Women's power in sex radical challenges to marriage in the early-twentieth-century United States

Feminist Studies

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 169-198

  Simmons, Christina ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0038488251     PISSN: 00463663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (New York: Brentano's, 1920), 180 (quote), 28, 53, 94, 229-30; Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 1990), 62, 135-58, 295-98; Carole R. McCann, Birth Control Politics in the United States, 1916-1945 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), 3.
2. Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (New York: Brentano's, 1920), 180 (quote), 28, 53, 94, 229-30; Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 1990), 62, 135-58, 295-98; Carole R. McCann, Birth Control Politics in the United States, 1916-1945 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), 3.
3. Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (New York: Brentano's, 1920), 180 (quote), 28, 53, 94, 229-30; Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 1990), 62, 135-58, 295-98; Carole R. McCann, Birth Control Politics in the United States, 1916-1945 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), 3.
4. Jessie Rodrique, "The Black Community and the Birth Control Movement," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, ed. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 145; Chandler Owen, "Marriage and Divorce," Messenger 5 (March 1923): 630, and "Women and Children of the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 9, 20; Mary Burrill, "They That Sit in Darkness," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 5-8; Isaac Fisher, "A Voice from the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 14. J.A. Rogers, "The Critic," Messenger 7 (April 1925): 165.
5. Jessie Rodrique, "The Black Community and the Birth Control Movement," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, ed. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 145; Chandler Owen, "Marriage and Divorce," Messenger 5 (March 1923): 630, and "Women and Children of the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 9, 20; Mary Burrill, "They That Sit in Darkness," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 5-8; Isaac Fisher, "A Voice from the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 14. J.A. Rogers, "The Critic," Messenger 7 (April 1925): 165.
6. Jessie Rodrique, "The Black Community and the Birth Control Movement," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, ed. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 145; Chandler Owen, "Marriage and Divorce," Messenger 5 (March 1923): 630, and "Women and Children of the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 9, 20; Mary Burrill, "They That Sit in Darkness," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 5-8; Isaac Fisher, "A Voice from the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 14. J.A. Rogers, "The Critic," Messenger 7 (April 1925): 165.
7. Jessie Rodrique, "The Black Community and the Birth Control Movement," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, ed. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 145; Chandler Owen, "Marriage and Divorce," Messenger 5 (March 1923): 630, and "Women and Children of the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 9, 20; Mary Burrill, "They That Sit in Darkness," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 5-8; Isaac Fisher, "A Voice from the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 14. J.A. Rogers, "The Critic," Messenger 7 (April 1925): 165.
8. Jessie Rodrique, "The Black Community and the Birth Control Movement," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, ed. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 145; Chandler Owen, "Marriage and Divorce," Messenger 5 (March 1923): 630, and "Women and Children of the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 9, 20; Mary Burrill, "They That Sit in Darkness," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 5-8; Isaac Fisher, "A Voice from the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 14. J.A. Rogers, "The Critic," Messenger 7 (April 1925): 165.
9. Jessie Rodrique, "The Black Community and the Birth Control Movement," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, ed. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 145; Chandler Owen, "Marriage and Divorce," Messenger 5 (March 1923): 630, and "Women and Children of the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 9, 20; Mary Burrill, "They That Sit in Darkness," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 5-8; Isaac Fisher, "A Voice from the South," Birth Control Review 3 (September 1919): 14. J.A. Rogers, "The Critic," Messenger 7 (April 1925): 165.
10. See Constance Fisher, "The Negro Social Worker Evaluates Birth Control," Birth Control Review 16 (June 1932): 174-75 and other articles in this issue and in September 1919 and May 1938 issues; Jamie Hart, "Who Should Have the Children? Discussions of Birth Control among African American Intellectuals, 1920-1939," Journal of Negro History 79 (1994): 80; Nella Larsen, "Quicksand" and "Passing," ed. Deborah E. McDowell (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986). Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937; reprint, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978).
11. See Constance Fisher, "The Negro Social Worker Evaluates Birth Control," Birth Control Review 16 (June 1932): 174-75 and other articles in this issue and in September 1919 and May 1938 issues; Jamie Hart, "Who Should Have the Children? Discussions of Birth Control among African American Intellectuals, 1920-1939," Journal of Negro History 79 (1994): 80; Nella Larsen, "Quicksand" and "Passing," ed. Deborah E. McDowell (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986). Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937; reprint, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978).
12. See Constance Fisher, "The Negro Social Worker Evaluates Birth Control," Birth Control Review 16 (June 1932): 174-75 and other articles in this issue and in September 1919 and May 1938 issues; Jamie Hart, "Who Should Have the Children? Discussions of Birth Control among African American Intellectuals, 1920-1939," Journal of Negro History 79 (1994): 80; Nella Larsen, "Quicksand" and "Passing," ed. Deborah E. McDowell (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986). Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937; reprint, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978).
13. See Constance Fisher, "The Negro Social Worker Evaluates Birth Control," Birth Control Review 16 (June 1932): 174-75 and other articles in this issue and in September 1919 and May 1938 issues; Jamie Hart, "Who Should Have the Children? Discussions of Birth Control among African American Intellectuals, 1920-1939," Journal of Negro History 79 (1994): 80; Nella Larsen, "Quicksand" and "Passing," ed. Deborah E. McDowell (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986). Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937; reprint, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978).
14. Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), 274, 280-81; McCann, 19, 40-41. Darlene Clark Hine, "Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance," in Unequal Sisters, 2d ed., ed. Vicki L. Ruiz and Ellen Carol DuBois (New York: Routledge, 1994), 342-47.
15. Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), 274, 280-81; McCann, 19, 40-41. Darlene Clark Hine, "Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance," in Unequal Sisters, 2d ed., ed. Vicki L. Ruiz and Ellen Carol DuBois (New York: Routledge, 1994), 342-47.
16. See Nancy Cott, "Giving Character to Our Whole Civil Polity: Marriage and the Public Order in the Late Nineteenth Century," in U.S. History as Women's History, ed. Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, Kathryn Kish Sklar (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 107-21; George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 171.
17. See Nancy Cott, "Giving Character to Our Whole Civil Polity: Marriage and the Public Order in the Late Nineteenth Century," in U.S. History as Women's History, ed. Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, Kathryn Kish Sklar (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 107-21; George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 171.
18. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
19. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
20. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
21. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
22. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
23. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
24. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
25. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
26. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
27. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
28. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
29. Thadious Davis, Nella Larsen: Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 4, 56; Langsten Hughes, The Big Sea (New York: Hill & Wang, 1940), 219; Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), ix, 64, 67; Kenneth Lynn, "The Rebels of Greenwich Village," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 335-77; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), ix, 66; Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 4-6; Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War: The Autobiography, Beginnings, and Battles to 1930 (New York: Horizon, 1969), 7; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, ed. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 13; Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933), 4; Leonard Wilcox, V.F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 12-13; Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 67-68, 79, 81; Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 412.
