-30 - release 2.
30. Gries, R. M., 1984, Case history for a major Alberta deep basin gas trap: the Cadomin Formation in J. A. Masters, ed., Elmworth - case study of a deep-basin gas field: AAPG Memoir 38, p. 115-140.
31. Gwinn, V. E., 1964, Thin-skinned tectonics in the Plateau and northwestern Valley and Ridge provinces of the central Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 75, p. 863-900.
32. Haas, M. R., K. S. McFall, and J.-M. Coates, 1988, Site selection for GRI cooperative tight gas field research, volume 1: screening of candidate tight gas formations: Gas Research Institute, Chicago, topical report GRI-89/0018, 66 p., GRI contract 5083-221-817 to ICF-Lewin Energy.
33. Hardage, B. A., E. Doherty, S. E. Laubach, and T. F. Hentz, 1998, Secondary natural gas recovery in the Appalachian basin: application of advanced technologies in a field demonstration site, Henderson Dome, western Pennsylvania: Petroleum Technology Transfer Council Workshop Notes, 112 p.
34. Harper, J. A., D. R. Kelley, and E. H. Linn, 1999, chapter 38B, Petroleum - Deep oil and natural gas, in C. H. Shultz, ed., Geology of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey and Pittsburgh Geological Society Special Publication 1, p. 507-529.
35. Hettinger, R. D., 2001, Subsurface correlations and sequence stratigraphic interpretation of Lower Silurian strata in the Appalachian basin of northwest Ohio, southwest New York, and northwest Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2741, 1 sheet, pamphlet, 10 p.
36. Hill, R. E., G. C. Kukal, M. Middlebrook, and R. E. Peterson, 1992, Geological, petrophysical and engineering analysis of the Clinton Sandstone - Belden & Blake Corporation Central Waste No. 12 Mahoning County, Ohio: Gas Research Institute, Chicago, GRI Contract No. 5091-212-2242 to CER Corporation, 45 p.
37. Jenden, P. D., D. J. Drazan, and I. R. Kaplan, 1993, Mixing of thermogenic natural gases in northern Appalachian basin: AAPG Bulletin, v. 77, p. 980-998.
38. Keighin, C. W., 1998, Depositional dip-oriented cross section through the Lower Silurian "Clinton" sands and Medina Group in northeastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, U.S.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-500, 1 sheet.
39. Keltch, B. W., D. A. Wilson, and P. E. Potter, 1990, Deltaic depositional controls on Clinton Sandstone reservoirs, Senecaville gas field, Guernsey County, Ohio, in J. H. Barwis, J. R. J. Studlick, and J. G. McPherson, eds., Sandstone petroleum reservoirs: casebooks in Earth science series: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 263-280.
40. Knight, W. V., 1969, Historical and economic geology of Lower Silurian Clinton Sandstone of northeastern Ohio: AAPG Bulletin, v. 53, p. 1421-1452.
41. Lacazette, A. J., 1991, Natural hydraulic fracturing in the Bald Eagle sandstone in central Pennsylvania and the Ithaca silstone at Watkins Glen, New York: Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, 225 p.
42. Laubach, S. E., and E. Doherty, 1999, Oriented drilled sidewall cores for natural fracture evaluation: 1999 Society of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, SPE Paper 56801, p. 793-800.
43. Laughrey, C. D., 1984, Petrology and reservoir characteristics of the Lower Silurian Medina Group sandstones, Athens and Geneva fields, Crawford Country, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Topographic and Geologic Survey Mineral Resource Report 85, 126 p.
44. Laughrey, C. D., and F. J. Baldassare, 1998, Geochemistry and origin of some natural gases in the Plateau province of the central Appalachian basin, Pennsylvania and Ohio: AAPG Bulletin, v. 82, p. 317-335.
45. Laughrey, C. D., and R. M. Harper, 1996, Play Obe: Upper Ordovician Bald Eagle Formation fractured anticlinal play, in J. B. Roen and B. J. Walker, eds., The atlas of major Appalachian gas plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication v. 25, p. 164-167.
