-
1
-
-
85037256821
-
-
note
-
Alcide De Gasperi in fact first won political office in Austria, where he was in 1911 elected member of parliament as an Italian representative. Later, following the fall of the Austrian empire and the world wars, De Gasperi rose to become the prime minister of Italy, 1945-53. Konrad Adenauer was German chancellor from 1949 to 1963, and Robert Schuman served as minister in France from 1946 to 1956, including a period as prime minister (1947-48) and one as foreign minister (1948-52).
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
0004249049
-
-
London: Collins
-
Jean Monnet, Memoirs (London: Collins, 1978), p. 282.
-
(1978)
Memoirs
, pp. 282
-
-
Monnet, J.1
-
3
-
-
0003817545
-
-
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
-
Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958); David Mitrany, A Working Peace System (Chicago, IL: Quadrangle, 1966).
-
(1958)
The Uniting of Europe
-
-
Haas, E.B.1
-
4
-
-
0004111859
-
-
Chicago, IL: Quadrangle
-
Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958); David Mitrany, A Working Peace System (Chicago, IL: Quadrangle, 1966).
-
(1966)
A Working Peace System
-
-
Mitrany, D.1
-
5
-
-
85037274215
-
-
note
-
'Petersberg' has become the label because the WEU agreement of June 1992 was produced in Petersberg, next to Bonn. According to the WEU declaration, the allies agreed that 'military units of WEU member states, acting under the authority of WEU, could be employed for: humanitarian and rescue tasks; peacekeeping tasks; tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking'. WEU Council of Ministers, Western European Union Council of Ministers Petersberg Declaration, Bonn, 19 June 1992, available at http://www.weu.int/eng/documents.html.
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
84937288109
-
The politics and ethics of military intervention
-
For a discussion of these options, see Stanley Hoffmann, 'The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention', Survival, vol. 37, no. 4, Winter 1995-96, pp. 29-51, especially at pp. 43-44.
-
(1995)
Survival
, vol.37
, Issue.4 WINTER
, pp. 29-51
-
-
Hoffmann, S.1
-
7
-
-
85037266597
-
-
note
-
European Council, Actes legislatifs PESC: liste thematique [CFSP legislative acts: thematic list], 5 July 2000, available at http:/ue.eu.int/pesc under 'Legislation in the Area of the CFSP'.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
85037278131
-
-
note
-
The Cologne June 1999 and Helsinki December 1999 conclusions are available at http://ue.eu.int/en/Info/eurocouncil/index.htm.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
85037261627
-
-
note
-
See especially the introduction to Annex IV of the Helsinki Presidency Conclusions (note 7 above). The Annex contains two reports that deal with 'Security and Defence' and 'Non-Military Crisis Management'.
-
-
-
-
10
-
-
85037268217
-
-
29 March
-
Jacques Chirac, 'Discours', 29 March 1999, available at http://www.liberation.fr/ kosovo/actu/discchirac.html.
-
(1999)
Discours
-
-
Chirac, J.1
-
11
-
-
85037269521
-
The development of a common European security and defence policy: The integration project of the next decade
-
17 December
-
Javier Solana, 'The Development of a Common European Security and Defence Policy: The Integration Project of the Next Decade', 17 December 1999, available at http://ue.eu.int/pesc under 'Speeches and Statements'.
-
(1999)
Speeches and Statements
-
-
Solana, J.1
-
12
-
-
0040030390
-
Civil-military relations in the Kosovo crisis: An emerging hegemony?
-
June 2000
-
For a more general discussion of the interaction between civilian and military dimensions of crisis management, see Michael Pugh, 'Civil-Military Relations in the Kosovo Crisis: An Emerging Hegemony?', Security Dialogue, vol. 31, no. 2, June 2000, pp. 229-242.
-
Security Dialogue
, vol.31
, Issue.2
, pp. 229-242
-
-
Pugh, M.1
-
13
-
-
85037264492
-
-
note
-
The 'Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe' from 10 June 1999 is found in the conclusions of the European Council at http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/ see/stapact/10_june_99.htm. The quote is taken from Section III, 'Objectives', paragraph 11.
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
85037271690
-
-
note
-
Most European governments strongly supported the Vance-Owen plan, while the USA opposed it on the grounds that it was unjust to the Bosnian Muslims. The irony is that the USA ended up sponsoring another agreement, Dayton, which, as the analysis here points out, was premised more on balance-of-power politics than on the idea of multi-ethnic democracy. See James Gow, Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War (London: Hurst, 1997).