30. In this essay "white" refers to people of European descent, according to post-1920s usage. See Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), 75-82, 92-97; Stansell, 25-26, 67-68.
31. Max Eastman, Love and Revolution (New York: Random House, 1964), 81-82; William J. Robinson, What I Believe (New York: Eugenics Publishing, 1927), 201.
32. Max Eastman, Love and Revolution (New York: Random House, 1964), 81-82; William J. Robinson, What I Believe (New York: Eugenics Publishing, 1927), 201.
33. Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman in America, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), 118, 122; Anderson, 54-55; Margaret Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870-1920 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 10, 45-46, 69-75; Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 57; Dell, 55; Buhle, 271; Gordon, 236; Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), 76, 87; "Ku Klux Klan Leaders Wed to Correct Morals of Communities," Messenger 3 (October 1921): 261-62; John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 60.
34. Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman in America, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), 118, 122; Anderson, 54-55; Margaret Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870-1920 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 10, 45-46, 69-75; Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 57; Dell, 55; Buhle, 271; Gordon, 236; Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), 76, 87; "Ku Klux Klan Leaders Wed to Correct Morals of Communities," Messenger 3 (October 1921): 261-62; John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 60.
35. Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman in America, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), 118, 122; Anderson, 54-55; Margaret Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870-1920 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 10, 45-46, 69-75; Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 57; Dell, 55; Buhle, 271; Gordon, 236; Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), 76, 87; "Ku Klux Klan Leaders Wed to Correct Morals of Communities," Messenger 3 (October 1921): 261-62; John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 60.
36. Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman in America, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), 118, 122; Anderson, 54-55; Margaret Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870-1920 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 10, 45-46, 69-75; Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 57; Dell, 55; Buhle, 271; Gordon, 236; Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), 76, 87; "Ku Klux Klan Leaders Wed to Correct Morals of Communities," Messenger 3 (October 1921): 261-62; John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 60.
37. Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman in America, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), 118, 122; Anderson, 54-55; Margaret Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870-1920 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 10, 45-46, 69-75; Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 57; Dell, 55; Buhle, 271; Gordon, 236; Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), 76, 87; "Ku Klux Klan Leaders Wed to Correct Morals of Communities," Messenger 3 (October 1921): 261-62; John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 60.
38. Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman in America, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), 118, 122; Anderson, 54-55; Margaret Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870-1920 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 10, 45-46, 69-75; Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 57; Dell, 55; Buhle, 271; Gordon, 236; Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), 76, 87; "Ku Klux Klan Leaders Wed to Correct Morals of Communities," Messenger 3 (October 1921): 261-62; John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 60.
39. Disputants included Upton Sinclair, Modern Quarterly manager John Collier, and communist H.M. Wicks in 1927. Kathleen A. Brown and Elizabeth Faue show the gap between public silence and the radical sexual practices of leftists, in "Revolutionary Desire: Redefining the Politics of Sexuality among American Radicals, 1919-1945," in Sexual Borderlands: Constructing an American Sexual Past, ed. Kathleen Kennedy and Sharon Ullman (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2003), 273-302.
40. Disputants included Upton Sinclair, Modern Quarterly manager John Collier, and communist H.M. Wicks in 1927. Kathleen A. Brown and Elizabeth Faue show the gap between public silence and the radical sexual practices of leftists, in "Revolutionary Desire: Redefining the Politics of Sexuality among American Radicals, 1919-1945," in Sexual Borderlands: Constructing an American Sexual Past, ed. Kathleen Kennedy and Sharon Ullman (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2003), 273-302.
41. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Rodrigue, 145; Judith Schwarz, Radical Feminists of Heterodoxy, rev. ed. (Norwich, Vt.: New Victoria Press, 1986), 58, 79; Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 39-43.
42. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Rodrigue, 145; Judith Schwarz, Radical Feminists of Heterodoxy, rev. ed. (Norwich, Vt.: New Victoria Press, 1986), 58, 79; Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 39-43.
43. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Rodrigue, 145; Judith Schwarz, Radical Feminists of Heterodoxy, rev. ed. (Norwich, Vt.: New Victoria Press, 1986), 58, 79; Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 39-43.
44. Stansell, 347; Lynn, 359-62, 366; Ellen Kay Trimberger, ed., Intimate Warriors: Portraits of a Modern Marriage, 1899-1944 (New York: Feminist Press, 1991), 1-32; Anderson, Thirty Years, 212-25.
45. Stansell, 347; Lynn, 359-62, 366; Ellen Kay Trimberger, ed., Intimate Warriors: Portraits of a Modern Marriage, 1899-1944 (New York: Feminist Press, 1991), 1-32; Anderson, Thirty Years, 212-25.
46. Ann DuCille, "Blues Notes on Black Sexuality: Sex and the Texts of Jessie Fauset," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3 (January 1993): 418-44; Nina Miller, Making Love Modern: The Intimate Public Worlds of New York's Literary Women (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 144, 149.
47. Ann DuCille, "Blues Notes on Black Sexuality: Sex and the Texts of Jessie Fauset," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3 (January 1993): 418-44; Nina Miller, Making Love Modern: The Intimate Public Worlds of New York's Literary Women (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 144, 149.
48. Schwarz, 37-38, 85; Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Penguin, 1992), 64, 67-72, 76, 83, 93; Chauncey, 228, 234, 243, 248; Stansell, 153, 206.
49. Max Eastman, Enjoyment of Living (New York: Harper, 1948), 15.
50. Dell, 164; Sigmund Freud, "Civilized Sexual Morality and Modern Nervousness" (1908), in his Sexuality and the Psychology of Love, ed. Philip Rieff (New York: Collier, 1963), 20-40; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power, 157-77.
51. Dell, 164; Sigmund Freud, "Civilized Sexual Morality and Modern Nervousness" (1908), in his Sexuality and the Psychology of Love, ed. Philip Rieff (New York: Collier, 1963), 20-40; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power, 157-77.
52. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 218-32; Langsten Hughes, Not without Laughter (1930; reprint, New York: Knopf, 1968), 186; Jean Toomer, Cane (1923; reprint, New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 205; Claude McKay, Home to Harlem (1928; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1965); Suzanne LaFollette, Concerning Women (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1926), 100; William J. Robinson, Birth Control (New York, 1916), 37-38; Owen, "Love-Once More!" Messenger 5 (February 1923): 602.
53. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 218-32; Langsten Hughes, Not without Laughter (1930; reprint, New York: Knopf, 1968), 186; Jean Toomer, Cane (1923; reprint, New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 205; Claude McKay, Home to Harlem (1928; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1965); Suzanne LaFollette, Concerning Women (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1926), 100; William J. Robinson, Birth Control (New York, 1916), 37-38; Owen, "Love-Once More!" Messenger 5 (February 1923): 602.
54. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 218-32; Langsten Hughes, Not without Laughter (1930; reprint, New York: Knopf, 1968), 186; Jean Toomer, Cane (1923; reprint, New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 205; Claude McKay, Home to Harlem (1928; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1965); Suzanne LaFollette, Concerning Women (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1926), 100; William J. Robinson, Birth Control (New York, 1916), 37-38; Owen, "Love-Once More!" Messenger 5 (February 1923): 602.
55. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 218-32; Langsten Hughes, Not without Laughter (1930; reprint, New York: Knopf, 1968), 186; Jean Toomer, Cane (1923; reprint, New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 205; Claude McKay, Home to Harlem (1928; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1965); Suzanne LaFollette, Concerning Women (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1926), 100; William J. Robinson, Birth Control (New York, 1916), 37-38; Owen, "Love-Once More!" Messenger 5 (February 1923): 602.
56. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 218-32; Langsten Hughes, Not without Laughter (1930; reprint, New York: Knopf, 1968), 186; Jean Toomer, Cane (1923; reprint, New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 205; Claude McKay, Home to Harlem (1928; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1965); Suzanne LaFollette, Concerning Women (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1926), 100; William J. Robinson, Birth Control (New York, 1916), 37-38; Owen, "Love-Once More!" Messenger 5 (February 1923): 602.
57. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 218-32; Langsten Hughes, Not without Laughter (1930; reprint, New York: Knopf, 1968), 186; Jean Toomer, Cane (1923; reprint, New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 205; Claude McKay, Home to Harlem (1928; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1965); Suzanne LaFollette, Concerning Women (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1926), 100; William J. Robinson, Birth Control (New York, 1916), 37-38; Owen, "Love-Once More!" Messenger 5 (February 1923): 602.
58. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 218-32; Langsten Hughes, Not without Laughter (1930; reprint, New York: Knopf, 1968), 186; Jean Toomer, Cane (1923; reprint, New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 205; Claude McKay, Home to Harlem (1928; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1965); Suzanne LaFollette, Concerning Women (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1926), 100; William J. Robinson, Birth Control (New York, 1916), 37-38; Owen, "Love-Once More!" Messenger 5 (February 1923): 602.
59. Robinson, Dr. Robinson and St. Peter (New York: Eugenics Publishing, 1931), 38; Diana Frederics (pseud.), Diana: A Strange Autobiography (1939; reprint, New York: Arno, 1975), 226.
60. Robinson, Dr. Robinson and St. Peter (New York: Eugenics Publishing, 1931), 38; Diana Frederics (pseud.), Diana: A Strange Autobiography (1939; reprint, New York: Arno, 1975), 226.
61. Elaine May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), chaps. 5 and 8; George Lipsitz, Time Passages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 8-12; Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Joanne Meyerowitz, "Sexual Geography and Gender Economy: The Furnished Room Districts of Chicago, 1890-1930," Gender and History 2 (autumn 1990): 274-96; Kevin Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 29-31, chap. 4.
62. Elaine May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), chaps. 5 and 8; George Lipsitz, Time Passages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 8-12; Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Joanne Meyerowitz, "Sexual Geography and Gender Economy: The Furnished Room Districts of Chicago, 1890-1930," Gender and History 2 (autumn 1990): 274-96; Kevin Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 29-31, chap. 4.
63. Elaine May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), chaps. 5 and 8; George Lipsitz, Time Passages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 8-12; Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Joanne Meyerowitz, "Sexual Geography and Gender Economy: The Furnished Room Districts of Chicago, 1890-1930," Gender and History 2 (autumn 1990): 274-96; Kevin Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 29-31, chap. 4.
64. Elaine May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), chaps. 5 and 8; George Lipsitz, Time Passages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 8-12; Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Joanne Meyerowitz, "Sexual Geography and Gender Economy: The Furnished Room Districts of Chicago, 1890-1930," Gender and History 2 (autumn 1990): 274-96; Kevin Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 29-31, chap. 4.
65. Elaine May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), chaps. 5 and 8; George Lipsitz, Time Passages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 8-12; Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Joanne Meyerowitz, "Sexual Geography and Gender Economy: The Furnished Room Districts of Chicago, 1890-1930," Gender and History 2 (autumn 1990): 274-96; Kevin Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 29-31, chap. 4.
66. Cott, "Giving Character to Our Whole Civil Polity," 121; see also 110-11, 118-19.
67. Tessie Liu, "Teaching the Differences among Women from a Historical Perspective," in Unequal Sisters, 576, 579, 581; Charles Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role in Nineteenth-Century America," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 131-53; on class differences among white sex radicals see Lynn; and Wexler, 39.
68. Tessie Liu, "Teaching the Differences among Women from a Historical Perspective," in Unequal Sisters, 576, 579, 581; Charles Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role in Nineteenth-Century America," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 131-53; on class differences among white sex radicals see Lynn; and Wexler, 39.
69. Dell, 160, 164; also Dell, "Can Men and Women Be Friends?" and Isabel Leavenworth, "Virtue for Women," both in Our Changing Morality, ed. Freda Kirchwey (1924; reprint, New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1930), 184-93, and 98, 103. See Leila Rupp, "Feminism and the Sexual Revolution in the Early Twentieth Century: The Case of Doris Stevens," Feminist Studies 15 (summer 1989): 289-309; Stansell, 297-300; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The New Woman as Androgyne," in her Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Knopf, 1985), 245-96.
70. Dell, 160, 164; also Dell, "Can Men and Women Be Friends?" and Isabel Leavenworth, "Virtue for Women," both in Our Changing Morality, ed. Freda Kirchwey (1924; reprint, New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1930), 184-93, and 98, 103. See Leila Rupp, "Feminism and the Sexual Revolution in the Early Twentieth Century: The Case of Doris Stevens," Feminist Studies 15 (summer 1989): 289-309; Stansell, 297-300; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The New Woman as Androgyne," in her Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Knopf, 1985), 245-96.
71. Dell, 160, 164; also Dell, "Can Men and Women Be Friends?" and Isabel Leavenworth, "Virtue for Women," both in Our Changing Morality, ed. Freda Kirchwey (1924; reprint, New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1930), 184-93, and 98, 103. See Leila Rupp, "Feminism and the Sexual Revolution in the Early Twentieth Century: The Case of Doris Stevens," Feminist Studies 15 (summer 1989): 289-309; Stansell, 297-300; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The New Woman as Androgyne," in her Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Knopf, 1985), 245-96.
72. Goldman,"The Traffic in Women," in her The Traffic in Women and Other Essays on Feminism, ed. Alix Kates Shulman (New York: Times Change Press, 1970), 40. See also Goldman, "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation," in Anarchism and Other Essays (1917; reprint, New York: Dover, 1969), 224, and the unsigned editorial, Woman Rebel 1 (April 1914): 16; McCann, 17.