46. Law, B. E., 2000, What is a basin-centered gas system?, in Proceedings of Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists Basin-Center Gas Symposium: Denver Colorado, Rocky Mountain Association Geologists, 8 p.
47. Law, B. E., 2003, Basin-centered gas systems: AAPG Bulletin, v. 86, p. 1891-1919.
48. Law, B. E., and W. W. Dickinson, 1985, Conceptual model for origin of abnormally pressured gas accumulations in low-permeability reservoirs: AAPG Bulletin, v. 69, p. 1295-1304.
49. Law, B. E., and C. W. Spencer, 1993, Gas in tight reservoirs - an emerging major source of energy, in D. G. Howell, ed., The future of energy gases: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1570, p. 233-252.
50. Law, B. E., R. T. Ryder, V. F. Nuccio, and R. C. Burruss, 1998, Pressure end-members in the Lower Silurian Clinton-Medina-Tuscarora basin-centered gas accumulation, Appalachian basin, U.S.A., in A. Mitchell and D. Grauls, eds., Overpressures in petroleum exploration: Elf Aquitaine Memoir 22: Pav, France, Elf Aquitaine, p. 133-135.
51. Lockett, J. R., 1929, General structure of the producing sands in eastern Ohio, in Structure of typical American oil fields, v. 1: Tulsa, AAPG, p. 138-147.
52. Lowry, R. M., G. Faure, D. I. Mullet, and L. M. Jones, 1988, Interpretation of chemical and isotopic compositions of brines based on mixing and dilution, "Clinton" sandstones, eastern Ohio, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 3, p. 177-184.
53. MacDougall, T. A., 1973, The oil and gas potential of the "Clinton-Cataract" reservoirs of Norfolk County: Ontario Division of Mines, Petroleum Resources Section Paper 73-2: Toronto, Canada, Ministry of Natural Resources, 72 p.
54. MacLachlan, D. B., 1999, chapter 34, Mesozoic, in C. H. Shultz, ed., Geology of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey and Pittsburgh Geological Society Special Publication 1, p. 434-449.
55. Martini, I. P., 1971, Regional analysis of sedimentology of Medina Formation (Silurian), Ontario and New York: AAPG Bulletin, v. 55, p. 1249-1261.
56. Maslowski, A., 1984, Deep Clinton gas sought in Ohio: AAPG Explorer, v. 5, p. 16-17.
57. Masters, J. A., 1979, Deep-basin gas trap, western Canada: AAPG Bulletin, v. 63, p. 151-181.
58. Masters, J. A., ed., 1984, Elmworth - case study of a deep basin gas field: AAPG Memoir 38, 316 p.
59. Masters, J. A., 2000, New game (abs.), in Proceedings of Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists Basin-Center Gas Symposium (October 6, 2000, Denver, Colorado): Denver, Colorado, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologist, 3 p.
60. McCormac, M. P., G. O. Mychkovsky, S. T. Opritza, R. A. Riley, M. E. Wolfe, G. E. Larson, and M. T. Baranoski, 1996, Play Scm: Lower Silurian Cataract/Medina Group ("Clinton") sandstone play, in J. B. Roen and B. J. Walker, eds., The atlas of major Appalachian gas plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication v. 25, p. 156-163.
61. Meissner, F. F., 2000, Causes of anomalous deep basin fluid pressures in Rocky Mountain basins and their relation to regional gas accumulation, in Proceedings of Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists Basin-Center Gas Symposium: Denver, Colorado, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 11 p.
62. Miller, B. M., 1975, A summary of oil and gas production and reserve histories of the Appalachian basin, 1859-1972: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 1409, 36 p.
63. Moore, B. J., 1982, Analysis of natural gases, 1917-1980: U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8870, 1055 p.
64. Munsart, C. A., 1975, Analysis of the Lower Silurian "Clinton" sandstone in Lenox field, Ashtabula, Ohio: Master's thesis, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 91 p.
65. Murphy, T. B., 1984, Diagenesis and porosity reduction of the Tuscarora Sandstone, central Pennsylvania: Master's thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 104 p.
