A synthesis of growth rates in marine epipelagic invertebrate zooplankton

Advances in Marine Biology

Volumn 44, Issue , 2003, Pages 1-142

  Hirst, A G ^a   Roff, J C ^b   Lampitt, R S ^c  

^a BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

^c NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GROWTH RATE; INVERTEBRATE; TAXONOMY; WEIGHT; ZOOPLANKTON;

ANIMALIA; APPENDICULARIA (CLASS); CHAETOGNATHA; CLIONE LIMACINA; CNIDARIA; COPEPODA; CRUSTACEA; CTENOPHORA (COELENTERATES); INVERTEBRATA; LIMACINA; METAZOA; OIKOPLEUM DIOCIA; PEGEA; PEGEA BICAUDATA; POLYCHAETA; PTEROPODA; THALIACEA;

ANIMAL; BODY WEIGHT; CATERING SERVICE; COPEPOD; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; REVIEW; TEMPERATURE; ZOOPLANKTON;

ANIMALS; BODY WEIGHT; COPEPODA; FOOD SUPPLY; TEMPERATURE; ZOOPLANKTON;

EID: 0038455827     PISSN: 00652881     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2881(03)44002-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (131)

1. Alldredge, A. L. (1976). Field behaviour and adaptive strategies of appendicularians (Chordata: Tunicata). Marine Biology 38, 29-39.
2. Alldredge, A. L. (1981). The impact of appendicularian grazing on natural concentrations in situ. Limnology and Oceanography 26, 247-257.
3. Alldredge, A. L. (1984). The quantitative significance of gelatinous zooplankton as pelagic consumers. In "Flows of energy and materials in marine ecosystems: theory and practice" (M. Fasham, ed), pp. 407-433. Plenum Press, New York.
4. Alldredge, A. L. and Madin, L. P. (1982). Pelagic tunicates: unique herbivores in the marine plankton. Bioscience 32, 655.
5. Alvariño, A. (1965). Chaetognaths. Oceanography and Marine Biology, an Annual Review 3, 115-194.
6. Andersen, C. M. and Nielsen, T. G. (1997). Hatching rates of the egg-carrying estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 160, 283-289.
7. Andersen, V. (1985). Filtration and ingestion rates of Salpa fusiformis Cuvier (Tunicata: Thaliacea): effects of size, individual weight and algal concentration. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 87, 13-29.
8. Anger, K., Laasch, N., Püschel, C. and Schorn, F. (1983). Changes in biomass and chemical composition of spider crab (Hyas araneus) larvae reared in the laboratory. Marine Ecology Progress Series 12, 91-101.
9. Arai, M. N. (1980). Growth rates of Aequorea medusae. In "Developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates" (P. Tardent and R. Tardent, eds), pp. 163-169. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.
10. Arai, M. N. (1997). A functional biology of Scyphozoa. Chapman and Hall, London.
11. Ayukai, T. (1988). Egg production by the planktonic calanoid copepod Acartia omorii in Onagawa Harbor during Spring-Summer. Bulletin of the Plankton Society Japan 35, 127-132.
12. Båmstedt, U. (1986). Chemical composition and energy content. In "The biological chemistry of marine copepods" (E. D. S. Corner and S. C. M. O'Hara, eds), pp. 1-58. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
13. Båmstedt, U. and Skjoldal, H. R. (1980). RNA concentration of zooplankton: relationship with size and growth. Limnology and Oceanography 25, 304-316.
14. Banse, K. (1982). Mass-scaled rates of respiration and intrinsic growth in very small invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 9, 281-297.
15. Banse, K. (1995). Zooplankton: pivotal role in the control of ocean production. ICES Journal of Marine Science 52, 265-277.
16. Banse, K. and Mosher, S. (1980). Adult body mass and annual production/biomass relationships of field populations. Ecological Monographs 50, 355-379.
17. Bautista, B., Harris, R., Rodriguez, V. and Guerrero, F. (1994). Temporal variability in copepod fecundity during two different spring bloom periods in coastal waters off Plymouth (SW England). Journal of Plankton Research 16, 1367-1377.
18. Beckman, B. R. and Peterson, W. T. (1986). Egg production by Acartia tonsa in Long Island Sound. Journal of Plankton Research 8, 917-925.
19. Beers, J. R. (1966). Studies on the chemical composition of the major zooplankton groups in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Limnology and Oceanography 11, 20-528.