73. Goldman,"The Traffic in Women," in her The Traffic in Women and Other Essays on Feminism, ed. Alix Kates Shulman (New York: Times Change Press, 1970), 40. See also Goldman, "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation," in Anarchism and Other Essays (1917; reprint, New York: Dover, 1969), 224, and the unsigned editorial, Woman Rebel 1 (April 1914): 16; McCann, 17.
74. Hazel Carby, Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 174; Hine, 40; Carby, "'It Just Be's Dat Way Some Time': The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues," in Unequal Sisters, 332-33; Larsen; duCille; Pamela Barnett, "'My Picture of You Is, after All, the True Helga Crane': Portraiture and Identity in Nella Larsen's Quicksand," Signs 20 (spring 1995): 575-600; and Hurston, 31-32, 24-28, 43, 54. The blues singers, like white working-class "new women," were a modern incarnation of the traditional sexual construction of subordinate women in Liu's account. Black working-class women's presence in the popular culture of this period continued as both an attraction and a warning to middle-class women.
75. Hazel Carby, Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 174; Hine, 40; Carby, "'It Just Be's Dat Way Some Time': The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues," in Unequal Sisters, 332-33; Larsen; duCille; Pamela Barnett, "'My Picture of You Is, after All, the True Helga Crane': Portraiture and Identity in Nella Larsen's Quicksand," Signs 20 (spring 1995): 575-600; and Hurston, 31-32, 24-28, 43, 54. The blues singers, like white working-class "new women," were a modern incarnation of the traditional sexual construction of subordinate women in Liu's account. Black working-class women's presence in the popular culture of this period continued as both an attraction and a warning to middle-class women.
76. Hazel Carby, Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 174; Hine, 40; Carby, "'It Just Be's Dat Way Some Time': The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues," in Unequal Sisters, 332-33; Larsen; duCille; Pamela Barnett, "'My Picture of You Is, after All, the True Helga Crane': Portraiture and Identity in Nella Larsen's Quicksand," Signs 20 (spring 1995): 575-600; and Hurston, 31-32, 24-28, 43, 54. The blues singers, like white working-class "new women," were a modern incarnation of the traditional sexual construction of subordinate women in Liu's account. Black working-class women's presence in the popular culture of this period continued as both an attraction and a warning to middle-class women.
77. Most northern states had repealed antimiscegenation laws following the Civil War (while southern states retained and western states developed them). The repeals were part of a general movement against discriminatory law based partly in black voting strength. See David H. Fowler, Northern Attitudes towards Interracial Marriage: Legislation and Public Opinion in the Middle Atlantic and the States of the Old Northwest, 1780-1930 (New York: Garland Press, 1987), 221-22, 273; Mumford, 164-68; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender, and Intercultural Relations," Frontiers 12, no. 1 (1991): 6; Gilbert Stephenson, Race Distinctions in American Law (1910; reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), 78-79. Absolute numbers of intermarriages remained tiny; at the turn of the century about 10% of the small number of northern urban blacks married whites; by the 1920s and 1930s, after the Migration, proportions fell to between .5 and 1%. Paul R. Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 272.
78. Most northern states had repealed antimiscegenation laws following the Civil War (while southern states retained and western states developed them). The repeals were part of a general movement against discriminatory law based partly in black voting strength. See David H. Fowler, Northern Attitudes towards Interracial Marriage: Legislation and Public Opinion in the Middle Atlantic and the States of the Old Northwest, 1780-1930 (New York: Garland Press, 1987), 221-22, 273; Mumford, 164-68; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender, and Intercultural Relations," Frontiers 12, no. 1 (1991): 6; Gilbert Stephenson, Race Distinctions in American Law (1910; reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), 78-79. Absolute numbers of intermarriages remained tiny; at the turn of the century about 10% of the small number of northern urban blacks married whites; by the 1920s and 1930s, after the Migration, proportions fell to between .5 and 1%. Paul R. Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 272.
79. Most northern states had repealed antimiscegenation laws following the Civil War (while southern states retained and western states developed them). The repeals were part of a general movement against discriminatory law based partly in black voting strength. See David H. Fowler, Northern Attitudes towards Interracial Marriage: Legislation and Public Opinion in the Middle Atlantic and the States of the Old Northwest, 1780-1930 (New York: Garland Press, 1987), 221-22, 273; Mumford, 164-68; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender, and Intercultural Relations," Frontiers 12, no. 1 (1991): 6; Gilbert Stephenson, Race Distinctions in American Law (1910; reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), 78-79. Absolute numbers of intermarriages remained tiny; at the turn of the century about 10% of the small number of northern urban blacks married whites; by the 1920s and 1930s, after the Migration, proportions fell to between .5 and 1%. Paul R. Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 272.
80. Most northern states had repealed antimiscegenation laws following the Civil War (while southern states retained and western states developed them). The repeals were part of a general movement against discriminatory law based partly in black voting strength. See David H. Fowler, Northern Attitudes towards Interracial Marriage: Legislation and Public Opinion in the Middle Atlantic and the States of the Old Northwest, 1780-1930 (New York: Garland Press, 1987), 221-22, 273; Mumford, 164-68; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender, and Intercultural Relations," Frontiers 12, no. 1 (1991): 6; Gilbert Stephenson, Race Distinctions in American Law (1910; reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), 78-79. Absolute numbers of intermarriages remained tiny; at the turn of the century about 10% of the small number of northern urban blacks married whites; by the 1920s and 1930s, after the Migration, proportions fell to between .5 and 1%. Paul R. Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 272.
81. Editorial, "Civil Rights," Messenger (March 1919 supplement): 9. African American clubwomen and the NAACP consistently opposed antimiscegenation laws. See, for example, Minutes of National Association of Colored Women Convention, 1-5 Aug. 1926, Report of the National Chairman on Legislation, Mary Church Terrell Papers, Library of Congress, microfilm, reel 16, p. 75; and W.E.B. DuBois, "The Social Equality of Whites and Blacks," Crisis 21 (November 1920): 16, 18. Mumford, 163-64, 166-67. Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey was an exception in supporting legal prohibition of intermarriage.
82. Editorial, "Civil Rights," Messenger (March 1919 supplement): 9. African American clubwomen and the NAACP consistently opposed antimiscegenation laws. See, for example, Minutes of National Association of Colored Women Convention, 1-5 Aug. 1926, Report of the National Chairman on Legislation, Mary Church Terrell Papers, Library of Congress, microfilm, reel 16, p. 75; and W.E.B. DuBois, "The Social Equality of Whites and Blacks," Crisis 21 (November 1920): 16, 18. Mumford, 163-64, 166-67. Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey was an exception in supporting legal prohibition of intermarriage.
