Black farmers and the agricultural cooperative extension service: The Alabama experience, 1945-1965

Agricultural History

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 523-550

  Whayne, Jeannie M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

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EID: 0038603431     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Orville L. Freeman, Office of the Secretary, USDA, to the president of the United States, 17 June 1965, pp. 7-10, box 358, Thomas M. Campbell Papers, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama (hereafter cited as Campbell Papers). For an interesting appraisal of the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the Soil Conservation Service, see Douglas Helms, "Eroding the Color Line: The Soil Conservation Service and the Civil Rights Act of 1964." Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 35-53.
2. Jack Temple Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 21.
3. R. Grant Seals, "The Formation of Agricultural and Rural Development Policy with Emphasis on African Americans: II. The Hatch-George and Smith-Lever Acts," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 12-34.
4. Lou Ferleger, "Uplifting American Agriculture: Experiment Station Scientists and the Office of Experiment Stations in the Early Years after the Hatch Act," Agricultural History 64 (Spring 1990): 5-23.
5. Dwayne Cox, "Alabama Farm Agents, 1914-1922," Alabama Review 47 (October 1994): 289. For the Arkansas experience, see C. Fred Williams, "Frustration Amidst Hope: The Land Grant Mission of Arkansas AM&N College, 1873-1972," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 115-30; see also Robert L. Jenkins, "The Black Land-Grant Colleges in Their Formative Years, 1920," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 63-72.
6. Dwayne Cox, "Alabama Farm Agents, 1914-1922," Alabama Review 47 (October 1994): 289. For the Arkansas experience, see C. Fred Williams, "Frustration Amidst Hope: The Land Grant Mission of Arkansas AM&N College, 1873-1972," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 115-30; see also Robert L. Jenkins, "The Black Land-Grant Colleges in Their Formative Years, 1920," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 63-72.
7. Dwayne Cox, "Alabama Farm Agents, 1914-1922," Alabama Review 47 (October 1994): 289. For the Arkansas experience, see C. Fred Williams, "Frustration Amidst Hope: The Land Grant Mission of Arkansas AM&N College, 1873-1972," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 115-30; see also Robert L. Jenkins, "The Black Land-Grant Colleges in Their Formative Years, 1920," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 63-72.
8. Cox, "Alabama Farm Agents," 289; Joel Schor, "The Black Presence in the U.S. Cooperative Extension Service Since 1945: An American Quest for Service and Equity," Agricultural History 60 (Spring 1986): 137-53; Charles S. Johnson, Patterns of Negro Segregation (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1943), 13-14.
9. Cox, "Alabama Farm Agents," 289; Joel Schor, "The Black Presence in the U.S. Cooperative Extension Service Since 1945: An American Quest for Service and Equity," Agricultural History 60 (Spring 1986): 137-53; Charles S. Johnson, Patterns of Negro Segregation (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1943), 13-14.
10. Cox, "Alabama Farm Agents," 289; Joel Schor, "The Black Presence in the U.S. Cooperative Extension Service Since 1945: An American Quest for Service and Equity," Agricultural History 60 (Spring 1986): 137-53; Charles S. Johnson, Patterns of Negro Segregation (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1943), 13-14.
11. Allen Jones, "Improving Rural Life for Blacks: The Tuskegee Negro Farmers' Conference, 1892-1915," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 105-14; Felix James, "The Tuskegee Institute Movable School, 1906-1923," Agricultural History 45 (July 1971): 201-9; Thomas M. Campbell, The Movable School Goes to the Negro Farmer (New York: Arno Press, 1969).
12. Allen Jones, "Improving Rural Life for Blacks: The Tuskegee Negro Farmers' Conference, 1892-1915," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 105-14; Felix James, "The Tuskegee Institute Movable School, 1906-1923," Agricultural History 45 (July 1971): 201-9; Thomas M. Campbell, The Movable School Goes to the Negro Farmer (New York: Arno Press, 1969).
13. Allen Jones, "Improving Rural Life for Blacks: The Tuskegee Negro Farmers' Conference, 1892-1915," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 105-14; Felix James, "The Tuskegee Institute Movable School, 1906-1923," Agricultural History 45 (July 1971): 201-9; Thomas M. Campbell, The Movable School Goes to the Negro Farmer (New York: Arno Press, 1969).
14. Frederick S. Humphries, "1890 Land-Grant Institutions: Their Struggle for Survival and Equity," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 3-11.