20. Berggreen, U., Hansen, B. and Kiørboe, T. (1988). Food size spectra, ingestion and growth of the copepod Acartia tonsa during development: implications for determination of copepod production. Marine Biology 99, 341-352.
21. Calbet, A. and Agustí, S. (1999). Latitudinal changes of copepod egg production rates in Atlantic waters: temperature and food availability as the main driving factors. Marine Ecology Progress Series 181, 155-162.
22. Calbet, A., Alcaraz, M., Saiz, E., Estrada, M. and Trepat, I. (1996). Planktonic herbivorous food webs in the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean): temporal variability and comparison of indices of phyto-zooplankton coupling based on state variables and rate processes. Journal of Plankton Research 18, 2329-2347.
23. Cetta, C. M., Madin, L. P. and Kremer, P. (1986). Respiration and excretion of oceanic salps. Marine Biology 91, 529-537.
24. Clarke, C. and Roff, J. C. (1990). Abundance and biomass of herbivorous zooplankton off Kingston, Jamaica, with estimates of their annual production. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 31, 423-437.
25. Conover, R. J. (1988). Comparative life histories in the genera Calanus and Neocalanus in high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Hydrobiologia 167/168, 127-142.
26. Conover, R. J. and Lalli, C. M. (1974). Feeding and growth in Clione limacina (Phipps), a pteropod mollusc. II. Assimilation, metabolism, and growth efficiency. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 16, 131-154.
27. Curl, H. Jr. (1962). Standing crops of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and transfer between trophic levels, in continental shelf waters south of New York. Rapports et Procès-verbaux des Réunions - Commission Internationale pour l'exploration Scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée 153, 183-189.
28. Daan, R. (1986). Food intake and growth of Sarsia tubulosa (Sars, 1835), with quantitative estimates of predation on copepod populations. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 20, 67-74.
29. Dagg, M. J. (1976). Complete carbon and nitrogen budgets for the carnivorous amphipod, Calliopius laeviusculus (Krøyer). Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie 61, 297-357.
30. Deibel, D. R. (1980). Feeding, growth and swarm dynamics of neritic tunicates from the Gerogia Bight. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens. 156pp.
31. Deibel, D. R. (1982a). Laboratory determined mortality, fecundity and growth rates of Thalia democratica Forskal, and the doliolid, Dolioletta gegenbauri Uljanin (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Journal of Plankton Research 4, 143-153.
32. Deibel, D. R. (1982b). Laboratory-measured grazing and ingestion rates of the salp, Thalia democratica Forskal, and the doliolid, Dolioletta gegenbauri Uljanin (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Journal of Plankton Research 4, 189-201.
33. Deibel, D. R. (1998). Feeding and metabolism of Appendicularia. In "The biology of pelagic tunicates" (Q. Bone, ed.), pp 81-103. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
34. Edmondson, W. T. (1960). Reproductive rates of rotifers in natural populations. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 12, 21-77.
35. Edmondson, W. T. (1968). A graphical model for evaluating the use of the egg ratio for measuring birth and death rotes. Oecologia 1, 1-37.
36. Epifanio, C. E., Lobanoff, M. A., Connaughton, V. P. and Welch, J. M. (1994). Growth and development of Atlantic mud crab larvae fed natural zooplankton prey. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 180, 165-174.
37. Fuiman, L. A. (1983). Growth gradients in fish larvae. Journal of Fish Biology 23, 117-123.
38. Hansen, B. W. (1999). Cohort growth of the planktotrophic polychaete larvae-are they food limited? Marine Ecology Progress Series 178, 109-119.
39. Hansen, B., Bjørnsen, P. K. and Hansen, P. J. (1994). The size ratio between planktonic predators and their prey. Limnology and Oceanography 39, 395-403.
40. Hansson, L. J. and Norrman, B. (1995). Release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by the scyphozoan jellyfish Aurelia aurita and its potential influence on the production of planktic bacteria. Marine Biology 121, 527-532.