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
11544275173
-
The triage of Dayton
-
September/October
-
Warren Bass, 'The Triage of Dayton', Foreign Affairs, vol. 77, no. 5, September/October 1998, pp. 95-108, at pp. 96 and 106-107.
-
(1998)
Foreign Affairs
, vol.77
, Issue.5
, pp. 95-108
-
-
Bass, W.1
-
16
-
-
0040670792
-
U.N. Official warns of losing the peace in Kosovo
-
3 July
-
'U.N. Official Warns of Losing the Peace in Kosovo', New York Times, 3 July 2000.
-
(2000)
New York Times
-
-
-
17
-
-
0004218210
-
-
New York: Random House
-
Richard Holbrooke, To End a War (New York: Random House, 1998), p. 363.
-
(1998)
To End a War
, pp. 363
-
-
Holbrooke, R.1
-
22
-
-
85037278546
-
-
Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 28 November
-
Zlatko Dizdarevic, 'Bosnian Democracy in Ruins', Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 28 November 2000, available at http://www.iwpr.net/index.p157archive/bcr/ bcr_20001128_3_eng.txt.
-
(2000)
Bosnian Democracy in Ruins
-
-
Dizdarevic, Z.1
-
23
-
-
14744289034
-
-
30 November
-
For the impact of local elections, see 'Kosovo valgte moderat', Information, 30 November 2000; for Kouchner, 'Aide Takes Stock of U.N. in Kosovo', New York Times, 17 July 2000.
-
(2000)
Information
-
-
-
24
-
-
85037265892
-
Aide takes stock of U.N. in Kosovo
-
17 July
-
For the impact of local elections, see 'Kosovo valgte moderat', Information, 30 November 2000; for Kouchner, 'Aide Takes Stock of U.N. in Kosovo', New York Times, 17 July 2000.
-
(2000)
New York Times
-
-
Kouchner1
-
25
-
-
85037262569
-
-
note
-
'L'UE exerce son pouvoir d'attraction sur les pays de la région' [The EU uses its powers of attraction on the countries in the region], Le Monde, 26-27 November 2000. The summit was unprecedented because it brought together all EU and Balkan countries, including, as noted, Yugoslavia. The EU used the occasion to emphasize the role of the EU-sponsored 'Stability Pact' for the Balkans and the way in which it holds the promise of closer relations with the EU if the countries of the region manage to sustain and deepen their political and economic cooperation.
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
0040670789
-
Anarchy and madness
-
February
-
Timothy Garton Ash, 'Anarchy and Madness', New York Review of Books, vol. 47, no. 2, February 2000, pp. 48-53, at p. 53.
-
(2000)
New York Review of Books
, vol.47
, Issue.2
, pp. 48-53
-
-
Timothy Garton, A.1
-
27
-
-
85037284884
-
-
note 17 above
-
Holsti (note 17 above), p. 201.
-
-
-
Holsti1
-
28
-
-
0040734990
-
Liberalism and international reform
-
Terry Nardin & David R. Mapel, eds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
-
See Michael Joseph Smith, 'Liberalism and International Reform', in Terry Nardin & David R. Mapel, eds, Traditions of International Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 201-224 at pp. 212-215.
-
(1994)
Traditions of International Ethics
, pp. 201-224
-
-
Smith, M.J.1
-
30
-
-
85037265171
-
Hubert Védrine réfute les leçons de démocratie de Washington
-
28 June
-
Hubert Védrine, at the conference 'Vers une communauté des démocraties' [Towards a community of democracies], Warsaw, 26 June 2000; quoted in 'Hubert Védrine réfute les leçons de démocratie de Washington' [Hubert Védrine counters the democratic lessons of Washington], Le Monde, 28 June 2000.
-
(2000)
Le Monde
-
-
-
31
-
-
85037275186
-
-
note
-
The Common Strategies were formally created with the 1998 Treaty of Amsterdam. Since then, three strategies have been articulated by the EU member-states: vis-a-vis Russia, the Ukraine, and the Mediterranean.
-
-
-
-
32
-
-
0039259245
-
Europe's strategic ambitions: The limits of ambiguity
-
'Europe's Strategic Ambitions: The Limits of Ambiguity', Survival, vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 5-15, at pp. 9-10.
-
(2000)
Survival
, vol.42
, Issue.2 SUMMER
, pp. 5-15
-
-
-
33
-
-
47649133328
-
-
See the Treaty of Nice, available at http://ue.eu.int/cig/nice.
-
Treaty of Nice
-
-
|