Gendering conflict and peace in Israel/Palestine and the North of Ireland

Millenium

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 1061-1089

  Sharoni, Simona ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0038604735     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298980270040701     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. For more on the intersection of gender inequality with other discriminatory structures and practices based on such differences as race, class and sexuality see for example Margaret Anderson and Patricia Hill Collins (eds.), Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology (Belmont, CA: Wadworth Publishing Company, 1992); Bell Hooks, Yearning: Race, Gender and Cultural Politics (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1990); Audrey Lourde, 'Age, Race, Class and Sex: Women Redefining Difference', in Sister Outsider (New York, NY: The Crossing Press, 1984); and Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpede Mohanty, 'Feminist Politics: What's Home Got To Do With It?', in Teresa de Lauretis (ed.), Feminist Studies/Critical Studies
2. For more on the intersection of gender inequality with other discriminatory structures and practices based on such differences as race, class and sexuality see for example Margaret Anderson and Patricia Hill Collins (eds.), Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology (Belmont, CA: Wadworth Publishing Company, 1992); Bell Hooks, Yearning: Race, Gender and Cultural Politics (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1990); Audrey Lourde, 'Age, Race, Class and Sex: Women Redefining Difference', in Sister Outsider (New York, NY: The Crossing Press, 1984); and Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpede Mohanty, 'Feminist Politics: What's Home Got To Do With It?', in Teresa de Lauretis (ed.), Feminist Studies/Critical Studies
3. For more on the intersection of gender inequality with other discriminatory structures and practices based on such differences as race, class and sexuality see for example Margaret Anderson and Patricia Hill Collins (eds.), Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology (Belmont, CA: Wadworth Publishing Company, 1992); Bell Hooks, Yearning: Race, Gender and Cultural Politics (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1990); Audrey Lourde, 'Age, Race, Class and Sex: Women Redefining Difference', in Sister Outsider (New York, NY: The Crossing Press, 1984); and Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpede Mohanty, 'Feminist Politics: What's Home Got To Do With It?', in Teresa de Lauretis (ed.), Feminist Studies/Critical Studies
4. For more on the intersection of gender inequality with other discriminatory structures and practices based on such differences as race, class and sexuality see for example Margaret Anderson and Patricia Hill Collins (eds.), Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology (Belmont, CA: Wadworth Publishing Company, 1992); Bell Hooks, Yearning: Race, Gender and Cultural Politics (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1990); Audrey Lourde, 'Age, Race, Class and Sex: Women Redefining Difference', in Sister Outsider (New York, NY: The Crossing Press, 1984); and Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpede Mohanty, 'Feminist Politics: What's Home Got To Do With It?', in Teresa de Lauretis (ed.), Feminist Studies/Critical Studies
5. The clearest and best known feminist appropriation of the public-private divide can be found In Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man. Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981). For a critique of the public/private dichotomy see, 'Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Dichotomy', in Carole Pateman, The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory (Cambridge: Polity, 1989).
6. The clearest and best known feminist appropriation of the public-private divide can be found In Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man. Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981). For a critique of the public/private dichotomy see, 'Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Dichotomy', in Carole Pateman, The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory (Cambridge: Polity, 1989).
7. Quoted in Diane Singerman, 'Where Has All the Power Gone? Women and Politics in Popular Quarters of Cairo', in Fatman Muge Gocek and Shiva Balaghi (eds.), Reconstructing Gender in the Middle East: Tradition. Identity and Power (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 180.
8. See for example Elise Boulding, Women in the Twentieth Century World (New York, NY: Sage, 1977); Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgan (eds.), Women and the Politics of Empowerment (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1988); Anne Garland, Women Activists: Challenging the Abuse of Power (New York, NY: The Feminist Press, 1988); and Adrienne Harris and Ynestra King (eds.), Rocking the Ship of State: Toward a Feminist Peace Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989).
9. See for example Elise Boulding, Women in the Twentieth Century World (New York, NY: Sage, 1977); Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgan (eds.), Women and the Politics of Empowerment (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1988); Anne Garland, Women Activists: Challenging the Abuse of Power (New York, NY: The Feminist Press, 1988); and Adrienne Harris and Ynestra King (eds.), Rocking the Ship of State: Toward a Feminist Peace Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989).