41. Haq, S. M. (1965). The larval development of Oithonina nana. Journal of Zoology 146, 555-566.
42. Harbison, G. R. and Gilmer, R. W. (1976). The feeding rates of the pelagic tunicate Pegea confederata and two other salps. Limnology and Oceanography 21, 517-528.
43. Harbison, G. R. and Miller, R. L. (1986). Not all ctenophores are hermaphrodites. Studies on the systematics, distribution, sexuality and development of two species of Ocyropsis. Marine Biology 90, 413-424.
44. Heron, A. C. (1972). Population ecology of a colonizing species. The pelagic tunicate Thalia democratica. I. Individual growth rate and generation time. Oecologia 10, 269-293.
45. Heron, A. C. and Benham, E. E. (1984). Individual growth rates of salps in three populations. Journal of Plankton Research 6, 811-828.
46. Hirche, H.-J. (1991). Distribution of dominant calanoid copepod species in the Greenland Sea during late fall. Polar Biology 11, 351-362.
47. Hirche, H.-J. and Bohrer, R. N. (1987). Reproduction of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis in Fram Strait. Marine Biology 94, 11-17.
48. Hirota, J. (1972). Laboratory culture and metabolism of the planktonic ctenophore, Pleurobrachia bachei A. Agassiz. In "Biological oceanography of the Northern North Pacific Ocean" (A. Y. Takenouti, ed.), pp. 465-484. Idemitsu Shoten, Tokyo.
49. Hirst, A. G. and Lampitt, R. S. (1998). Towards a global model of in situ weight-specific growth in marine planktonic copepods. Marine Biology 132, 247-257.
50. Hirst, A. G. and Lucas, C. H. (1998). Salinity influences body weight quantification in the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita: important implications for body weight determination in gelatinous zooplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series 165, 259-269.
51. Hirst, A. G. and McKinnon, A. D. (2001). Does egg production represent adult female copepod growth? A call to account for body weight changes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 223, 179-199.
52. Hirst, A. G. and Sheader, M. (1997). Are in situ weight-specific growth rates body size independent in marine planktonic copepods? A re-analysis of the global syntheses and a new empirical model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 154, 155-165.
53. Hopcroft, R. R. and Roff, J. C. (1990). Phytoplankton size fractions in a tropical neritic ecosystem near Kingston, Jamaica. Journal of Plankton Researeh 12, 1069-1088.
54. Hopcroft, R. R. and Roff, J. C. (1995). Zooplankton growth rates: extraordinary production by the larvacean Oikopleura dioica in tropical waters. Journal of Plankton Research 17, 205-220.
55. Hopcroft, R. R. and Roff, J. C. (1998a). Production of tropical larvaceans in Kingston Harbour, Jamaica: are we ignoring an important secondary producer? Journal of Plankton Research 20, 557-569.
56. Hopcroft, R. R. and Roff, J. C. (1998b). Zooplankton growth rates: the influence of female size and resources on egg production of tropical marine copepods. Marine Biology 132, 79-86.
57. Hopcroft, R. R. and Roff, J. C. (1998c). Zooplankton growth rates: the influence of size in nauplii of tropical marine copepods. Marine Biology 132, 87-96.
58. Hopcroft, R. R., Roff, J. C. and Bouman, H. A. (1998a). Zooplankton growth rates: the larvaceans Appendicularia, Fritillaria and Oikopleura in tropical waters. Journal of Plankton Research 20, 539-555.
59. Hopcroft, R. R., Roff, J. C., Webber, M. K. and Witt, J. D. S. (1998b). Zooplankton growth rates: the influence of size and resources in tropical marine copepodites. Marine Biology 132, 67-77.
60. Hopkins, C. C. E., Tande, K. S. and Grønvik, S. (1984). Ecological investigations of the zooplankton community of Balsfjorden, Northern Norway: an analysis of growth and overwintering tactics in relation to niche and environment in Metridia longa (Lubbock), Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus), Thysanoessa inermis (Krøyer) and T. raschi (M. Sars). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 82, 77-99.
61. Huntley, M. and Boyd, C. (1984). Food-limited growth of marine zooplankton. The American Naturalist 124, 455-478.
62. Huntley, M. E. and Lopez, M. D. G. (1992). Temperature-dependent production of marine copepods: a global synthesis. The American Naturalist 140, 201-242.
