Use of the WCST and the WCST-64 in the assessment of traumatic brain injury

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 512-520

  Sherer, Mark ^a,b   Nick, Todd G ^b   Millis, Scott R ^c,d   Novack, Thomas A ^e,f  

^a METHODIST REHABILITATION CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c KESSLER FOUNDATION   (United States)

^d RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN INJURY; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TASK PERFORMANCE; WISCONSIN CARD SORTING TEST;

ATTENTION; BRAIN INJURIES; COGNITION; CONCEPT FORMATION; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMETRICS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 0038528305     PISSN: 13803395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1076/jcen.25.4.512.13877     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Anderson, S.W., Damasio, H., Jones, R.D., & Tranel, D. (1991). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 909-922.
2. Axelrod, B.N., Henry, R.R., & Woodard, J.L. (1992). Analysis of an abbreviated form of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The Clinical Neuropsycholgist, 6, 27-31.
3. Axelrod, B.N., Paolo, A.M., & Abraham, E. (1997). Do normative data from the full WCST extend to the abbreviated WCST? Assessment, 4, 41-46.
4. Boake, C., Millis, S.R., High, W.M., Jr., Delmonico, R.L., Kreutzer, J.S., Rosenthal, M., Sherer, M., & Ivanhoe, C.B. (2001). Using early neuropsychological testing to predict long-term productivity outcome from traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabililitation, 82, 761-768.
5. Clifton, G.L., Hayes, R.L., Levin, H.S., Michel, M.E., & Choi, S.C. (1992). Outcome measures for clinical trials involving traumatically brain-injured patients: Report of a conference. Neurosurgery, 31, 975-978.
6. Drewe, E.A. (1974). The effect of type and area of brain lesion on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance. Cortex, 10, 159-170.
7. Ferland, M.B., Ramsay, J., Engeland, C., & O'Hara, P. (1998). Comparison of the performance of normal individuals and survivors of traumatic brain injury on repeat administrations of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 473-482.
8. Gouvier, W.D., Blanton, P.D., LaPorte, K.K., & Nepomuceno, C. (1987). Reliability and validity of the Disability Rating Scale and the Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale in monitoring recovery from severe head injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 68, 94-97.
9. Graham, D.I. (1996). Neuropathology of head injury. In R.K. Narayan, J.E. Wilberger, & J.T. Povlishock (Eds.), Neurotrauma (pp. 43-59). New York: McGraw-Hill.
10. Greve, K.W. (2001). The WCST-64: A standardized short-form of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The Clinical Neuropsycholgist, 15, 228-234.
11. Hall, K.M., Cope, D.N., & Rappaport, M. (1985). Glasgow Outcome Scale and Disability Rating Scale: Comparative usefulness in following recovery in traumatic head injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 66, 35-37.
12. Hannay, H.J., & Sherer, M. (1996). Assessment of outcome from head injury. In R.K. Narayan, J.E. Wilberger, & J.T. Povlishock (Eds.), Neurotrauma (1 ed., pp. 723-747). New York: McGraw-Hill.
13. Heaton, R.K., Chelune, G.J., Talley, J.L., Kay, G.G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual: Revised and Extended. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
14. Iverson, G.L., Slick, D.J., & Franzen, M.D. (2001). Clinical normative data for the WCST-64 following uncomplicated mild head injury. Applied Neuropsychology, 7, 247-251.
15. Kongs, S.K., Thompson, L.L., Iverson, G.L., & Heaton, R.K. (2000). WCST-64: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Card Version. Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
16. Kreutzer, J.S., Gordon, W.A., Rosenthal, M., & Marwitz, J.H. (1993). Neuropsychological characteristics of patients with brain injury: Preliminary findings from a multicenter investigation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8, 47-59.
17. Landis, J.R., & Koch, G.G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159-174.
18. Levin, H.S., O'Donnell, V.M., & Grossman, R.G. (1979). The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 167, 675-684.
19. Little, A.J., Templer, D.I., Persel, C.S., & Ashley, M.J. (1996). Feasibility of the neuropsychological spectrum in prediction of outcome following head injury. Journal of Clinical Psycholology, 52, 455-460.
20. Milner, B. (1964). Some effects of frontal lobectomy in man. In J.M. Warren & K. Akert (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior (pp. 313-334). New York: McGraw-Hill.
21. Najenson, T., Groswasser, Z., Mendelson, L., & Hackett, P. (1980). Rehabilitation outcome of brain damaged patients after severe head injury. International Rehabilitative Medicine, 2, 17-22.
22. Paolo, A.M., Axelrod, B.N., Troster, A.I., Blackwell, K.T., & Koller, W.C. (1996). Utility of a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Short Form in persons with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 892-897.
23. Rappaport, M., Hall, K.M., Hopkins, K., Belleza, T., & Cope, D.N. (1982). Disability Rating Scale for severe head trauma: Coma to community. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 63, 118-123.
24. Rapport, L.J., Hanks, R.A., Millis, S.R., & Deshpande, S.A. (1998). Executive functioning and predictors of falls in the rehabilitation setting. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79, 629-633.
25. Robinson, A.L., Heaton, R.K., Lehman, R.A.W., & Stilson, D.W. (1980). The utility of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in detecting and localizing frontal lobe lesions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 605-614.
26. Robinson, L.J., Kester, D.B., Saykin, A.J., Kaplan, E.F., & Gur, R.C. (1991). Comparison of two short forms of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 27-33.
27. Sherer, M., Madison, C.F., & Hannay, H.J. (2000). A review of outcome after moderate and severe closed head injury with an introduction to life care planning. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 15, 767-782.
28. Smith-Seemiller, L., Franzen, M.D., & Bowers, D. (1997). Use of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test short forms in clinical samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 421-427.
29. Stuss, D.T. (1987). Contribution of frontal lobe injury to cognitive impairment after closed head injury: Methods of assessment and recent findings. In H.S. Levin, J. Grafman, & H.M. Eisenberg (Eds.), Neurobehavioral recovery from head injury (pp. 166-177). New York: Oxford University Press.
30. Trudel, T.M., Tryon, W.W., & Purdum, C.M. (1998). Awareness of disability and long-term outcome after traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53, 267-281.