83. Editorial, "Civil Rights," Messenger (March 1919 supplement): 9. African American clubwomen and the NAACP consistently opposed antimiscegenation laws. See, for example, Minutes of National Association of Colored Women Convention, 1-5 Aug. 1926, Report of the National Chairman on Legislation, Mary Church Terrell Papers, Library of Congress, microfilm, reel 16, p. 75; and W.E.B. DuBois, "The Social Equality of Whites and Blacks," Crisis 21 (November 1920): 16, 18. Mumford, 163-64, 166-67. Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey was an exception in supporting legal prohibition of intermarriage.
84. Samuel Schmalhausen, "The Sexual Revolution," in Sex in Civilization, ed. V.F. Calverton and Samuel Schmalhausen (New York: Macauley, 1929), 406.
85. Hurston, 54-55, 66, 74,139; Goldman, Woman Rebel (March 1914): 3, 6, 8; (April 1914): 16 (quote); and (June 1914): 31; Elizabeth Stuyvesant, "Staying Free," in These Modern Women, ed. Elaine Showalter (New York: Feminist Press, 1978), 97.
86. Hurston, 54-55, 66, 74,139; Goldman, Woman Rebel (March 1914): 3, 6, 8; (April 1914): 16 (quote); and (June 1914): 31; Elizabeth Stuyvesant, "Staying Free," in These Modern Women, ed. Elaine Showalter (New York: Feminist Press, 1978), 97.
87. Upton Sinclair and V.F. Calverton, "Will the Family Pass? A Debate Entitled, Is Monogamy Desirable?" Modern Quarterly 4 (January-April 1927): 38; John Darmstadt (John Collier), "The Sexual Revolution," Modern Quarterly 4 (June-September 1927): 147; V.F. Calverton, The Bankruptcy of Marriage (New York: Macaulay, 1928), 60-62, 165-66, 205, 244-47, 216, 301; C.E. Ayres, "Domesticity," in The New Generation, ed. V.F. Calverton and Samuel Schmalhausen (New York: Macaulay, 1930), 365-401.
88. Upton Sinclair and V.F. Calverton, "Will the Family Pass? A Debate Entitled, Is Monogamy Desirable?" Modern Quarterly 4 (January-April 1927): 38; John Darmstadt (John Collier), "The Sexual Revolution," Modern Quarterly 4 (June-September 1927): 147; V.F. Calverton, The Bankruptcy of Marriage (New York: Macaulay, 1928), 60-62, 165-66, 205, 244-47, 216, 301; C.E. Ayres, "Domesticity," in The New Generation, ed. V.F. Calverton and Samuel Schmalhausen (New York: Macaulay, 1930), 365-401.
89. Upton Sinclair and V.F. Calverton, "Will the Family Pass? A Debate Entitled, Is Monogamy Desirable?" Modern Quarterly 4 (January-April 1927):
90. Upton Sinclair and V.F. Calverton, "Will the Family Pass? A Debate Entitled, Is Monogamy Desirable?" Modern Quarterly 4 (January-April 1927): 38; John Darmstadt (John Collier), "The Sexual Revolution," Modern Quarterly 4 (June-September 1927): 147; V.F. Calverton, The Bankruptcy of Marriage (New York: Macaulay, 1928), 60-62, 165-66, 205, 244-47, 216, 301; C.E. Ayres, "Domesticity," in The New Generation, ed. V.F. Calverton and Samuel Schmalhausen (New York: Macaulay, 1930), 365-401.
91. Lee Selman, "Is Marriage a Failure?" Messenger 9 (February 1927): 34. See also Ann Lawrence, "The Fallen Woman," Messenger 7 (August 1925): 301.
92. Lee Selman, "Is Marriage a Failure?" Messenger 9 (February 1927): 34. See also Ann Lawrence, "The Fallen Woman," Messenger 7 (August 1925): 301.
93. Goldman, Traffic in Women, 38-43; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, "Men and Women" (1915), in Rosalyn Fraad Baxandall, Words on Fire: The Life and Writing of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987), 102; Calverton, Bankruptcy, 60-61; Wilcox, 20.
94. Goldman, Traffic in Women, 38-43; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, "Men and Women" (1915), in Rosalyn Fraad Baxandall, Words on Fire: The Life and Writing of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987), 102; Calverton, Bankruptcy, 60-61; Wilcox, 20.
95. Goldman, Traffic in Women, 38-43; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, "Men and Women" (1915), in Rosalyn Fraad Baxandall, Words on Fire: The Life and Writing of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987), 102; Calverton, Bankruptcy, 60-61; Wilcox, 20.
96. Goldman, Traffic in Women, 38-43; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, "Men and Women" (1915), in Rosalyn Fraad Baxandall, Words on Fire: The Life and Writing of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987), 102; Calverton, Bankruptcy, 60-61; Wilcox, 20.
97. Dell, Homecoming, 279-80, 291; Hapgood, 159.
98. Dell, Homecoming, 350; Wexler, 95.
99. Elsie Clews Parsons, The Family (New York: Putnam, 1906), 347-49; Sanger; Chester, 247, 244; Phyllis Blanohard, "The Long Journey," in These Modern Women, 108-9.
100. Elsie Clews Parsons, The Family (New York: Putnam, 1906), 347-49; Sanger; Chester, 247, 244; Phyllis Blanohard, "The Long Journey," in These Modern Women, 108-9.
101. Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 38-39; Darmstadt (Collier), 139; Thomas Kirksey, "Sex Expression in Literature," Messenger 9 (October 1927): 314.
102. Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 38-39; Darmstadt (Collier), 139; Thomas Kirksey, "Sex Expression in Literature," Messenger 9 (October 1927): 314.
103. Owen, "The Passing of Novelty," Messenger 1 (November 1917): 22, and "Marriage and Divorce"; McKay, 5, 13; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Hapgood, "Story of a Lover," in Intimate Warriors, 143; Tess Slesinger, The Unpossessed (1934; reprint, Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1984), 308.
104. Owen, "The Passing of Novelty," Messenger 1 (November 1917): 22, and "Marriage and Divorce"; McKay, 5, 13; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Hapgood, "Story of a Lover," in Intimate Warriors, 143; Tess Slesinger, The Unpossessed (1934; reprint, Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1984), 308.
105. Owen, "The Passing of Novelty," Messenger 1 (November 1917): 22, and "Marriage and Divorce"; McKay, 5, 13; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Hapgood, "Story of a Lover," in Intimate Warriors, 143; Tess Slesinger, The Unpossessed (1934; reprint, Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1984), 308.
106. Owen, "The Passing of Novelty," Messenger 1 (November 1917): 22, and "Marriage and Divorce"; McKay, 5, 13; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Hapgood, "Story of a Lover," in Intimate Warriors, 143; Tess Slesinger, The Unpossessed (1934; reprint, Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1984), 308.
107. Hapgood, Victorian, 156, 413; Stansell, 278; Wilcox, 55.
108. Hurston, "Pants and Cal'line," and "Sweat," in I Love Myself When I Am Laughing, ed. Alice Walter (Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1979), 186-87, 197-207; also Their Eyes, 180, 218-19; Larsen, 104-9, 221.