10. See for example Elise Boulding, Women in the Twentieth Century World (New York, NY: Sage, 1977); Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgan (eds.), Women and the Politics of Empowerment (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1988); Anne Garland, Women Activists: Challenging the Abuse of Power (New York, NY: The Feminist Press, 1988); and Adrienne Harris and Ynestra King (eds.), Rocking the Ship of State: Toward a Feminist Peace Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989).
11. See for example Elise Boulding, Women in the Twentieth Century World (New York, NY: Sage, 1977); Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgan (eds.), Women and the Politics of Empowerment (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1988); Anne Garland, Women Activists: Challenging the Abuse of Power (New York, NY: The Feminist Press, 1988); and Adrienne Harris and Ynestra King (eds.), Rocking the Ship of State: Toward a Feminist Peace Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989).
12. Rosemary Ridd and Helen Calaway (eds.), Women and Political Conflict: Portraits of Struggle in Times of Crisis (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1987), p. 3.
13. For more on the history of Palestinian women's political mobilisation, see Suha Sabbagh (ed.), Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank (Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press, 1988); Amal Kawar, Daughters of Palestine: LeadingWomen of the Palestinian National Movement (Albany, NY: State University New York Press, 1996), Joost Hiltermann, Behind the Intifada: Labor and Women's Movements in the Occupied Territories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), Rosemary Sayigh, 'Encounters with Palestinian Women under Occupation', Journal of Palestine Studies (Vol. 40, No. 4, 1981), pp. 3-23; Islah Jad, 'From Salons to the Popular Committees: Palestinian Women, 1919-1989', in Jamal R. Nassar and Roger Heacock, (eds.) Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads (New York, NY: Birzeit University and Praeger Publishers, 1990), pp. 125-142, Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Politics of Women's Resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), pp. 56-68; Nahla Abdo, 'Women and the Intifada: Gender, Class and National Liberation', Race and Class (Vol. 32, No. 4, 1991), pp. 19-34; and Phillipa Strum, The Women Are Marching: The Second Sex and the Palestinian Revolution (New York, NY: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992).
14. For more on the history of Palestinian women's political mobilisation, see Suha Sabbagh (ed.), Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank (Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press, 1988); Amal Kawar, Daughters of Palestine: LeadingWomen of the Palestinian National Movement (Albany, NY: State University New York Press, 1996), Joost Hiltermann, Behind the Intifada: Labor and Women's Movements in the Occupied Territories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), Rosemary Sayigh, 'Encounters with Palestinian Women under Occupation', Journal of Palestine Studies (Vol. 40, No. 4, 1981), pp. 3-23; Islah Jad, 'From Salons to the Popular Committees: Palestinian Women, 1919-1989', in Jamal R. Nassar and Roger Heacock, (eds.) Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads (New York, NY: Birzeit University and Praeger Publishers, 1990), pp. 125-142, Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Politics of Women's Resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), pp. 56-68; Nahla Abdo, 'Women and the Intifada: Gender, Class and National Liberation', Race and Class (Vol. 32, No. 4, 1991), pp. 19-34; and Phillipa Strum, The Women Are Marching: The Second Sex and the Palestinian Revolution (New York, NY: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992).
15. For more on the history of Palestinian women's political mobilisation, see Suha Sabbagh (ed.), Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank (Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press, 1988); Amal Kawar, Daughters of Palestine: LeadingWomen of the Palestinian National Movement (Albany, NY: State University New York Press, 1996), Joost Hiltermann, Behind the Intifada: Labor and Women's Movements in the Occupied Territories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), Rosemary Sayigh, 'Encounters with Palestinian Women under Occupation', Journal of Palestine Studies (Vol. 40, No. 4, 1981), pp. 3-23; Islah Jad, 'From Salons to the Popular Committees: Palestinian Women, 1919-1989', in Jamal R. Nassar and Roger Heacock, (eds.) Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads (New York, NY: Birzeit University and Praeger Publishers, 1990), pp. 125-142, Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Politics of Women's Resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), pp. 56-68; Nahla Abdo, 'Women and the Intifada: Gender, Class and National Liberation', Race and Class (Vol. 32, No. 4, 1991), pp. 19-34; and Phillipa Strum, The Women Are Marching: The Second Sex and the Palestinian Revolution (New York, NY: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992).