15. The survey likely included other states, but the author located responses from only ten states. Responses were addressed to L. N. Duncan, director, Alabama Extension, found in the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service Records (hereafter cited as ACES), box 355, Auburn University, from the following: Dan T. Gray, director, Arkansas Extension. 17 February 1928; A. P. Spencer, vice director, Florida Extension, 18 February 1928; J. Campbell, director, Georgia Extension, 16 February 1928; W. R. Perkins, director, Louisiana Extension, 17 February 1928; R. S. Wilson, director, Mississippi Extension, 16 February 1928; I. O. Schaub, director, North Carolina Extension, 15 February 1928; D. P. Trent, director, Oklahoma Extension, 24 February 1928; D. W. Watkins, assistant director, South Carolina Extension, 15 February 1928; C. E. Brehm, assistant director, Tennessee Extension, 16 February 1928; and J. Anderson, director, Virginia Extension, 16 February 1928.
16. W. B. Hill, sworn affidavit made to Curtis M. Crowe, special agent, Office of the Inspector General, USDA, box 358, 7 January 1966, p. 1, W. B. Hill Correspondence, ACES. Hill was state leader for Negro work in Alabama from 1949 through 30 June 1965.
17. Earl W. Crosby, "The Struggle for Existence: The Institutionalization of the Black County Agent System," Agricultural History 60 (Spring 1986): 130-33; see also Allen W. Jones, "The Role of Tuskegee Institute in the Education of Black Farmers," Journal of Negro History 60 (April 1975): 252-67; John R. Wennersten, "The Travail of Black Land-Grant Schools in the South, 1890-1917," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 54-63; and Thomas T. Williams and Handy Williamson Jr., "Teaching, Research, and Extension Programs at Historically Black (1890) Land-Grant Institutions," Agricultural History 62 (Spring 1988): 244-57.
18. Earl W. Crosby, "The Struggle for Existence: The Institutionalization of the Black County Agent System," Agricultural History 60 (Spring 1986): 130-33; see also Allen W. Jones, "The Role of Tuskegee Institute in the Education of Black Farmers," Journal of Negro History 60 (April 1975): 252-67; John R. Wennersten, "The Travail of Black Land-Grant Schools in the South, 1890-1917," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 54-63; and Thomas T. Williams and Handy Williamson Jr., "Teaching, Research, and Extension Programs at Historically Black (1890) Land-Grant Institutions," Agricultural History 62 (Spring 1988): 244-57.
19. Earl W. Crosby, "The Struggle for Existence: The Institutionalization of the Black County Agent System," Agricultural History 60 (Spring 1986): 130-33; see also Allen W. Jones, "The Role of Tuskegee Institute in the Education of Black Farmers," Journal of Negro History 60 (April 1975): 252-67; John R. Wennersten, "The Travail of Black Land-Grant Schools in the South, 1890-1917," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 54-63; and Thomas T. Williams and Handy Williamson Jr., "Teaching, Research, and Extension Programs at Historically Black (1890) Land-Grant Institutions," Agricultural History 62 (Spring 1988): 244-57.
20. Earl W. Crosby, "The Struggle for Existence: The Institutionalization of the Black County Agent System," Agricultural History 60 (Spring 1986): 130-33; see also Allen W. Jones, "The Role of Tuskegee Institute in the Education of Black Farmers," Journal of Negro History 60 (April 1975): 252-67; John R. Wennersten, "The Travail of Black Land-Grant Schools in the South, 1890-1917," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 54-63; and Thomas T. Williams and Handy Williamson Jr., "Teaching, Research, and Extension Programs at Historically Black (1890) Land-Grant Institutions," Agricultural History 62 (Spring 1988): 244-57.
21. James D. Anderson, Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 63-69, 102-8; Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 37-38.
22. James D. Anderson, Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 63-69, 102-8; Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 37-38.
23. Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1900-1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), ix; Karen J. Ferguson, "Caught in 'No Man's Land': The Negro Cooperative Demonstration Service and the Ideology of Booker T. Washington, 1900-1918," Agricultural History (Winter 1998): 33-54.
24. Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1900-1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), ix; Karen J. Ferguson, "Caught in 'No Man's Land': The Negro Cooperative Demonstration Service and the Ideology of Booker T. Washington, 1900-1918," Agricultural History (Winter 1998): 33-54.
