Scale validation methodology

Archives of Hellenic Medicine

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 577-589

  Raftopoulos, V ^a,b   Theodosopoulou, H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b NONE   (Greece)

Author keywords

Factor analysis; Patient satisfaction; Reliability; Scale validation; Validity

Indexed keywords

FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PSYCHOMETRY; RATING SCALE; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 0038480720     PISSN: 11053992     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. CRONBACH LJ. Essentials of psychological testing. 4th ed. New York, Harper & Row, 1984
2. HAMMERSLEY M. Some notes on the terms «validity» and «reliability». British Educational Research Journal 1987, 13:73-81
3. SIMCO N, WARIN J. Validity in image based research. An elaborated illustration of the issues. British Educational Research Journal 1997, 23:661-673
4. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. Ethical standards of psychologists. Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, Inc, 1953
5. ANASTASI A. The concept of validity in the interpretation of test scores. Education Psychology Measurement 1950, 10:67-78
6. CHURCHILL GA. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research 1979, 16:64-73
7. PETER JP. Reliability: a review of psychometric basics and recent marketing practices. Journal of Marketing Research 1981, 16:6-17
8. CAMPBELL DT. Recommendations for APA test standards regarding construct, trait and discriminant validity. Am Psychol 1960, August:546-553
9. SMITH AM. Some problems when adopting Churchill's paradigm for the development of service quality measurement scales. Journal of Business Research 1999, 46:109-120
10. METERKO M, NELSON EC, RUBIN HR. Patients judgments of hospital quality. Med Care 1990, 28(Suppl 9):S1-S56
11. , CARMINES EG, ZELLER RA. Reliability and validity assessment, Sage Publications Series Number 07-017, Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publ, Inc, 1979
12. CAMPBELL DT, FISKE DW. Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychol Bull 1959, 56:81-105
13. MARSH HW, SMITH ID. Multitrait-multimethod analyses of two self-concept instruments. J Educ Psychol 1982, 74:430-440
14. WYLIE RC. Measures of self-concept, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1989
15. HALL JA, DORNAN MC. Meta-analysis of satisfaction with medical care: description of research domain and analyses of overall. Soc Sci Med 1988, 27:637-644
16. SITZIA J, WOOD N. Response rate in patient satisfaction research: an analysis of 210 published studies, Int J Qual Health Care 1998, 10:311-317
17. VAN MAANEN HMT. Improvement of quality of nursing care: a goal to challenge in eighties. J Adv Nurs 1981, 6:3-9
18. KIRK J, MILLER M. Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Qualitative Research Methods Series, No 1, London, Sage 9, 1986
19. CHENITZ WC, SWANSON JM. Qualitative research using grounded theory, In: From practice to grounded theory: qualitative research in nursing. Addison Wesley, Menlo Park, California, 1986:3-15
20. FISKE ST, TAYLOR SE. Social Cognition. New York, Random House, 1984
21. STRASSER S. Measuring patient satisfaction for improved patient services. Management Series, American College of Healthcare Executives, 1990
22. ROWLEY GL. The reliability of observational measures, American Educational Research Journal 1976, 13:51-59
23. CROCKER LM, ALGINA J. Introduction to classical and modem test theory. New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1986:144
24. GRONLUND NE, LINN RL. Measurement and evaluation in teaching. 6th ed. New York, MacMillan, 1990:78
25. VACHA-HAASE T. Reliability generalization: Exploring variance in measurement error affecting score reliability across studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1998, 58:6-20
26. CRONBACH A. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrica 1951, 16:297-334
27. BOLLEN KA. Structural equations with latent variables. New York, Wiley, 1989
28. CORTINA JM. What is coefficient alpha: an examination of theory and applications. J Appl Psychol 1993, 78:98-104
29. NUNNALLY JC, BERNSTEIN IH. Psychometric theory. 3rd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1994
30. SHELVIN M, MILES JNV, DAVIES MNO, WALKER S. Coefficient alpha: a useful indicator of reliability? Personality and Individual Differences 2000, 28:229-237
31. NUNNALLY J. Psychometric theory. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1978
32. PAYNE B. 2b or not 2b? Br Acad Management Newsletter 1993 June:7
33. NUNNALLY JC. Cited in: Churchill GA Jr. Paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research 1979, XVI (February)
34. FITZPATRIC R. Scope and measurement of patient satisfaction. In: Fitzpatric R, Hopkins A (eds) Measurement of patients' satisfaction with their care. London, Royal College of Physicians, 1993
35. COHEN BJ, SWERDLIK ME, PHILLIPS SM. Psychological testing and assessment: an introduction to tests and measurement. 3rd ed., Mountain View, CA, Mayfield Publ Co, 1996
36. KUDRE GF, RICHARDSON MW. The theory of the estimation of test reliability. Psychometrica 1937, 2: 151-160
37. SCHUTZ HG, RUCKER MH. A comparison of variable configurations across scale lengths: an empirical study. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1975, 35:319-324
38. GARNER WR. Rating scales, discriminability and information transmission. Psychol Rev 1960, 67:343-352
39. GREEN PE, RAO VR. Rating scales and information recovery. How many scales and response categories to use? Journal of Marketing 1970, 34:33-39
40. SYMONDS PM. On the loss of reliability in ratings due to coarseness of the scale. J Exp Psychol 1924, 7:456-461
41. MILLER GA. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol Rev 1956, 63:81-97
42. FINN RH. Effects of some variations in rating scale characteristics on the means and reliabilities of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1972, 34:885-892