16. For more on the history of Palestinian women's political mobilisation, see Suha Sabbagh (ed.), Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank (Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press, 1988); Amal Kawar, Daughters of Palestine: LeadingWomen of the Palestinian National Movement (Albany, NY: State University New York Press, 1996), Joost Hiltermann, Behind the Intifada: Labor and Women's Movements in the Occupied Territories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), Rosemary Sayigh, 'Encounters with Palestinian Women under Occupation', Journal of Palestine Studies (Vol. 40, No. 4, 1981), pp. 3-23; Islah Jad, 'From Salons to the Popular Committees: Palestinian Women, 1919-1989', in Jamal R. Nassar and Roger Heacock, (eds.) Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads (New York, NY: Birzeit University and Praeger Publishers, 1990), pp. 125-142, Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Politics of Women's Resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), pp. 56-68; Nahla Abdo, 'Women and the Intifada: Gender, Class and National Liberation', Race and Class (Vol. 32, No. 4, 1991), pp. 19-34; and Phillipa Strum, The Women Are Marching: The Second Sex and the Palestinian Revolution (New York, NY: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992).
17. For more on the history of Palestinian women's political mobilisation, see Suha Sabbagh (ed.), Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank (Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press, 1988); Amal Kawar, Daughters of Palestine: LeadingWomen of the Palestinian National Movement (Albany, NY: State University New York Press, 1996), Joost Hiltermann, Behind the Intifada: Labor and Women's Movements in the Occupied Territories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), Rosemary Sayigh, 'Encounters with Palestinian Women under Occupation', Journal of Palestine Studies (Vol. 40, No. 4, 1981), pp. 3-23; Islah Jad, 'From Salons to the Popular Committees: Palestinian Women, 1919-1989', in Jamal R. Nassar and Roger Heacock, (eds.) Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads (New York, NY: Birzeit University and Praeger Publishers, 1990), pp. 125-142, Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Politics of Women's Resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), pp. 56-68; Nahla Abdo, 'Women and the Intifada: Gender, Class and National Liberation', Race and Class (Vol. 32, No. 4, 1991), pp. 19-34; and Phillipa Strum, The Women Are Marching: The Second Sex and the Palestinian Revolution (New York, NY: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992).
18. For more on the history of Palestinian women's political mobilisation, see Suha Sabbagh (ed.), Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank (Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press, 1988); Amal Kawar, Daughters of Palestine: LeadingWomen of the Palestinian National Movement (Albany, NY: State University New York Press, 1996), Joost Hiltermann, Behind the Intifada: Labor and Women's Movements in the Occupied Territories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), Rosemary Sayigh, 'Encounters with Palestinian Women under Occupation', Journal of Palestine Studies (Vol. 40, No. 4, 1981), pp. 3-23; Islah Jad, 'From Salons to the Popular Committees: Palestinian Women, 1919-1989', in Jamal R. Nassar and Roger Heacock, (eds.) Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads (New York, NY: Birzeit University and Praeger Publishers, 1990), pp. 125-142, Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Politics of Women's Resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), pp. 56-68; Nahla Abdo, 'Women and the Intifada: Gender, Class and National Liberation', Race and Class (Vol. 32, No. 4, 1991), pp. 19-34; and Phillipa Strum, The Women Are Marching: The Second Sex and the Palestinian Revolution (New York, NY: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992).
19. For more on the history of Palestinian women's political mobilisation, see Suha Sabbagh (ed.), Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank (Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press, 1988); Amal Kawar, Daughters of Palestine: LeadingWomen of the Palestinian National Movement (Albany, NY: State University New York Press, 1996), Joost Hiltermann, Behind the Intifada: Labor and Women's Movements in the Occupied Territories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), Rosemary Sayigh, 'Encounters with Palestinian Women under Occupation', Journal of Palestine Studies (Vol. 40, No. 4, 1981), pp. 3-23; Islah Jad, 'From Salons to the Popular Committees: Palestinian Women, 1919-1989', in Jamal R. Nassar and Roger Heacock, (eds.) Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads (New York, NY: Birzeit University and Praeger Publishers, 1990), pp. 125-142, Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Politics of Women's Resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), pp. 56-68; Nahla Abdo, 'Women and the Intifada: Gender, Class and National Liberation', Race and Class (Vol. 32, No. 4, 1991), pp. 19-34; and Phillipa Strum, The Women Are Marching: The Second Sex and the Palestinian Revolution (New York, NY: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992).