109. Hurston, "Pants and Cal'line," and "Sweat," in I Love Myself When I Am Laughing, ed. Alice Walter (Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1979), 186-87, 197-207; also Their Eyes, 180, 218-19; Larsen, 104-9, 221.
110. Goldman, "Jealousy," in Red Emma Speaks, ed. Alix Kates Shulman (New York: Schocken, 1983), 219-21; Candace Falk, Love, Anarchy, and Emma Goldman, rev. ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 58-59; Baxandall, 21-22; Chesler, 173-74, 250-51. See also Stansell, 297-300; and Stuyvesant, 97.
111. Goldman, "Jealousy," in Red Emma Speaks, ed. Alix Kates Shulman (New York: Schocken, 1983), 219-21; Candace Falk, Love, Anarchy, and Emma Goldman, rev. ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 58-59; Baxandall, 21-22; Chesler, 173-74, 250-51. See also Stansell, 297-300; and Stuyvesant, 97.
112. Falk, chap. 4; Boyce and Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 19-25, 107-14, 144-45, 204-31; Dell, "Can Men and Women Be Friends?" 193; LaFollette, 152-53; William J. Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality (New York: Eugenics Publishing, 1928), 31-32, 42, 49, and What I Believe, 110-11; Slesinger, 66, 146, 276, 294-95, 306, 315.
113. Falk, chap. 4; Boyce and Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 19-25, 107-14, 144-45, 204-31; Dell, "Can Men and Women Be Friends?" 193; LaFollette, 152-53; William J. Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality (New York: Eugenics Publishing, 1928), 31-32, 42, 49, and What I Believe, 110-11; Slesinger, 66, 146, 276, 294-95, 306, 315.
114. Falk, chap. 4; Boyce and Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 19-25, 107-14, 144-45, 204-31; Dell, "Can Men and Women Be Friends?" 193; LaFollette, 152-53; William J. Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality (New York: Eugenics Publishing, 1928), 31-32, 42, 49, and What I Believe, 110-11; Slesinger, 66, 146, 276, 294-95, 306, 315.
115. Falk, chap. 4; Boyce and Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 19-25, 107-14, 144-45, 204-31; Dell, "Can Men and Women Be Friends?" 193; LaFollette, 152-53; William J. Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality (New York: Eugenics Publishing, 1928), 31-32, 42, 49, and What I Believe, 110-11; Slesinger, 66, 146, 276, 294-95, 306, 315.
116. Wexler, 279-80; see also Goldman, Living, 202; Sanger, 181-82; Larsen, 62, 104, 107-17.
117. Calverton, Bankruptcy, 301, and "Are Women Monogamous?" in Woman's Coming of Age, ed. Samuel D. Schmalhausen and V.F. Calverton (New York: Horace Liveright, 1931). 478-79; Schmalhausen, 360; Owen, "Love-Once More!" 602; Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 83; Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 152; Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 378, 511-12; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Wilcox, 55-57; Sherna Gluck, ed., From Parlor to Prison (New York: Vintage, 1976), 159.
118. Calverton, Bankruptcy, 301, and "Are Women Monogamous?" in Woman's Coming of Age, ed. Samuel D. Schmalhausen and V.F. Calverton (New York: Horace Liveright, 1931). 478-79; Schmalhausen, 360; Owen, "Love-Once More!" 602; Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 83; Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 152; Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 378, 511-12; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Wilcox, 55-57; Sherna Gluck, ed., From Parlor to Prison (New York: Vintage, 1976), 159.
119. Calverton, Bankruptcy, 301, and "Are Women Monogamous?" in Woman's Coming of Age, ed. Samuel D. Schmalhausen and V.F. Calverton (New York: Horace Liveright, 1931). 478-79; Schmalhausen, 360; Owen, "Love-Once More!" 602; Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 83; Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 152; Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 378, 511-12; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Wilcox, 55-57; Sherna Gluck, ed., From Parlor to Prison (New York: Vintage, 1976), 159.
120. Calverton, Bankruptcy, 301, and "Are Women Monogamous?" in Woman's Coming of Age, ed. Samuel D. Schmalhausen and V.F. Calverton (New York: Horace Liveright, 1931). 478-79; Schmalhausen, 360; Owen, "Love-Once More!" 602; Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 83; Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 152; Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 378, 511-12; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Wilcox, 55-57; Sherna Gluck, ed., From Parlor to Prison (New York: Vintage, 1976), 159.
121. Calverton, Bankruptcy, 301, and "Are Women Monogamous?" in Woman's Coming of Age, ed. Samuel D. Schmalhausen and V.F. Calverton (New York: Horace Liveright, 1931). 478-79; Schmalhausen, 360; Owen, "Love-Once More!" 602; Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 83; Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 152; Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 378, 511-12; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Wilcox, 55-57; Sherna Gluck, ed., From Parlor to Prison (New York: Vintage, 1976), 159.
122. Calverton, Bankruptcy, 301, and "Are Women Monogamous?" in Woman's Coming of Age, ed. Samuel D. Schmalhausen and V.F. Calverton (New York: Horace Liveright, 1931). 478-79; Schmalhausen, 360; Owen, "Love-Once More!" 602; Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 83; Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 152; Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 378, 511-12; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Wilcox, 55-57; Sherna Gluck, ed., From Parlor to Prison (New York: Vintage, 1976), 159.
123. Calverton, Bankruptcy, 301, and "Are Women Monogamous?" in Woman's Coming of Age, ed. Samuel D. Schmalhausen and V.F. Calverton (New York: Horace Liveright, 1931). 478-79; Schmalhausen, 360; Owen, "Love-Once More!" 602; Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 83; Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 152; Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 378, 511-12; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Wilcox, 55-57; Sherna Gluck, ed., From Parlor to Prison (New York: Vintage, 1976), 159.
124. Calverton, Bankruptcy, 301, and "Are Women Monogamous?" in Woman's Coming of Age, ed. Samuel D. Schmalhausen and V.F. Calverton (New York: Horace Liveright, 1931). 478-79; Schmalhausen, 360; Owen, "Love-Once More!" 602; Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 83; Hapgood, in Intimate Warriors, 152; Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 378, 511-12; Calverton, "Will the Family Pass?" 41; Wilcox, 55-57; Sherna Gluck, ed., From Parlor to Prison (New York: Vintage, 1976), 159.
125. Other whites pointed to the biological artificiality of prohibiting black/white sex. Ayres, 366-67, 387; anonymous white letter-writer to the Crisis 36 (July 1929): 242. Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 149-50; V.F. Calverton, "Introduction," in Calverton, ed., Anthology of American Negro Literature (New York: Modern Library, 1929), 8; Mumford, chap. 7, quotations from 122 (italics in original), 179. I did not find white radical debates about ethnic intermarriage either, although some of them practiced it (white Protestant Max Eastman with Jewish Ida Rauh, for example). See Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 496.