25. W. B. Hill, "A Brief History of Extension Work with Negroes in Alabama," n.d., pp. 1-2, box 358, ACES; Allen W. Jones, "The South's First Black Farm Agents," Agricultural History 50 (October 1976): 636-44; B. D. Mayberry, "The Tuskegee Movable School: A Unique Contribution to National and International Agriculture and Rural Development," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 91.
26. W. B. Hill, "A Brief History of Extension Work with Negroes in Alabama," n.d., pp. 1-2, box 358, ACES; Allen W. Jones, "The South's First Black Farm Agents," Agricultural History 50 (October 1976): 636-44; B. D. Mayberry, "The Tuskegee Movable School: A Unique Contribution to National and International Agriculture and Rural Development," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 91.
27. W. B. Hill, "A Brief History of Extension Work with Negroes in Alabama," n.d., pp. 1-2, box 358, ACES; Allen W. Jones, "The South's First Black Farm Agents," Agricultural History 50 (October 1976): 636-44; B. D. Mayberry, "The Tuskegee Movable School: A Unique Contribution to National and International Agriculture and Rural Development," Agricultural History 65 (Spring 1991): 91.
28. W. B. Hill, "Extension Service Celebrates 50th Anniversary," n.d., box 358, ACES; C. G. Ferguson to state extension directors, "T. M. Campbell Retires," 6 March 1953, p. 1, box 22, Campbell Papers; Cox, "Alabama Farm Agents," 288-89.
29. W. B. Hill, "Extension Service Celebrates 50th Anniversary," n.d., box 358, ACES; C. G. Ferguson to state extension directors, "T. M. Campbell Retires," 6 March 1953, p. 1, box 22, Campbell Papers; Cox, "Alabama Farm Agents," 288-89.
30. W. B. Hill, "Extension Service Celebrates 50th Anniversary," n.d., box 358, ACES; C. G. Ferguson to state extension directors, "T. M. Campbell Retires," 6 March 1953, p. 1, box 22, Campbell Papers; Cox, "Alabama Farm Agents," 288-89.
31. Freeman to president, 7-10.
32. For the long-term consequences of this transformation, see David R. Goldfield, Black, White and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the Present (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 199-225.
33. International Harvester began demonstrating its products in the South in 1915. Pete Daniel, Breaking The Land: The Transformation Of Cotton, Tobacco, And Rice Cultures Since 1880 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 16. Daniel suggests that the greatest increase in machinery in the South came during the New Deal, 175.
34. Wayne D. Rasmussen, "A History of the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program, 1943-1947," Bureau of Agricultural Economics, USDA, Agriculture Monograph No. 13 (1951); Memphis Press Scimitar clippings, Mississippi Valley Collection, University of Memphis Library; Memphis Press Scimitar, 20 and 30 September 1948; Jeannie M. Whayne, "The Segregated Farm Program in Poinsett County, Arkansas," Mississippi Quarterly 45 (Fall 1992): 431-32. The Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo. (hereafter cited as Truman Library), has substantial holdings on the use of Mexican labor.
35. Wayne D. Rasmussen, "A History of the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program, 1943-1947," Bureau of Agricultural Economics, USDA, Agriculture Monograph No. 13 (1951); Memphis Press Scimitar clippings, Mississippi Valley Collection, University of Memphis Library; Memphis Press Scimitar, 20 and 30 September 1948; Jeannie M. Whayne, "The Segregated Farm Program in Poinsett County, Arkansas," Mississippi Quarterly 45 (Fall 1992): 431-32. The Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo. (hereafter cited as Truman Library), has substantial holdings on the use of Mexican labor.
36. Daniel, Breaking the Land, 245-46.
37. Ibid., 245.
38. Lucille D. Williams, Negro home demonstration agent, Clarke County, Alabama, "Annual Report," 30 November 1944, p. 1, box 367, ACES.
39. Arlingia A. Hicks, Negro county agent, Clarke County, Alabama, "Annual Report," 30 November 1944, p. 1, box 367, ACES.
40. A. Lee Coleman and Larry D. Hall, "Black Farm Operators and Farm Population, 1900-1970: Alabama and Kentucky," Phylon 40 (December 1979): 393.
41. "A Proposal to Bring Up to Parity the Existing Facilities of Extension Service With Negroes in the Southern States," January 1943, pp. 1-5, box 17, Campbell Papers.
42. Schor, "Black Presence in the U.S. Cooperative Extension Service," 152.
43. "Testimony of Prof. T. M. Campbell, Field Agent of United States Department of Agriculture, Farm Extension Service, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama," to the House of Representatives, Special Committee Investigating the Interstate Migration of Destitute Citizens, Washington, D.C., n.d. (cover letter dated 17 October 1940), pp. 1-4, box 26, Campbell Papers.
