Partial melting of metapelitic rocks beneath the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 44, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 789-813

  Johnson, Tim E ^a   Gibson, Roger L ^b   Brown, Michael ^a   Buick, Ian S ^c   Cartwright, Ian ^d  

^a University of Maryland   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^c LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anatexis; Bushveld Complex aureole; H2O; Melt segregation; Migmatite

Indexed keywords

ANATEXIS; AUREOLE; METAMORPHISM; METAPELITE; MIGMATITE; PARTIAL MELTING; PETROGRAPHY; PHASE TRANSITION;

BUSHVELD COMPLEX; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0038579437     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/44.5.789     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Ashworth, J. R. & McLennan, E. L. (1985). Textures. In: Ashworth, J. R. (ed.) Migmatites. Glasgow: Blackie, pp. 180-203.
2. Brown, M. (1973). The definition of metatexis, diatexis and migmatites. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 84, 371-382.
3. Brown, M. (1994). The generation, segregation, ascent and emplacement of granite magma: the migmatite-to-crustally-derived granite connection in thickened orogens. Earth-Science Reviews 36, 83-130.
4. Brown, M. & Solar, G. S. (1999). The mechanism of ascent and emplacement of granite magma during transpression: a syntectonic granite paradigm. Tectonophysics 312, 1-33.
5. Brown, M., Averkin, Y. A., McLellan, E. I., & Sawyer, E. W. (1995). Melt segregation in migmatites. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 15655-15679.
6. Buick, I. S., Maas, R. & Gibson R. (2001). Precise U-Pb titanite age constraints on the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Journal of the Geological Society, London 158, 3-6.
7. Bumby, A. J., Eriksson, P. G. & Van der Merwe, R. (1998). Compressive deformation in the floor rocks to the Bushveld Complex (South Africa): evidence from the Rustenburg Fault Zone. Journal of African Earth Sciences 27, 307-330.
8. Button, A. (1978). Diapiric structures in the Bushveld, north-eastern Transvaal. Economic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand Information Circular 96, 13.
9. Carrington, D. P. & Harley, S. L. (1995). Partial melting and phase relations in high-grade metapelites: an experimental petrogenetic grid in the KFMASH system. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 120, 270-291.
10. Carrington, D. P. & Watt, G. R. (1995). A geochemical and experimental study of the role of K-feldspar during water-undersaturated melting of metapelites. Chemical Geology 122, 59-76.
11. Cartwright, I., Buick, I. S. & Vry, J. K. (1996). Polyphase metamorphic fluid flow in the Lower Calcsilicate Unit, Reynolds Range, central Australia. Precambrian Research 77, 211-229.
12. Cawthorn, R. G. & Walraven, F. (1998). Emplacement and crystallization time for the Bushveld Complex. Journal of Petrology 39, 1669-1687.
13. Cawthorn, R. G., Barton, J. M., Jr & Viljoen, M. J. (1985). Interaction of floor rocks with the Platreef on Overysel, Potgietersrus, northern Transvaal. Economic Geology 80, 988-1006.
14. Chamberlain, C. P., Ferry, J. M. & Rumble, D. I. (1990). The effect of net-transfer reactions on the isotopic composition of minerals. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 105, 322-336.
15. Clayton, R. N. & Mayeda, T. K. (1963). The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analyses. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 27, 43-52.
16. Clemens, J. D. & Droop, G. T. R. (1998). Fluids, P-T paths and the fates of anatectic melts in the Earth's crust. Lithos 44, 21-36.
17. Connolly, J. A. D. & Thompson, A. B. (1989). Fluid and enthalpy production during regional metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 102, 347-366.
18. De Waal, S. A. (1970). Interference folding of Bushveld Igneous Complex age in the Transvaal Sequence north of Marble Hall. In: Visser, D. J. L. & von Gruenewaldt, G. (eds) Symposium on the Bushveld and other Layered Intrusives. Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publications 1, 283-298.
19. Dipple, G. M. & Ferry, J. M. (1992). Fluid flow and stable isotopic alteration in rocks at elevated temperatures with applications to metamorphism. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 3539-3550.
20. D'Lemos, R. S., Brown, M. & Strachan, R. A. (1992). Granite magma generation, ascent and emplacement within a transpressional orogen. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 487-490.
21. Droop, G. T. R., Clemens, J. D. & Dalrymple, D. J. (2003). Contact anatexis of metapelites, melt escape and restite formation in the Huntly Gabbro Complex, NE Scotland: an integrated investigation. Journal of Petrology 44 (in press).
22. 2. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 106, 286-295.
23. Engelbrecht, J. P. (1990). Contact metamorphic processes related to the aureole of the Bushveld Complex in the Marico District, western Transvaal, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 93, 339-349.
24. Friedman, I. & O'Neil, J. R. (1977). Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest. In: Fleischer, M. (ed.) Data of Geochemistry. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 440-KK.
25. Grant, J. A. (1985a). Phase equilibria in low-pressure partial melting of pelitic rocks. American Journal of Science 285, 409-435.