63. Hyman, L. H. (1959). "The Invertebrates, Vol. V". McGraw-Hill, New York.
64. Ikeda, T. (1991). Assimilated carbon budget for the hyperiid amphipod Themisto japonica (Bovallius) from the Japan Sea as influenced by temperature. Journal of the Oceanographic Society of Japan 4, 7-16.
65. Ikeda, T. (1985). Metabolic rates of epipelagic marine zooplankton as a function of body mass and temperature. Marine Biology 85, 1-11.
66. Ikeda, T. and Mitchell, A. W. (1982). Oxygen uptake, ammonia excretion and phosphate excretion by krill and other Antarctic zooplankton in relation to their body size and chemical composition. Marine Biology 71, 283-298.
67. Ikeda, T., Dixon, P. and Kirkwood, J. (1985). Laboratory observations of moulting, growth and maturation in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana). Polar Biology 4, 1-18.
68. Ikeda, T., Kanno, Y., Ozaki, K. and Shinada, A. (2001). Metabolic rates of epi-pelagic marine copepods as a function of body mass and temperature. Marine Biology 139, 587-596.
69. Jónasdóttir, S. H., Fields, D. and Pantoja, S. (1995). Copepod egg production in Long Island Sound, USA, as a function of the chemical composition of seston. Marine Ecology Progress Series 119, 87-98.
70. Kamler, E. (1992). "Early life history of fish. An energetics approach". Chapman & Hall, London.
71. Katona, S. K. (1970). Growth characteristics of the copepods Eurytemora affinis and E. herdmani in laboratory cultures. Helgoländer Wissenchaftliche Meeresunter sudrungen 20, 373-384.
72. King, K. R. (1982). The population biology of the larvacean Oikopleura dioica in enclosed water columns. In "Marine mesocosms: biological and chemical research in experimental ecosystems" (G. D. Grice and M. R. Reeve, eds), pp.341-351. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
73. Kiørboe, T and Sabatini, M. (1995). Scaling of fecundity, growth and development in marine planktonic copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 120, 285-298.
74. Koski, M. and Kuosa, H. (1999). The effect of temperature, food concentration and female size on the egg production of the planktonic copepod Acartia bifilosa. Journal of Plankton Research 21, 1779-1789.
75. Larson, R. J. (1986). Water content, organic content, and carbon and nitrogen composition of medusae from the northeast Pacific. Journal of the Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 99, 107-120.
76. Larson, R. J. (1991). Diet, prey selection and daily rations of Stomolophus meleagris, a filter feeding Scyphomedusae from the NE Gulf of Mexico. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 32, 511-525.
77. Lasker, R. (1966). Feeding, growth, respiration, and carbon utilization of a euphausiid crustacean. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 23, 1291-1317.
78. Liang, D. and Uye, S. (1996a). Population dynamics and production of the planktonic copepods in a eutrophic inlet of the Inland Sea of Japan. II. Acartia omorii. Marine Biology 125, 109-117.
79. Liang, D. and Uye, S. (1996b). Population dynamics and production of the planktonic copepods in a eutrophic inlet of the Inland Sea of Japan. III. Paracalanus sp. Marine Biology 127, 219-227.
80. Liang, D., Uye, S. and Onbé, T. (1994). Production and loss of eggs in the calanoid copepod Centropages abdominalis Sato in Fukuyama Harbour, the Inland Sea of Japan. Bulletin of the Plankton Society of Japan 41, 131-142.
81. Longhurst, A. R. (1985). The structure and evolution of planktonic communities. Progress in Oceanography 15, 1-35.
82. Lucas, C. H. and Williams, J. A. (1994). Population dynamics of the scyphomedusae Aurelia aurita in Southampton Water. Journal of Plankton Research 16, 879-895.
83. Lucas, C. H., Hirst, A. G. and Williams, J. A. (1997). Plankton dynamics and Aurelia aurita production in two contrasting ecosystems: comparisons and consequences. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 45, 209-219.
84. Madin, L. P. and Deibel, D. (1998). Feeding and energetics of Thaliacea. In "The biology of pelagic tunicates" (Q. Bone, ed.), pp. 81-103. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
85. Mauchline, J. (1998). The biology of calanoid copepods. Advances in Marine Biology 33, 1-710.