44. "Land Tenure Problems and Their Solution after the War" (undated report in 1944 file), box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, RG 16, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter NARG 16).
45. "Digest of Material Proposed for Presentation to the Senate Post-War Committee Hearing," pp. 3-4, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, box 2, NARG 16.
46. For the Postwar Planning Commission, see: "Statements from the Department of Agriculture Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs," 23 August 1944, p. 5, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; Louis J. Ducoff to Carl C. Taylor, head, Division of Farm Population and Rural Welfare, 10 May 1944, p. 1, box 4. Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; and Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs, "Agriculture When the War Ends," 15 October 1943, pp. 36-39, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16. For the use of Mexican labor, see materials in the Truman Library B-File, such as New York Times, "Farm Union Urges Mexican Deal End," file copy dated 15 January 1950; Clarence Mitchell, labor secretary, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, "Statement before the President's Commission on Migratory Workers," 13 July 1950, Truman Library; George Stith, vice president, National Farm Labor Union, "Statement to the Commission on Migratory Labor," 31 August and 1 September 1950; Commission to the President, "Report," March 1951, Truman Library; H. L. Mitchell, president, National Farm Labor Union, to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, Truman Library; president, American Federation of Labor to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library; Labor Policy Committee to the president, 10 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library.
47. For the Postwar Planning Commission, see: "Statements from the Department of Agriculture Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs," 23 August 1944, p. 5, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; Louis J. Ducoff to Carl C. Taylor, head, Division of Farm Population and Rural Welfare, 10 May 1944, p. 1, box 4. Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; and Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs, "Agriculture When the War Ends," 15 October 1943, pp. 36-39, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16. For the use of Mexican labor, see materials in the Truman Library B-File, such as New York Times, "Farm Union Urges Mexican Deal End," file copy dated 15 January 1950; Clarence Mitchell, labor secretary, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, "Statement before the President's Commission on Migratory Workers," 13 July 1950, Truman Library; George Stith, vice president, National Farm Labor Union, "Statement to the Commission on Migratory Labor," 31 August and 1 September 1950; Commission to the President, "Report," March 1951, Truman Library; H. L. Mitchell, president, National Farm Labor Union, to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, Truman Library; president, American Federation of Labor to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library; Labor Policy Committee to the president, 10 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library.
48. For the Postwar Planning Commission, see: "Statements from the Department of Agriculture Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs," 23 August 1944, p. 5, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; Louis J. Ducoff to Carl C. Taylor, head, Division of Farm Population and Rural Welfare, 10 May 1944, p. 1, box 4. Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; and Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs, "Agriculture When the War Ends," 15 October 1943, pp. 36-39, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16. For the use of Mexican labor, see materials in the Truman Library B-File, such as New York Times, "Farm Union Urges Mexican Deal End," file copy dated 15 January 1950; Clarence Mitchell, labor secretary, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, "Statement before the President's Commission on Migratory Workers," 13 July 1950, Truman Library; George Stith, vice president, National Farm Labor Union, "Statement to the Commission on Migratory Labor," 31 August and 1 September 1950; Commission to the President, "Report," March 1951, Truman Library; H. L. Mitchell, president, National Farm Labor Union, to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, Truman Library; president, American Federation of Labor to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library; Labor Policy Committee to the president, 10 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library.
49. For the Postwar Planning Commission, see: "Statements from the Department of Agriculture Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs," 23 August 1944, p. 5, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; Louis J. Ducoff to Carl C. Taylor, head, Division of Farm Population and Rural Welfare, 10 May 1944, p. 1, box 4. Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; and Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs, "Agriculture When the War Ends," 15 October 1943, pp. 36-39, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16. For the use of Mexican labor, see materials in the Truman Library B-File, such as New York Times, "Farm Union Urges Mexican Deal End," file copy dated 15 January 1950; Clarence Mitchell, labor secretary, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, "Statement before the President's Commission on Migratory Workers," 13 July 1950, Truman Library; George Stith, vice president, National Farm Labor Union, "Statement to the Commission on Migratory Labor," 31 August and 1 September 1950; Commission to the President, "Report," March 1951, Truman Library; H. L. Mitchell, president, National Farm Labor Union, to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, Truman Library; president, American Federation of Labor to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library; Labor Policy Committee to the president, 10 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library.