20. For more on the history of Palestinian women's political mobilisation, see Suha Sabbagh (ed.), Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank (Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press, 1988); Amal Kawar, Daughters of Palestine: LeadingWomen of the Palestinian National Movement (Albany, NY: State University New York Press, 1996), Joost Hiltermann, Behind the Intifada: Labor and Women's Movements in the Occupied Territories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), Rosemary Sayigh, 'Encounters with Palestinian Women under Occupation', Journal of Palestine Studies (Vol. 40, No. 4, 1981), pp. 3-23; Islah Jad, 'From Salons to the Popular Committees: Palestinian Women, 1919-1989', in Jamal R. Nassar and Roger Heacock, (eds.) Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads (New York, NY: Birzeit University and Praeger Publishers, 1990), pp. 125-142, Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Politics of Women's Resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), pp. 56-68; Nahla Abdo, 'Women and the Intifada: Gender, Class and National Liberation', Race and Class (Vol. 32, No. 4, 1991), pp. 19-34; and Phillipa Strum, The Women Are Marching: The Second Sex and the Palestinian Revolution (New York, NY: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992).
21. Monica McWilliams 'Struggling for Peace and Justice: Reflections on Women's Activism in Northern Ireland', Journal of Women's History (Vol. 6, No. 4/ Vol.7, No. 1, 1995), pp. 13-35.
22. Rita Giacaman and Penny Johnson, 'Palestinian Women: Building Barricades and Breaking Barriers', in Zachary Lockman and Joel Beinin (eds.), Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation (Boston, MA: South End Press and MERIP, 1989), p. 157.
23. Ibid., p. 161.
24. For accounts of women's political mobilisation during this period, see Ann McCann, 'The Emergence of a Women's Political Movement in Northern Ireland', in Women and the Politics of Peace: Contributions to a Culture of Women's Resistance a Place: Women and the Irish Peace Process', Race and Class ( Vol. 37, No. 1, 1995), pp. 41-50; Valerie Morgan, 'Peacemakers? Peacekeepers? Women in Northern Ireland 1969-1995', A professional lecture given at the University of Ulster, October 1995, http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/women/paper3.htm; Begonia Aretxaga, Shattering Silence: Women, Nationalism, and Political Subjectivity in Northern Ireland (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 54-79; and Lynda Edgarton, 'Public Protest, Domestic Aquiescencc: Women in Northern Ireland,' in Ridd and Callaway, op. cit., in note 5.
25. For accounts of women's political mobilisation during this period, see Ann McCann, 'The Emergence of a Women's Political Movement in Northern Ireland', in Women and the Politics of Peace: Contributions to a Culture of Women's Resistance a Place: Women and the Irish Peace Process', Race and Class ( Vol. 37, No. 1, 1995), pp. 41-50; Valerie Morgan, 'Peacemakers? Peacekeepers? Women in Northern Ireland 1969-1995', A professional lecture given at the University of Ulster, October 1995, http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/women/paper3.htm; Begonia Aretxaga, Shattering Silence: Women, Nationalism, and Political Subjectivity in Northern Ireland (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 54-79; and Lynda Edgarton, 'Public Protest, Domestic Aquiescencc: Women in Northern Ireland,' in Ridd and Callaway, op. cit., in note 5.
26. For accounts of women's political mobilisation during this period, see Ann McCann, 'The Emergence of a Women's Political Movement in Northern Ireland', in Women and the Politics of Peace: Contributions to a Culture of Women's Resistance a Place: Women and the Irish Peace Process', Race and Class ( Vol. 37, No. 1, 1995), pp. 41-50; Valerie Morgan, 'Peacemakers? Peacekeepers? Women in Northern Ireland 1969-1995', A professional lecture given at the University of Ulster, October 1995, http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/women/paper3.htm; Begonia Aretxaga, Shattering Silence: Women, Nationalism, and Political Subjectivity in Northern Ireland (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 54-79; and Lynda Edgarton, 'Public Protest, Domestic Aquiescencc: Women in Northern Ireland,' in Ridd and Callaway, op. cit., in note 5.
27. For accounts of women's political mobilisation during this period, see Ann McCann, 'The Emergence of a Women's Political Movement in Northern Ireland', in Women and the Politics of Peace: Contributions to a Culture of Women's Resistance a Place: Women and the Irish Peace Process', Race and Class ( Vol. 37, No. 1, 1995), pp. 41-50; Valerie Morgan, 'Peacemakers? Peacekeepers? Women in Northern Ireland 1969-1995', A professional lecture given at the University of Ulster, October 1995, http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/women/paper3.htm; Begonia Aretxaga, Shattering Silence: Women, Nationalism, and Political Subjectivity in Northern Ireland (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 54-79; and Lynda Edgarton, 'Public Protest, Domestic Aquiescencc: Women in Northern Ireland,' in Ridd and Callaway, op. cit., in note 5.