26. Grant, J. A. (1985b). Phase equilibria in partial melting of pelitic rocks. In: Ashworth, J. R. (ed.) Migmatites. Glasgow: Blackie, pp. 86-144.
27. Greenfield, J. E., Clarke, G. L. & White, W. (1998). A sequence of partial melting reactions at Mount Stafford, central Australia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 16, 363-378.
28. 2O in metamorphism and unexpected behaviour in the preservation of metamorphic mineral assemblages. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 19, 445-454.
29. Hanson, R. B. (1992). Effects of fluid production on fluid flow during regional and contact metamorphism. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 10, 87-97.
30. Hartel, T. H. D. & Pattison, D. R. M. (1996). Genesis of the Kapuskasing (Ontario) migmatitic mafic granulites by dehydration melting of amphibolite: the importance of quartz to reaction progress. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 591-611.
31. Hartzer, F. J. (1995). Transvaal Supergroup inliers: geology, tectonic development and relationship with the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 21, 521-547.
32. Hiemstra, S. A. & van Biljon, W. J. (1959). The geology of the Upper Magaliesburg Stage and the Lower Bushveld Complex in the vicinity of Steelpoort. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 62, 239-255.
33. Hoefs, J. (1997). Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Berlin: Springer.
34. Holland, T. J. B. & Powell, R. (1998). An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 16, 309-343.
35. Holland, T. J. B. & Powell, R. (2001). Calculation of phase relations involving haplogranite melts using an internally consistent dataset. Journal of Petrology 42, 673-683.
36. 2O infiltration in the aureole of the Ballachulish Igneous Complex, Scottish Highlands. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 136, 154-168.
37. 2O. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 86, 264-273.
38. Johnson, T. E., Hudson, N. F. C. & Droop, G. T. R. (2001a). Melt segregation structures within the Inzie Head gneisses of the northeastern Dalradian. Scottish Journal of Geology 37, 59-72.
39. Johnson, T. E., Hudson, N. F. C. & Droop, G. T. R. (2001b). Partial-melting in the Inzie-Head gneisses: the role of water and a petrogenetic grid in KFMASH applicable to anatectic pelitic migmatites. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 19, 99-118.
40. Kalt, A., Altherr, R. & Ludwig, T. (1998). Contact metamorphism in politic rocks on the Island of Kos (Greece, eastern Aegean Sea): a test for the Na-in-cordierite thermometer. Journal of Petrology 39, 663-688.
41. Kohn, M. J., Spear, F. S. & Valley, J. W. (1997). Dehydration-melting and fluid recycling during metamorphism: Rangeley Formation, New Hampshire, USA. Journal of Petrology 38, 1255-1277.
42. Kretz, R. (1983). Symbols for rock forming minerals. American Mineralogist 68, 277-279.
43. Laporte, D. (1994). Wetting behaviour of partial melts during crustal anatexis: the distribution of hydrous silicic melts in polycrystalline aggregates of quartz. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 116, 486-499.
44. Laporte, D., Rapaille, C. & Provost, A. (1997). Wetting angles, equilibrium melt geometry, and the permeability threshold of partially molten crustal protoliths. In: Bouchez, J. L., Hutton, D. W. H. & Stephens, W. E. (eds) Granite: from Segregation of Melt to Emplacement Fabrics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, pp. 31-54.
45. Le Breton, N. & Thompson, A. B. (1988). Fluid-absent (dehydration) melting of biotite in metapelites in the early stages of crustal anatexis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 99, 226-237.
46. Marchildon, N. & Brown, M. (2002). Grain-scale melt distribution in two contact aureole rocks: implications for controls on melt localization and deformation. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20, 381-396.
47. McLelland, J., Morrison, J., Selleck, B., Cunningham, B. Olson, C. & Schmidt, K. (2002). Hydrothermal alteration of late- to post-tectonic Lyon Mountain Granitic Gneiss, Adirondack Mountains, New York: origin of quartz-sillimanite segregations, quartzalbite lithologies, and associated Kiruna-type low-Ti Fe-oxide deposits. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20, 175-190.
48. Mehnert, K. R. (1968). Migmatites and the Origin of Granitic Rocks. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
49. Mirwald, P. W. (1986). Ist Cordierit ein Geothermometer. Fortschritte der Mineralogie 64, 119.
50. Nabelek, P. I. (1997). Quartz-sillimanite leucosomes in high-grade schists, Black Hills, South Dakota: a perspective on the mobility of Al in high-grade metamorphic rocks. Geology 25, 995-998.
51. Nell, J. (1985). The Bushveld metamorphic aureole in the Potgietersrus area: evidence for a two-stage metamorphic event. Economic Geology 80, 1129-1152.
52. Nelson, D. R., Trendall, A. F. & Altermann, W. (1999). Chronological correlations between Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons. Precambrian Research 97, 165-189.
53. Pattison, D. R. M. & Harte, B. (1988). Evolution of structurally contrasting anatectic migmatites in the 3-kbar Ballachulish aureole, Scotland. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 6, 475-494.