50. For the Postwar Planning Commission, see: "Statements from the Department of Agriculture Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs," 23 August 1944, p. 5, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; Louis J. Ducoff to Carl C. Taylor, head, Division of Farm Population and Rural Welfare, 10 May 1944, p. 1, box 4. Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; and Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs, "Agriculture When the War Ends," 15 October 1943, pp. 36-39, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16. For the use of Mexican labor, see materials in the Truman Library B-File, such as New York Times, "Farm Union Urges Mexican Deal End," file copy dated 15 January 1950; Clarence Mitchell, labor secretary, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, "Statement before the President's Commission on Migratory Workers," 13 July 1950, Truman Library; George Stith, vice president, National Farm Labor Union, "Statement to the Commission on Migratory Labor," 31 August and 1 September 1950; Commission to the President, "Report," March 1951, Truman Library; H. L. Mitchell, president, National Farm Labor Union, to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, Truman Library; president, American Federation of Labor to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library; Labor Policy Committee to the president, 10 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library.
51. For the Postwar Planning Commission, see: "Statements from the Department of Agriculture Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs," 23 August 1944, p. 5, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; Louis J. Ducoff to Carl C. Taylor, head, Division of Farm Population and Rural Welfare, 10 May 1944, p. 1, box 4. Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16; and Inter-Bureau Committee on Post-War Programs, "Agriculture When the War Ends," 15 October 1943, pp. 36-39, box 3, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, NARG 16. For the use of Mexican labor, see materials in the Truman Library B-File, such as New York Times, "Farm Union Urges Mexican Deal End," file copy dated 15 January 1950; Clarence Mitchell, labor secretary, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, "Statement before the President's Commission on Migratory Workers," 13 July 1950, Truman Library; George Stith, vice president, National Farm Labor Union, "Statement to the Commission on Migratory Labor," 31 August and 1 September 1950; Commission to the President, "Report," March 1951, Truman Library; H. L. Mitchell, president, National Farm Labor Union, to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, Truman Library; president, American Federation of Labor to the president of the United States, 3 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library; Labor Policy Committee to the president, 10 July 1951, pp. 1-2, Truman Library.
52. W. B. Hill to L. C. Johnson, 1 December 1961, box 358, ACES; L. C. Johnson to W. B. Hill, 4 December 1961, box 358, ACES.
53. W. B. Hill to C. A. Williams, 28 October 1960, box 358, ACES.
54. Hill, "Annual Supervisory Plan of Work, Alabama, 1948," p. 2, box 357, ACES.
55. Ibid., p. 1.
56. J. R. Otis, state leader for Negro work, to P. O. Davis, director, Alabama Extension Service, 30 May 1949, box 359, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES (hereafter cited as P. O. Davis Correspondence).
57. P. O. Davis to Bailey Hill, 28 September 1954, box 400, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES.
58. USDA, "Veterans Readjustment to Civilian Life," Declassified Confidential Document, Study No. 109, 23 March 19-15, p. 111, box 35, Confidential Files, White House Central Files, Papers of Harry S. Truman, Truman Library.
59. Hicks, "Annual Report," 30 November 1944, p. 16.
60. Ibid., 16-17.
61. J. R. Otis, state leader for Negro work, to W. J. Bonner, 2 May 1946, box 359, P. O. Davis Correspondence.
62. A. A. Hicks, Negro county agent, Clarke County, to J. R. Otis, 30 June 1945, p. 2, box 358, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES.
63. Negro farmers and wives petition to P. O. Davis, 25 June 1945, box 358, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES; P. O. Davis to Eugene Smith (one of the petitioners), 2 July 1945, box 358, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES.
64. C. A. Williams, Negro district agent, to W. B. Hill, 30 January 1954, box 359, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES.
65. P. O. Davis to A. A. Hicks, 15 May 1948, pp. 1-2, box 359, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES.
66. P. O. Davis to A. A. Hicks, 8 June 1949, box 359, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES.
67. P. O. Davis to W. B. Hill, 29 September 1952, box 359, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES.
68. R. M. Reaves to Director Davis, 20 April 1953, box 359, ACES; P. O. Davis to W. B. Hill, 4 May 1953, box 359, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES; Hill to Willie A. Brown, 2 May 1953, box 359, ACES.
69. "Combined Annual Narrative Report of Negro Supervising Agents, Alabama - 1949," p. 4, box 357, ACES.
70. Ibid.; "A Proposal to bring up to parity the existing facilities of extension service with Negroes in the Southern States, January 1943," box 17, Campbell Papers.