28. Aretxaga, ibid., p. 68.
29. Giacaman and Johnson, op. cit., in note 8.
30. Ibid., p. 162.
31. Aretxaga, op. cit., in note 10, p. 69.
32. Ibid., p. 75.
33. Quoted in, ibid., p. 54 emphasis added.
34. Quoted in ibid., emphasis added.
35. Ibid., p. 79.
36. Strum, op. cit., in note 6, p. 92.
37. Ibid., p. 141.
38. For examples of literature, which tends to treat struggles for gender equality and national liberation as irreconcitable projects, see Nira Yuval-Davis and Floia Anthias (eds.), Women-Nation-State (London: Macmillan, 1989); Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender and Nation (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1997); and Zillah Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialised and Sexualised Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, NY: Routledge, 1996).
39. For examples of literature, which tends to treat struggles for gender equality and national liberation as irreconcitable projects, see Nira Yuval-Davis and Floia Anthias (eds.), Women-Nation-State (London: Macmillan, 1989); Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender and Nation (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1997); and Zillah Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialised and Sexualised Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, NY: Routledge, 1996).
40. For examples of literature, which tends to treat struggles for gender equality and national liberation as irreconcitable projects, see Nira Yuval-Davis and Floia Anthias (eds.), Women-Nation-State (London: Macmillan, 1989); Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender and Nation (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1997); and Zillah Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialised and Sexualised Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, NY: Routledge, 1996).
41. Aretxaga, op. cit., in note 10, p. 78.
42. Mary Meyer, 'Ulster's Red Hand: Gender, Identity, and Sectarian Conflict in Northern Ireland', Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Studies Association (ISA), Minneapolis, MN, March 1998, p. 19.
43. Simona Sharoni, 'The Myth of Gender Equality and the Limits of Women's Political Dissent in Israel', Middle East Report (No. 207, June-July 1998), pp. 24-28.
44. Carol Coulter, The Hidden Tradition: Feminism, Women and Nationalism in Ireland (Cork: Cork University Press, 1993), p. 3.
45. For a more complex treatment of the interplay between nationalism and struggle for gender equality in different contexts, see, for example. Lois West (ed.), Feminist Nationalism (New York, NY: Routledge, 1997) and Kumari Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (London: Zed Books, 1986).
46. For a more complex treatment of the interplay between nationalism and struggle for gender equality in different contexts, see, for example. Lois West (ed.), Feminist Nationalism (New York, NY: Routledge, 1997) and Kumari Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (London: Zed Books, 1986).
47. Jan Jindy Pettman, Worlding Women: A Feminist International Politics (New York, NY: Routledge, 1996), p. 53.
48. Ibid.
49. For a more extensive exploration of this thesis, see Rosemary Sales, 'Gender and Protestantism in Northern Ireland', in Peter Shirlow and Mark McGovern (eds.), Who Are the People? Unionism, Protestantism and Loyalism in Northern Ireland (London: Pluto Press, 1997), pp. 140-157, and Pamela Clayton, Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler Ideologies in Twentieth Century Ulster (London: Pluto Press, 1996). See also Sharoni, op. cit., in note 24.
50. For a more extensive exploration of this thesis, see Rosemary Sales, 'Gender and Protestantism in Northern Ireland', in Peter Shirlow and Mark McGovern (eds.), Who Are the People? Unionism, Protestantism and Loyalism in Northern Ireland (London: Pluto Press, 1997), pp. 140-157, and Pamela Clayton, Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler Ideologies in Twentieth Century Ulster (London: Pluto Press, 1996). See also Sharoni, op. cit., in note 24.
51. For more on this period see Tim Pat Coogan, On the Blanket: The H-Block Story (Dublin: Ward River Press, 1980); Padrig O'Malley, Biting At the Grave: The Irish Hunger Strikes and the Politics of Despair (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1990); and Brian Campbell, Laurence McKeown and Felim O'Hagan (eds.), Nor Meekly Serve My Time: The H Block Struggle 1976-1981 (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications, 1994).