54. 2O: constraints from natural assemblages and implications for the metapelitic petrogenetic grid. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20, 99-118.
55. Pichavant, M. (1981). An experimental study of the effect of boron on a water-saturated haplogranite at 1 kbar pressure. Geological applications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 76, 430-439.
56. Powell, R. (1983). Fluids and melting under upper amphibolite facies conditions. Journal of the Geological Society, London 140, 629-633.
57. Powell, R. & Downes, J. (1990). Garnet porphyroblast-bearing leucosomes in metapelites: mechanisms, phase diagrams, and an example from Broken Hill, Australia. In: Ashworth, J. R. & Brown, M. (eds) High-Temperature Metamorphism and Crustal Anatexis. London: Unwin, pp. 105-123.
58. Powell, R. & Holland, T. J. B. (1988). An internally consistent thermodynamic dataset with uncertainties and correlations. III. Application methods, worked examples and a computer program. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 6, 173-204.
59. Rutter, E. H. (1997). The influence of deformation on the extraction of crustal melts: a consideration of the role of melt-assisted granular flow. In: Holness, M. (ed.) Deformation-Enhanced Melt Segregation and Metamorphic Fluid Transport. Mineralogical Society Series 8. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 82-110.
60. Sawyer, E. W. (1994). Melt segregation in the continental crust. Geology 22, 1019-1022.
61. Sawyer, E. W. (1996). Melt-segregation and magma flow in migmatites: implications for the generation of granitic magmas. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87, 85-94.
62. Sawyer, E. W. (2001). Melt segregation in the continental crust: distribution and movement of melt in anatectic rocks. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 19, 291-309.
63. Schiffries, C. M. & Rye, D. M. (1989). Stable isotopic systematics of the Bushveld Complex: 1. Constraints of magmatic processes in layered intrusions. American Journal of Science 289, 841-873.
64. Sharpe, M. R. & Chadwick, B. (1982). Structures in Transvaal sequence rocks within and adjacent to the Eastern Bushveld Complex. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 85, 29-41.
65. Sharpe, M. R. & Hulbert, L. J. (1985). Ultramafic sills beneath the Eastern Bushveld Complex: mobilized suspensions of early Lower Zone cumulates in a parental magma with boninitic affinities. Economic Geology 80, 849-871.
66. Spicer, E., Stevens, G., Buick, I. S. & Terlet, J (2002). Experimental constraints on the role of boron in the low-pressure fluid-absent partial melting of metapelites from the Mount Stafford area, central Australia. In: Preiss, V. P. (ed.) Geoscience 2002: Expanding Horizons. Abstracts of the 16th Australian Geological Convention, Adelaide Convention Centre, Adelaide, S.A., 67, 217.
67. Stevens, G., Clemens, J. D. & Droop, G. T. R. (1997). Melt production during granulite-facies anatexis: experimental data from 'primitive' metasedimentary protoliths. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 128, 352-370.
68. 3 and MgO/(MgO + FeO) on mineral stability. Geological Materials Research 3, 1-42.
69. Uken, R. & Watkeys, M. K. (1997). Diapirism initiated by the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Geology 25, 723-726.
70. Vernon, R. H. (1979). Formation of late sillimanite by hydrogen metasomatism (base-leaching) in some high-grade gneisses. Lithos 12, 143-152.
71. Vielzeuf, D. & Hollaway, J. R. (1988). Experimental determination of the fluid-absent melting reactions in the pelite system. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 98, 257-276.
72. Walraven, F. (1997). Geochronology of the Rooiberg Group, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Information Circular, Economic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand 316.
73. Walraven, F., Armstrong, R. A. & Kruger, F. J. (1990). A chronostratigraphic framework for the north-central Kaapvaal Craton, the Bushveld Complex and Vredefort structure. Tectonophysics 171, 23-48.
74. Waters, D. J. (1988). Partial melting and the formation of granulite facies assemblages in Namaqualand, South Africa. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 6, 387-404.
75. Waters, D. J. & Lovegrove, D. P. (2002). Assessing the extent of disequilibrium and overstepping of prograde metamorphic reactions in metapelites from the Bushveld aureole. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20, 135-149.
76. Watson, E. B. (1999). Lithologic partitioning of fluids and melts. American Mineralogist 84, 1693-1710.
77. White, R. W. & Powell, R. (2002). Melt loss and the preservation of granulite facies mineral assemblages. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20, 621-632.
78. 2O (NCKFMASH). Journal of Metamorphic Geology 19, 139-153.
79. 3. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 19, 139-153.
80. Willemse, J. & Viljoen, E. A. (1970). The fate of argillaceous material in the gabbroic magma of the Bushveld Complex. In: Visser, D. J. L. & von Gruenewaldt, G. (eds) Symposium on the Bushveld and other Layered Intrusives. Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publication 1, 336-366.
81. 2O-HCl. Journal of Petrology 16, 57-79.
82. Zheng, Y.-F. (1993). Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in anhydrous silicate minerals. Geochimica et Cosmochima Acta 57, 1079-1091.