126. Other whites pointed to the biological artificiality of prohibiting black/white sex. Ayres, 366-67, 387; anonymous white letter-writer to the Crisis 36 (July 1929): 242. Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 149-50; V.F. Calverton, "Introduction," in Calverton, ed., Anthology of American Negro Literature (New York: Modern Library, 1929), 8; Mumford, chap. 7, quotations from 122 (italics in original), 179. I did not find white radical debates about ethnic intermarriage either, although some of them practiced it (white Protestant Max Eastman with Jewish Ida Rauh, for example). See Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 496.
127. Other whites pointed to the biological artificiality of prohibiting black/white sex. Ayres, 366-67, 387; anonymous white letter-writer to the Crisis 36 (July 1929): 242. Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 149-50; V.F. Calverton, "Introduction," in Calverton, ed., Anthology of American Negro Literature (New York: Modern Library, 1929), 8; Mumford, chap. 7, quotations from 122 (italics in original), 179. I did not find white radical debates about ethnic intermarriage either, although some of them practiced it (white Protestant Max Eastman with Jewish Ida Rauh, for example). See Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 496.
128. Other whites pointed to the biological artificiality of prohibiting black/white sex. Ayres, 366-67, 387; anonymous white letter-writer to the Crisis 36 (July 1929): 242. Robinson, Sex, Love, and Morality, 149-50; V.F. Calverton, "Introduction," in Calverton, ed., Anthology of American Negro Literature (New York: Modern Library, 1929), 8; Mumford, chap. 7, quotations from 122 (italics in original), 179. I did not find white radical debates about ethnic intermarriage either, although some of them practiced it (white Protestant Max Eastman with Jewish Ida Rauh, for example). See Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 496.
129. Wilbert Holloway, cartoon, Messenger 9 (May 1927): 152; "Civil Rights," Messenger (March 1919 supplement): 9; "Who's Who," Messenger 4 (July 1922): 445-46; Lisa Lindquist Dorr, "Arm in Arm: Gender, Eugenics, and Virginia's Racial Integrity Acts of the 1920s," Journal of Women's History 11 (spring 1999): 143-66; Peggy Pascoe, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America," Journal of American History 83 (June 1996): 44-69.
130. Wilbert Holloway, cartoon, Messenger 9 (May 1927): 152; "Civil Rights," Messenger (March 1919 supplement): 9; "Who's Who," Messenger 4 (July 1922): 445-46; Lisa Lindquist Dorr, "Arm in Arm: Gender, Eugenics, and Virginia's Racial Integrity Acts of the 1920s," Journal of Women's History 11 (spring 1999): 143-66; Peggy Pascoe, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America," Journal of American History 83 (June 1996): 44-69.
131. Wilbert Holloway, cartoon, Messenger 9 (May 1927): 152; "Civil Rights," Messenger (March 1919 supplement): 9; "Who's Who," Messenger 4 (July 1922): 445-46; Lisa Lindquist Dorr, "Arm in Arm: Gender, Eugenics, and Virginia's Racial Integrity Acts of the 1920s," Journal of Women's History 11 (spring 1999): 143-66; Peggy Pascoe, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America," Journal of American History 83 (June 1996): 44-69.
132. Wilbert Holloway, cartoon, Messenger 9 (May 1927): 152; "Civil Rights," Messenger (March 1919 supplement): 9; "Who's Who," Messenger 4 (July 1922): 445-46; Lisa Lindquist Dorr, "Arm in Arm: Gender, Eugenics, and Virginia's Racial Integrity Acts of the 1920s," Journal of Women's History 11 (spring 1999): 143-66; Peggy Pascoe, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America," Journal of American History 83 (June 1996): 44-69.
133. Wilbert Holloway, cartoon, Messenger 9 (May 1927): 152; "Civil Rights," Messenger (March 1919 supplement): 9; "Who's Who," Messenger 4 (July 1922): 445-46; Lisa Lindquist Dorr, "Arm in Arm: Gender, Eugenics, and Virginia's Racial Integrity Acts of the 1920s," Journal of Women's History 11 (spring 1999): 143-66; Peggy Pascoe, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America," Journal of American History 83 (June 1996): 44-69.
134. Messenger (March 1919 supplement): 9; George Schuyler, "Emancipated Women and the Negro," and "When Black Weds White," Modern Quarterly 5 (1928-1930): 361-63, and 8 (1934-35): 11-17.
135. Messenger (March 1919 supplement): 9; George Schuyler, "Emancipated Women and the Negro," and "When Black Weds White," Modern Quarterly 5 (1928-1930): 361-63, and 8 (1934-35): 11-17.
136. Owen, "The Cabaret-A Useful Social Institution," Messenger 4 (August 1922): 461, and "The Black and Tan Cabaret-America's Most Democratic Institution," Messenger 7 (February 1925): 97, 99; "Month's Best Editorial," Messenger 4 (September 1922): 490-91; Mumford, 153-55.
137. Owen, "The Cabaret-A Useful Social Institution," Messenger 4 (August 1922): 461, and "The Black and Tan Cabaret-America's Most Democratic Institution," Messenger 7 (February 1925): 97, 99; "Month's Best Editorial," Messenger 4 (September 1922): 490-91; Mumford, 153-55.
138. Owen, "The Cabaret-A Useful Social Institution," Messenger 4 (August 1922): 461, and "The Black and Tan Cabaret-America's Most Democratic Institution," Messenger 7 (February 1925): 97, 99; "Month's Best Editorial," Messenger 4 (September 1922): 490-91; Mumford, 153-55.
139. Lovett Fort-Whiteman, "Wild Flowers," Messenger 5 (February 1923): 603-7; S. Miller Johnson, "The Golden Penknife," Messenger 7 (August 1925): 280-83, 298-301; George W. Little Jr., "So It Goes," Messenger 9 (December 1927): 345-47, 361, and "An Aframerican Fable," Messenger 10 (January 1928): 7; Toomer, 8-13, 134-53.
140. Lovett Fort-Whiteman, "Wild Flowers," Messenger 5 (February 1923): 603-7; S. Miller Johnson, "The Golden Penknife," Messenger 7 (August 1925): 280-83, 298-301; George W. Little Jr., "So It Goes," Messenger 9 (December 1927): 345-47, 361, and "An Aframerican Fable," Messenger 10 (January 1928): 7; Toomer, 8-13, 134-53.
141. Lovett Fort-Whiteman, "Wild Flowers," Messenger 5 (February 1923): 603-7; S. Miller Johnson, "The Golden Penknife," Messenger 7 (August 1925): 280-83, 298-301; George W. Little Jr., "So It Goes," Messenger 9 (December 1927): 345-47, 361, and "An Aframerican Fable," Messenger 10 (January 1928): 7; Toomer, 8-13, 134-53.