52. For more on this period see Tim Pat Coogan, On the Blanket: The H-Block Story (Dublin: Ward River Press, 1980); Padrig O'Malley, Biting At the Grave: The Irish Hunger Strikes and the Politics of Despair (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1990); and Brian Campbell, Laurence McKeown and Felim O'Hagan (eds.), Nor Meekly Serve My Time: The H Block Struggle 1976-1981 (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications, 1994).
53. For more on this period see Tim Pat Coogan, On the Blanket: The H-Block Story (Dublin: Ward River Press, 1980); Padrig O'Malley, Biting At the Grave: The Irish Hunger Strikes and the Politics of Despair (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1990); and Brian Campbell, Laurence McKeown and Felim O'Hagan (eds.), Nor Meekly Serve My Time: The H Block Struggle 1976-1981 (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications, 1994).
54. Aretxaga, op. cit., in note 10, p. 86.
55. Ibid., pp. 11-12. 'Screws', is the term used by Republican prisoners to describe the guards.
56. Ibid., p. 12.
57. O'Malley, op. cit., in note 30, p. 22.
58. Ibid.
59. Quoted in O'Malley, op. cit., in note 30, p. 23 . The original article written by Laurence McKeown was smuggled out of the Maze/Long Kesh prison and published in An Phoblacht/Republican News in 1986.
60. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (London: Sheed and Ward, 1971). This process is also described in two papers written by Laurence McKeown during his imprisonment. Laurence McKeown'Women's Studies in The H-Blocks 1989-1991: An Evaluation', (unpublished monograph, 1992) and Laurence McKeown'The Experience of Long-Term Imprisonment: A Lifer in the H-Blocks of Long Kesh' (unpublished monograph, 1994). Both papers were submitted to fulfil the requirements of Open University courses in which McKewon was enrolled. The first paper was submitted in 1992 and the second in 1994, both have not been published yet.
61. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (London: Sheed and Ward, 1971). This process is also described in two papers written by Laurence McKeown during his imprisonment. Laurence McKeown'Women's Studies in The H-Blocks 1989-1991: An Evaluation', (unpublished monograph, 1992) and Laurence McKeown'The Experience of Long-Term Imprisonment: A Lifer in the H-Blocks of Long Kesh' (unpublished monograph, 1994). Both papers were submitted to fulfil the requirements of Open University courses in which McKewon was enrolled. The first paper was submitted in 1992 and the second in 1994, both have not been published yet.
62. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (London: Sheed and Ward, 1971). This process is also described in two papers written by Laurence McKeown during his imprisonment. Laurence McKeown'Women's Studies in The H-Blocks 1989-1991: An Evaluation', (unpublished monograph, 1992) and Laurence McKeown'The Experience of Long-Term Imprisonment: A Lifer in the H-Blocks of Long Kesh' (unpublished monograph, 1994). Both papers were submitted to fulfil the requirements of Open University courses in which McKewon was enrolled. The first paper was submitted in 1992 and the second in 1994, both have not been published yet.
63. Personal conversations with Laurence McKeown, Belfast, April 1998.
64. For a systematic critique of both conventional representations of Irish Republican prisoners and attempts to challenge them see Laurence McKeown, 'Unrepentant Fenian Bastards': The Social Construction of An Irish Republican Prisoner Community, Ph.D. Dissertation, Queens University, Belfast, September 1998.
65. Jonathan Stevenson, 'We Wrecked the Place': Contemplating an End to the Northern Ireland Troubles (London: The Free Press, 1996), pp. 140-42.
66. Ibid., p. 141.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid., p. 142.
69. Joseph Massad, 'Conceiving the Masculine: Gender and Palestinian Nationalism', The Middle East Journal (Vol. 49, No. 3, 1995), p. 479.
70. Nizar Qabbani, reprinted in Zachary Lockman and Joel Beinin (eds.), Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation (Boston, MA: South End Press and MERIP, 1989), p. 100.
71. Qassem Izzat, quoted in Penny Rosenwasser, Voices from the 'Promised Land': Palestinian and Israeli Peace Activists Speak their Hearts (Willimantic, CT: Curbstone Press, 1992), p. 43.
72. Sharoni, op. cit., in note 6, pp. 40-47.
73. 'Jobnick' is a reference in Israeli slang to a non-combat soldier who is stationed on the homefront. They are often looked down upon by both combat soldiers and larger society.
74. Nir quoted in Amia Lieblich, 'Between Strength and Toughness' in Shlomo Breznitz (ed.), Stress in Israel (New York, NY: Van Nostrand, 1983), pp. 51-52.