66. Nelson, R. A., 1985, Geologic analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs: Contributions in Petroleum Geology and Engineering v. 1, Gulf Publishing, Houston, 320 p.
67. Overbey, W. K. Jr., and B. R. Henniger, 1971, History, development, and geology of oil fields in Hocking and Perry Counties, Ohio: AAPG Bulletin, v. 55, p. 183-203.
68. Pees, S. T., 1994, Silurian Medina gas revitalizing Pennsylvania's historic Oil Creek: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 92, p. 116-121.
69. Powell, T. G., R. W. MacQueen, J. F. Barker, and D. G. Bree, 1984, Geochemical character and origin of Ontario oils: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 32, p. 299-312.
70. o) in the Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian basin in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-302, 57 p.
71. Riley, R. A., J. A. Harper, M. T. Baranoski, C. D. Laughrey, and R. W. Carlton, 1993, Measuring and predicting reservoir heterogeneity in complex deposystems: the Late Cambrian Rose Run Sandstone of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania: U.S. Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-AC22-90BC14657, 257 p.
72. Roden, M. K., 1991, Apatite fission-track thermochronology of the southern Appalachian basin: Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia: Journal of Geology, v. 99, p. 41-53.
73. Roden, M. K., and D. S. Miller, 1989, Apatite fission-track thermochronology of the Pennsylvania Appalachian basin: Geomorphology, v. 2, p. 39-51.
74. Rodgers, M. R. and T. H. Anderson, 1984, Tyrone-Mt. Union cross-strike lineament of Pennsylvania: a major Paleozoic basement fracture and uplift boundary: AAPG Bulletin, v. 68, p. 92-105.
75. Root, S., 1996, Recurrent basement faulting and basin evolution, West Virginia and Ohio: the Burning Springs-Cambridge fault zone, in B. A. van der Pluijm and P. A. Catacosinos, eds., Basement and basins of eastern North America: Geological Society of America Special Paper 308, p. 127-137.
76. Rose, A. W., and P. E. Dresel, 1990, Deep brines in Pennsylvania, in S. K. Majumdar, E. W. Miller, and R. R. Parizek, eds., Water resources in Pennsylvania: availability, quality, and management: Easton, Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania Academy of Science, p. 420-431.
77. Ryder, R. T., 2000, Stratigraphic framework and depositional sequences in the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation, Appalachian basin: from Jackson County, Ohio, through northwestern Pennsylvania, to Orleans County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2726, 2 sheets, pamphlet, 8 p.
78. Ryder, R. T., in press, Stratigraphic framework and depositional sequences in the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation, Appalachian basin: from Ashland County, Ohio, through southwestern Pennsylvania, to Preston County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-, 2 sheets, pamphlet.
79. Ryder, R. T., R. C. Burruss, and J. R. Hatch, 1998a, Black shale source rocks and oil generation in Cambrian and Ordovician of the central Appalachian basin, U.S.A.: AAPG Bulletin, v. 82, p. 412-441.
80. Ryder, R. T., R. A. Riley, and L. H. Wickstrom, 1998b, Variability of gas production in the Ohio part of the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation, Appalachian basin, as indicated by distributions of estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) per well (abs.): AAPG Bulletin, v. 82, p. 1773.
81. Sanders, L. L., 1991, Geochemistry of formation waters from the Lower Silurian Clinton Formation (Albion Sandstone), eastern Ohio: AAPG Bulletin, v. 75, p. 1593-1608.
82. Sanford, B. V., F. J. Thompson, and G. H. McFall, 1985, Plate tectonics-a possible controlling mechanism in the development of hydrocarbon traps in southwestern Ontario: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 33, p. 52-71.
83. Schmoker, J. W., 1996, Method for assessing continuous-type (unconventional) hydrocarbon accumulations, in D. L. Gautier, G. L. Dolton, K. I. Takahashi, and K. L. Varnes, eds., 1995, 1995 National assessment of United States oil and gas resources-results, methodology, and supporting data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-30-release 2.
