Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris L.) predation on alkali bees, Nomia melanderi cockerell

Western North American Naturalist

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 224-228

  Rust, Richard W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

Author keywords

Alfalfa; Birds; Great Basin Desert; Insects; Predation

Indexed keywords

ALAUDIDAE; APOIDEA; AVES; EREMOPHILA; EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS; HEXAPODA; INSECTA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; NOMIA; NOMIA MELANDERI;

EID: 0038670640     PISSN: 15270904     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. BEASON, R.C. 1995. Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris). Birds of North America 195:1-24.
2. BEHLE, W.H., AND M.L. PERRY. 1975. Utah birds: checklist, seasonal and ecological occurrence charts and guides to bird finding. Utah Museum of Natural History, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
3. BOHART, G.E. 1957. Pollination of alfalfa and red clover. Annual Review of Entomology 2:255-380.
4. _. 1972. Management of habitats for wild bees. Proceedings of the 3rd Tall Timbers Conference 3:253-266.
5. BOHART, G.E., AND E.A. CROSS. 1955. Time relationships in the nest construction and life cycle of the alkali bee. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 48:403-406.
6. BOHART, G.E., AND G.F. KNOWLTON. 1960. Managing alkali bees for alfalfa pollination. Utah State University Extension Service Leaflet 78:1-8.
7. BOHART, G.E., AND T.W. KOERBER. 1972. Insects and seed production. Seed Biology 3:1-53.
8. BOHART, G.E., W.P. STEPHEN, AND R.K. EPPLEY. 1960. The biology of Heterostylum robustum (Diptera: Bombyliidae), a parasite of the alkali bee. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 53:425-435.
9. DEGRAAF, R.M., N.G. TILGHMAN, AND S.H. ANDERSON. 1985. Foraging guilds of North American birds. Environmental Management 9:493-536.
10. FRICK, K.E. 1962. Ecological studies on the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi, and its bombyliid parasite, Heterostylum robustum, in Washington. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 55:5-15.
11. HOLLING, C.S. 1959. The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation on the European pine sawfly. Canadian Entomologist 91:293-320.
12. MAHER, W.J. 1979. Nesting diets of prairie passerine birds at Matador, Saskatchenwan, Canada. Ibis 121:437-452.
13. MAYER, D.F., AND E.R. MILICZKY. 1998. Emergence, male behavior, and mating in the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 71:61-68.
14. MCATEE, W.L. 1905. The Horned Larks and their relation to agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture Biological Survey Bulletin 23:1-37
15. MCLELLAND, J. 1979. Digestive system. Pages 69-181 in A.S. King and J. McLelland, editors, Form and function in birds. Academic Press, San Francisco, CA.
16. MEDIN, D.E. 1986. Grazing and passerine breeding birds in the Great Basin low-shrub desert. Great Basin Naturalist 46:567-572.
17. _. 1990. Birds of a shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) habitat in east central Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist 50:295-298.
18. MICHENER, C.D. 2000. The bees of the world. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
19. MINITAB. 1998. Meet Minitab®. Minitab, Inc., State College, PA.
20. PICKWELL, G.B. 1931. The prairie Horned Lark. Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences 27:1-153.
21. RIBBLE, D.W. 1965. A revision of the banded sub-genera of Nomia in America (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 45:277-359.
22. ROTENBERRY, J.T. 1980. Dietary relationships among shrub-steppe passerine birds: competition or opportunism in a variable environment? Ecological Monographs 50:93-110.
23. RYSER, F.A. 1985. Birds of the Great Basin: a natural history. University of Nevada Press, Reno.
24. STEPHEN, W.P. 1965. Temperature effects on the development and multiple generations in the alkalai bee, Nomia melanderi Coekerell. Entomological Experimentation and Application 8:228-240.
25. STEPHEN, W.P., G.E. BOHART, AND P.F. TORCHIO. 1969. The biology and external morphology of bees. Oregon State University, Corvallis.
26. SWAIN, S.D. 1991. Metabolism and energy reserves of brood-rearing Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 99:69-73.
27. _. 1992. Energy substrate profiles during fasting in Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris). Physiological Zoology 65:568-582.
28. TORCHIO, P.F. 1987. Use of non-honey bee species as pollinators of crops. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 118:111-124.
29. VANKAT, J.L. 1979. The natural vegetation of North America. J. Wiley and Sons, New York.
30. WICHELNS, D., T.F. WEAVER, AND P.M. BROOKS. 1992. Estimating the impact of alkali bees on the yield and acreage of alfalfa seed. Journal of Production Agriculture 5:512-518.
31. ZAR, H.H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.