71. Christine O. Jackson to W. B. Hill, 18 December 1961, box 358 ACES.
72. W. B. Hill to P. O. Davis, 18 May 1955, box 359, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES.
73. Ernest E. Neal, "Low Income Negro Farm Families and Economic Stability in the Cotton South," 15 December 1949, box 5, Campbell Papers.
74. J. R. Otis to P. O. Davis, 4 April 1945, box 358, P. O. Davis Correspondence, ACES.
75. T. M. Campbell, "What is the Responsibility of the Supervising Agents in the Field of Rural Housing," n.d., box 22, Campbell Papers; Sherman Briscoe, "More Colored Farmers Now Live in Modern Homes Although Many Still Reside in Shabby Housing," 20 July 1953, box 22, Campbell Papers; T. M. Campbell, press release, "Landlord-Tenant Clashes and Rural Poverty Reduced by Extension Program," box 22, Campbell Papers.
76. T. M. Campbell, "What is the Responsibility of the Supervising Agents in the Field of Rural Housing," n.d., box 22, Campbell Papers; Sherman Briscoe, "More Colored Farmers Now Live in Modern Homes Although Many Still Reside in Shabby Housing," 20 July 1953, box 22, Campbell Papers; T. M. Campbell, press release, "Landlord-Tenant Clashes and Rural Poverty Reduced by Extension Program," box 22, Campbell Papers.
77. T. M. Campbell, "What is the Responsibility of the Supervising Agents in the Field of Rural Housing," n.d., box 22, Campbell Papers; Sherman Briscoe, "More Colored Farmers Now Live in Modern Homes Although Many Still Reside in Shabby Housing," 20 July 1953, box 22, Campbell Papers; T. M. Campbell, press release, "Landlord-Tenant Clashes and Rural Poverty Reduced by Extension Program," box 22, Campbell Papers.
78. J. T. Alexander, Negro county agent, Montgomery County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 30 November 1948, p. 1, ACES.
79. W. L. Royston, Negro county agent, Tallapoosa County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 30 November 1948, p. 1, box 372, ACES.
80. J. B. Jordan, Negro county agent, Conecuh County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 30 December 1951, p. 2, box 373, ACES.
81. W. E. Street, Negro county agent, Wilcox County, Alabama "Narrative Report," 30 November 1951, p. 6, box 374, ACES.
82. John T. Bulls Jr., Negro county agent, Colbert County, Alabama "Narrative Report," 30 November 1951, p. 10, box 373, ACES.
83. Y. C. Nance, Negro county agent, Bullock County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 30 November 1951, p. 3, box 373, ACES.
84. Reuben Gilmore, Negro county agent, Barber County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 30 November 1951, p. 5, box 373, ACES.
85. Ibid., p. 2.
86. Leonard Huffman, Negro county agent, Macon County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 31 December 1964, pp. 2, 6, box 382, ACES.
87. J. T. Banks Jr., Negro county agent, Choctaw County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 30 November 1951, p. 8, box 373, ACES.
88. Gilmore, "Narrative Report," p. 18.
89. Lawrence C. Johnson, Negro county agent, Perry County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 30 November 1951, p. 11, box 374, ACES.
90. Addre Bryant, Negro county agent, Morgan County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 1 January 1965, p. 21, box 382, ACES.
91. Brunetta T. Montgomery, Negro home demonstration agent, Conecuh County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 30 November 1951, p. 2, box 373, ACES.
92. Willie E. Callins, Negro home demonstration agent, Lee County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 30 November 1951, p. 6, box 373, ACES.
93. Mariah B. Brymer, Negro home demonstration agent, Coosa County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 31 December 1964, p. 7, box 382, ACES.
94. Myrtie G. Keith, Negro home demonstration agent, Conecuh County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 31 December 1964, p. 2, box 382, ACES.
95. Sadie McClellan, Negro home demonstration agent, Lauderdale County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 31 December 1964, p. 12, box 382, ACES.
96. Laura R. Daly, Negro home demonstration agent, Macon County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 30 November 1951, p. 3, box 374, ACES.
97. Georgia E. Samuels, Negro home demonstration agent, Morgan County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 1 January 1965, p. 22, box 382, ACES.
98. DeLois L. Carmichael, Negro home demonstration agent, Monroe County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 31 December 1964, p. 18, box 382, ACES.
99. Ibid.
100. D. J. Smith, Negro home demonstration agent, Butler County, Alabama, "Narrative Report," 31 December 1964, p. 9, box 382, ACES.