84. Schoell, M., 1983, Genetic characteristics of natural gases: AAPG Bulletin, v. 67, p. 2225-2238.
85. Schowalter, T. T., 1979, Mechanics of secondary hydrocarbon migration and entrapment: AAPG Bulletin, v. 63, p. 723-760.
86. Schrider, L. A., R. J. Watts, and J. A. Wasson, 1969, East Canton oil field waterflood evaluation: Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME preprint SPE 2764, 8 p.
87. Seibert, J. L., 1987, Analysis of the "Clinton" sandstone and its hydrocarbon potential in south-central Mahoning County, Ohio: Master's thesis, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 124 p.
88. Shumaker, R. C., 1996, Structural history of the Appalachian basin, in J. B. Roen and B. J. Walker, eds., The atlas of major Appalachian gas plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication, v. 25, p. 8-22.
89. Siegel, D. I., R. J. Szustakowski, and S. Frape, 1990, Regional appraisal of brine chemistry in the Albion Group sandstones (Silurian) of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio: Association of Petroleum Geochemical Explorationists Bulletin, v. 6, p. 66-77.
90. Sitler, G. F. Jr., 1969, East Canton-Magnolia oil field: presented at the winter meeting of the Ohio Oil and Gas Association, March 5, 1971, Columbus, Ohio: reprinted in Clinton Sandstone papers presented at the Ohio Oil and Gas Association winter meetings 1961 to 1978, Abridged reprint-1985: Ohio Geological Society, Columbus, Ohio, p. 41-51.
91. Smiraldo, M. S., 1985, Lithology, porosity development and silica cement source of the "Clinton" formation in eastern Ohio: Master's thesis, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 132 p.
92. Smith, R. C. II, and R. T. Faill, 2000, The Mesozoic heating event in the mid-Atlantic region, U.S.A. (abs.): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 32, no. 1, p. A-75.
93. Spencer, C. W., 1985, Geologic aspects of tight gas reservoirs in the Rocky Mountain region: Journal of Petroleum Technology, v. 37, p. 1308-1314.
94. Spencer, C. W., 1987, Hydrocarbon generation as a mechanism for overpressuring in the Rocky Mountain region: AAPG Bulletin, v. 71, p. 368-388.
95. Thomas, M. A., 1993, Subnormal fluid pressure in the Clinton Sandstone of eastern Ohio: Ph.D. dissertation, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 111 p.
96. U.S. Geological Survey National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team, 1995, 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1118, 20 p.
97. Van Tyne, A. M., 1996, Play Sbi: Upper Silurian Bass Islands trend, in J. B. Roen and B. J. Walker, eds., The atlas of major Appalachian gas plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication v. 25, p. 130-132.
98. o: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 23, no. 4, p. 356-376.
99. Wescott, W. A., 1982, Nature of porosity in Tuscarora Sandstone (Lower Silurian) in the Appalachian basin: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 80, p. 159-160, 165, 167-168, 170, 173.
100. Wilson, J. T., 1988, Portage county revisited-an in-depth analysis of the occurrence of oil and gas in the Clinton Sandstone reservoir in Portage County, Ohio: Master's thesis, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 187 p.
101. Yeakel, L. S. Jr., 1962, Tuscarora, Juniata, and Bald Eagle paleocurrents and paleogeography in the central Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 73, p. 1515-1540.
102. Zagorski, W. A., 1988, Exploration concepts and methodology for deep Medina sandstone reservoirs in northwestern Pennsylvania (abs.): AAPG Bulletin, v. 72, p. 976.
103. Zagorski, W. A., 1991, Model of local and regional hydrocarbon traps in the Lower Silurian Medina Sandstone Group, Cooperstown gas field, Crawford and Venango Counties, Pennsylvania: Master's thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 132 p.
104. Zagorski, W. A., 1999, Regional trapping styles in the "Clinton" Medina Sandstone Group, Appalachian basin: Thirty-eighth Annual Conference of the Ontario Petroleum Institute, Technical Paper 16, 34 p.