43. RAMSAY JO. The effect of number of categories in rating scales on precision of estimation of scale values. Psychometrica 1973, 38:513-533
44. JENKINS GD, TABER TD. A Monte-Carlo study of factors affecting three indices of composite scale reliability. J Appl Psychol 1977, 62:392-398
45. LISSITZ RW, GREEN SB. Effect of the number of scale points on reliability: a Monte-Carlo approach. J Appl Psychol 1975, 60:10-13
46. McKELVIE SJ. Graphic rating scales: how many categories? Br J Psychol 1978, 69:185-202
47. REMMERS HH, EWART E. Reliability of multiple-choice measuring instruments as a function of the Spearman-Brown prophesy formula. J Educ Psychol 1941, 32:61-66
48. BENDIG AW. The reliability of self-ratings as a function of the amount of verbal anchoring and the number of categories on the scale. J Appl Psychol 1953, 37:38-41
49. BENDIG AW. Reliability and the number of rating scale categories. J Appl Psychol 1954, 38:38-40
50. BOOTE AS. Reliability testing of psychographic scales: five-point or seven-point? Anchored of labelled? Journal of Advertising Research 1981, 21:53-60
51. BROWN G, WILDING RE, COULTER RL. Customer evaluation of retail salespeople using the SOCO scale: a replication extension and application. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 1991, 9:347-351
52. KOMORITA SS. Attitude content, intensity and the neutral point on a Likert scale. J Soc Psychol 1963, 61:327-334
53. MATELL MS, JACOBY I. Is there ah optimal number of alternatives for Likert scale items? Study I: reliability and validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1971, 31:657-674
54. PEABODY D. Two components in bipolar scales: direction and extremeness. Psychol Rev 1962, 69:65-73
55. REMINGTON M, TYRER PJ, NEWSON-SMITH J, CICCHETTI DV. Comparative reliability of categorical and analogue rating scales in the assessment of psychiatric symptomatology. Psychol Med 1979, 9:765-770
56. LOKEN B, PIRIE P, VIRNIG KA, HINKLE RL, SALMON CT. The use of 0-10 scales in telephone surveys. Journal of Market Research Society 1987, 29:353-362
57. HANCOCK GR, KLOCKARS AJ. The effect of scle manipulations on validity: targeting frequency rating scales for anticipated performance levels. Applied Ergonomics 1991, 22:147-154
58. CHANG L. A psychometric evaluation of four-point and six-point Likert-type scales in relation to reliability and validity, Applied Psychological Measurement 1994, 18:205-215
59. JONES RR. Differences in response consistency and subjects' preferences for three personality inventory response formats. Proceedings of the 76th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1968, pp, 247-248
60. PRESTON CC, COLMAN AM. Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: reliability, validity, discriminating power and respondent preferences. Acta Psychol 2000, 104:1-15
61. CARR SC. A primer on the use of Q sort technique factor analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 1992, 25:133-138
62. GORSUCH RL. Factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum, 1983
63. REYMONT R, JORESKOG KG. Applied factor analysis in the natural sciences. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1993
64. SPEARMAN C. "General intelligence" objectively determined and measured. Am J Psychol 1904, 15:201-293
65. THOMPSON B, DENNINGS B. The unnumbered graphic scale as a data-collection method: investigation comparing three measurement strategies in the context of Q-technique factor analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association. New Orleans. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED 364589), 1993
66. KERLINGER FN. Foundations of behavioral research. 3rd ed. New York, Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1986
67. STEVENS J. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996
68. MULAIK SA. The foundations of factor analysis. New York, McGraw Hill, 1972
69. KIM JO, MUELLER CW. Introduction to factor analysis. Beverly Hills, Sage Publ, 1978
70. MULAIK SA, JAMES LR, VAN ALSTINE J, BENNET N, LIND, STILWELL CD. Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychol Bull 1989, 105:430-455
71. GILLAPSY JA. A primer on confirmatory factor analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association, New Orleans, 1996
72. JORESKOG KG, SORBOM D. LISREL VI: Analysis of linear structural relationships by maximum likelihood, instrumental variables and least squares methods. 4th ed, 1986
73. BENTLER PM. Multivariate analysis with latent variables: causal modeling. Annu Rev Psychol 1980, 31:11-21
74. THURSTONE LL. Multiple-factor analysis. Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1947
75. DUNTEMAN GH. Principal component analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Quantitative applications in the Social Sciences Series No 69, 1989
76. KAISER HF, RICE JL. Educational and Psychological Management 1974, 34:111-117
77. CATTELL RB. The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1966, 1:245-276
78. COMREY AL. A first course in factor analysis. New York, Academic Press, 1973
79. NORMAN GR, STREINER L. Biostatistics: the bare essentials. St. Louis, MO, Mosby, 1994
80. HULKA BS, ZYZANSKI SJ, CASSEL JC, THOMPSON SJ. Satisfaction with medical care in low income population. J Cron Dis 1971, 24:661-673
81. BRYANT, YARNOLD. Principal components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, In: Grimm, Yarnold (eds) Reading and understanding multivariate analysis. American Psychological Association Books, 1995
82. HATCER L. A step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC, SAS Institute, Focus on the CALIS procedure, 1994
83. HUTCHSON G, SOFRONIOU N. The multivariate social scientist: introductory statistics using generalized linear models. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publ, 1999
84. WARE JJE, SNYDER MK. Dimensions of patient attitudes regarding doctors and medical care services. Med Care 1975, 13:669-682
85. PEDHAZUR E J], SCHMELIKN LP. Measurement, design, and analysis: an integrated approach. Hillsdate, NJ, Erlbaum, 1991