142. Lovett Fort-Whiteman, "Wild Flowers," Messenger 5 (February 1923): 603-7; S. Miller Johnson, "The Golden Penknife," Messenger 7 (August 1925): 280-83, 298-301; George W. Little Jr., "So It Goes," Messenger 9 (December 1927): 345-47, 361, and "An Aframerican Fable," Messenger 10 (January 1928): 7; Toomer, 8-13, 134-53.
143. Josephine Cogdell's poem in Messenger 9 (October 1927): 303; Claude McKay, A Long Way from Home (1937; reprint, New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1970), 346-48; Reba Cain, "Dark Lover," Crisis 36 (April 1929): 123, 137-38; Mumford, 179, 100, 169; Spickard, 302; Larsen, 216-22.
144. Josephine Cogdell's poem in Messenger 9 (October 1927): 303; Claude McKay, A Long Way from Home (1937; reprint, New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1970), 346-48; Reba Cain, "Dark Lover," Crisis 36 (April 1929): 123, 137-38; Mumford, 179, 100, 169; Spickard, 302; Larsen, 216-22.
145. Josephine Cogdell's poem in Messenger 9 (October 1927): 303; Claude McKay, A Long Way from Home (1937; reprint, New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1970), 346-48; Reba Cain, "Dark Lover," Crisis 36 (April 1929): 123, 137-38; Mumford, 179, 100, 169; Spickard, 302; Larsen, 216-22.
146. Toomer, 59, 61, 52, 65-67; Kirksey, 314.
147. Larsen, 61, 103, 165-76.
148. Intermarriage rates have been predominantly black men and white women (and of course only legally possible outside the South until the 1967 Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court decision declaring antimiscegenation laws unconstitutional). Hence, the representation in radical discourse parallels the intermarriage rate. In the South and possibly elsewhere non-legal unions of white men and black women were the dominant form. Spickard, 262-63, 269-76.
149. Caroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Female World of Love and Ritual" and "New Woman as Androgyne," in Disorderly Conduct; Faderman, 48-54.
150. Eric Garber, "A Spectacle in Color: The Lesbian and Gay Subculture of Jazz Age Harlem," in Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey Jr. (New York: Penguin, 1989), 318-31; Faderman, 62-92; Chauncey, 227-67; Mumford, 73-92; Frederics, 112.
151. Chauncey, 253-54. On blues women, see Angela Davis, Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday (New York: Pantheon, 1998), 39-45.
152. Goldman, Living, 555-56, 173, 269; Falk, 105-9, 140; Alexander Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist (1912), excerpted in Jonathan Katz, Gay American History (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976), 530-38; Jonathan Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 359-66; Anderson, Thirty Years, 4, 13, 43.
153. Goldman, Living, 555-56, 173, 269; Falk, 105-9, 140; Alexander Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist (1912), excerpted in Jonathan Katz, Gay American History (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976), 530-38; Jonathan Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 359-66; Anderson, Thirty Years, 4, 13, 43.
154. Goldman, Living, 555-56, 173, 269; Falk, 105-9, 140; Alexander Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist (1912), excerpted in Jonathan Katz, Gay American History (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976), 530-38; Jonathan Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 359-66; Anderson, Thirty Years, 4, 13, 43.
155. Goldman, Living, 555-56, 173, 269; Falk, 105-9, 140; Alexander Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist (1912), excerpted in Jonathan Katz, Gay American History (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976), 530-38; Jonathan Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 359-66; Anderson, Thirty Years, 4, 13, 43.
156. Elizabeth Craigin, Either Is Love (1937; reprint, New York: Lion Books, 1952), 86; Frederics, 58, 62. Gale Wilhelm's melancholy novel, We Too Are Drifting (New York: Random House, 1935), seems fatalistic about the demands of the biological family but still shows lesbian desire and love making claims simply by their undeniable existence.
157. Elizabeth Craigin, Either Is Love (1937; reprint, New York: Lion Books, 1952), 86; Frederics, 58, 62. Gale Wilhelm's melancholy novel, We Too Are Drifting (New York: Random House, 1935), seems fatalistic about the demands of the biological family but still shows lesbian desire and love making claims simply by their undeniable existence.
158. Mary Casal, The Stone Wall: An Autobiography (Chicago: Eyncourt Press, 1930), 18, 29-39, 70, 79, 131; Frederics, 143; Helen Hull, Labyrinth (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 59, 104, 149; Anderson, Thirty Years, 4.
159. Mary Casal, The Stone Wall: An Autobiography (Chicago: Eyncourt Press, 1930), 18, 29-39, 70, 79, 131; Frederics, 143; Helen Hull, Labyrinth (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 59, 104, 149; Anderson, Thirty Years, 4.
160. Mary Casal, The Stone Wall: An Autobiography (Chicago: Eyncourt Press, 1930), 18, 29-39, 70, 79, 131; Frederics, 143; Helen Hull, Labyrinth (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 59, 104, 149; Anderson, Thirty Years, 4.
161. Craigin, 119-20, 87; Casal, 153.
162. Douglas, 97; McKay, 68; Robinson, What I Believe, 109, and Sex, Love, and Morality, 112; Victor Robinson's "Introduction," in Frederics, x.
163. Douglas, 97; McKay, 68; Robinson, What I Believe, 109, and Sex, Love, and Morality, 112; Victor Robinson's "Introduction," in Frederics, x.
164. Randolph Bourne, "The Vampire," Masses 9 (June 1917): 37-38; Stansell, 269-70; Schmalhausen, "The War between the Sexes," in Woman's Coming of Age, 275-78; Dell, Love in the Machine Age (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1930), 82; Faderman, 86-88.
165. Randolph Bourne, "The Vampire," Masses 9 (June 1917): 37-38; Stansell, 269-70; Schmalhausen, "The War between the Sexes," in Woman's Coming of Age, 275-78; Dell, Love in the Machine Age (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1930), 82; Faderman, 86-88.
166. Randolph Bourne, "The Vampire," Masses 9 (June 1917): 37-38; Stansell, 269-70; Schmalhausen, "The War between the Sexes," in Woman's Coming of Age, 275-78; Dell, Love in the Machine Age (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1930), 82; Faderman, 86-88.
167. Stansell, 227.
168. Agnes Smedley, Daughter of Earth (1929; reprint, New York: Feminist Press, 1987), 360; also Blanche Wiesen Cook, "Female Support Networks and Political Activism," in A Heritage of Her Own, ed. Nancy F. Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), 438-39.
169. Agnes Smedley, Daughter of Earth (1929; reprint, New York: Feminist Press, 1987), 360; also Blanche Wiesen Cook, "Female Support Networks and Political Activism," in A Heritage of Her Own, ed. Nancy F. Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), 438-39.
170. Craigin, 106.
171. Cott, Grounding of Modern Feminism, 156; McCann, 57-58, 201-2; Faderman, 99-102.