75. Stenfeld Zbigniew quoted in Eyal Ben-Ari, 'Masks and Soldiering: The Israeli Army and the Palestinian Uprising', Cultural Anthropology (Vol. 44, 1989), p. 377. This poem was originally published in Hebrew: Zbigniew Sternfeld, 'Intifada Diary', trans. E. Ben-Ari, Iton 77 (No. 106-107, 1988) pp. 93-95.
76. Stenfeld Zbigniew quoted in Eyal Ben-Ari, 'Masks and Soldiering: The Israeli Army and the Palestinian Uprising', Cultural Anthropology (Vol. 44, 1989), p. 377. This poem was originally published in Hebrew: Zbigniew Sternfeld, 'Intifada Diary', trans. E. Ben-Ari, Iton 77 (No. 106-107, 1988) pp. 93-95.
77. In the homophobic atmosphere of Israeli society, the wearing of an earring by men is considered a gay attribute. Also wearing an earring by men is against the Israeli military dress code.
78. For more on this dilemma see Amia Lieblich, The Spring of Their Years (Tel-Avivl: Shocken, 1987) (Hebrew), and Rolly Rosen and Ilana Hamerman, Soldiers in the Land of Ishma'el: Stories and Documents (Tel-Aviv: Am Oved, 1990) (Hebrew).
79. For more on this dilemma see Amia Lieblich, The Spring of Their Years (Tel-Avivl: Shocken, 1987) (Hebrew), and Rolly Rosen and Ilana Hamerman, Soldiers in the Land of Ishma'el: Stories and Documents (Tel-Aviv: Am Oved, 1990) (Hebrew).
80. Rosen and Haberman, ibid., p. 75.
81. The title of this section is taken from a book by Cynthia Enloc titled The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of tha Cold War (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993).
82. Ibid., p. 252.
83. Ibid., p. 2-3.
84. Kawar, op. cit., in note 6, pp. 124-128.
85. Ibid., p. 125.
86. The most prominent women's research centres include the Women's Studies program at BirZeit University, the Women's Studies Center in Jerusalem and the Women's Affairs Center in Nablus. For more information about these centres, see the chapter on the feminist movement in Palestine in The Feminist Movement in the Arab World: Intervention and Studies. The book was published by the Cairobased New Woman Research and Study Center (Cairo: Dar El-Mostaqbal al Arabi, 1996), pp. 135-204.
87. Personal conversations, March 1997 and March 1998.
88. Report on United States National Public Radio, 'All Things Considered', December 7, 1998.
89. Bat-Shalom newsletters and personal conversations with Gila Svirski, the director of Bat-Shalom, March 1997 and March 1998.
90. For a comparative analysis of the deployment of motherhood as a central discourse during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and during the intifada, see Simona Sharoni, 'Motherhood and the Politics of Women's Resistance: Israeli Women Organising for Peace', in Alexis Jetter, Annelise Orleck, and Diana Taylor (eds.), The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right (London: University of New England Press, 1997), pp. 144-60.
91. Avihai Becker, 'Sarah would have told God, "Forget it"', Ha'aretz, 2 January 1998 (Internet Edition). For more information about Four Mothers and its activities see, http://www.angelfire.com/il/FourMothers/
92. Becker, op. cit., in note 64.
93. The group's name 'New Profile' eludes to the centrality of a military profile in Israeli society. Prior to being drafted, Israeli-Jewish adolescents go through a battery of tests to determine whether they are fit for combat units. The military profile is central to the construction of Israeli masculinities and to the militarisation not only of men's lives but of society more generally as a high military profile often guarantees a better place within Israeli collectivity.
94. Veres Shimron quoted by Tal Bashan, 'Name of Art', Maariv, Friday, December 12, 1998, p. 14 (published in the weekend supplement of the Israeli daily). The translation from Hebrew is mine.
95. Interview with May Blood, NWIC web page: http://www.pitt.edu/~7enovosel/northern.html.
96. Sarah Lyall, '"Silly Cows" of Ulster Take the Bull by the Horns', New York Times, 14 May 1998 ,Internet Edition.
97. This argument draws on Cynthia Enloe's argument that, 'making women invisible hides the working of both femininity and masculinity in international politics', Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989), p. 11.
98. Stevenson, op. cit., in note 40, p. 237.
99. Ibid.
100. McWilliams, op. cit., note 7, p. 15.