86. McKinnon, A. D. and Klumpp, D. W. (1998). Mangrove zooplankton of North Queensland, Australia. II Copepod egg production and diet. Hydrobiologia 362, 145-160.
87. McLaren, I. A., Sevigny, J.-M. and Frost, B. W. (1987). Evolutionary and ecological significance of genome sizes in the copepod genus Pseudocalanus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, 565-569.
88. McLaren, I. A., Sevigny, J.-M. and Corkett, C. J. (1988). Body size, development rates, and genome sizes among Calanus species Hydrobiologia 167/168, 275-284.
89. McManus, G. B. and Foster, C. A. (1998). Seasonal and fine-scale spatial variations in egg production and triacylglycerol content of the copepod Acartia tonsa in a river-dominated estuary and its coastal plume. Journal of Plankton Research 20, 767-785.
90. Mullin, M. M. (1983). In situ measurement of filtering rates of the salp, Thalia democratica, on phytoplankton and bacteria. Journal of Plankton Research 5,279-288.
91. Newbury, T. K. (1978). Consumption and growth rates of chaetognaths and copepods in subtropical oceanic waters. Pacific Science 32, 61-78.
92. Nielsen, T. G. and Sabatini, M. (1996). Role of cyclopoid copepods Oithona spp. in North Sea plankton communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 139, 79-93.
93. Ohman, M. D. and Runge, J. A. (1994). Sustained fecundity when phytoplankton resources are in short supply: omnivory by Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Limnology and Oceanography 39, 21-36.
94. Olesen, N. J. (1995). Clearance potential of jellyfish Aurelia aurita, and predation impact on zooplankton in a shallow fjord. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124, 63-72.
95. Olesen, N. J., Purcell, J. E. and Stoecker, D. K. (1996). Feeding and growth by ephyrae of scyphomedusae Chrysaora quinquecirrha. Marine Ecology Progress Series 137, 149-159.
96. Omori, M. (1969). Weight and chemical composition of some important oceanic zooplankton in the North Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology 3, 4-10.
97. Omori, M. and Ikeda, T. (1984). "Methods in marine zooplankton ecology". John Wiley & Sons, New York.
98. Øresland, V. (1986). Temporal distribution of size and maturity stages of the chaetognath Sagitta setosa in the western English Channel. Marine Ecology Progress Series 29, 55-60.
99. Paffenhöfer, G.-A. (1976). On the biology of appendicularia of the southeastern North Sea. 10th European Marine Biology Symposium. Ostend, Belgium (1975) 2, 437-455.
100. Park, C. and Landry, M. R. (1993). Egg production by the subtropical copepod Undinula vulgaris. Marine Biology 117, 415-421.
101. Parrish, K. K. and Wilson, D. F. (1978). Fecundity studies on Acartia tonsa (Copepoda, Calanoida) in standardized culture. Marine Biology 46, 65-81.
102. Parsons, T. R., Takahashi, M. and Hargrave, B. (1984). "Biological Oceanographic Processes". Pergamon Press, New York.
103. Peters, R. H. and Downing, J. A. (1984). Empirical analysis of zooplankton filtering and feeding rates. Limnology and Oceanography 29, 763-784.
104. Peters, R. H. (1983). "The ecological implications of body size". Cambridge University Press, New York.
105. Peterson, W. T. and Hutchings, L. (1995). Distribution, abundance and production of the copepod Calanus agulhensis on the Aghulas Bank in relation to spatial variations in hydrography and chlorophyll concentration. Journal of Plankton Research 17, 2275-2294.
106. Peterson, W. T. and Kimmerer, W. J. (1994). Processes controlling recruitment of the marine calanoid copepod Temora longicornis in Long Island Sound: egg production, egg mortality, and cohort survival rates. Limnology and Oceanography 39, 1594-1605.
107. Plourde, S. and Runge, J. A. (1993). Reproduction of the planktonic copepod Calanus finmarchicus in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary: relation to the life cycle of phytoplankton production and evidence for a Calanus pump. Marine Ecology Progress Series 102, 217-227.
108. Reeve, M. R. (1970). The biology of chaetognatha I. Quantitative aspects of growth and egg production in Sagitta hispida. In "Marine food chains" (H. Steele, ed), pp. 168-189. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
109. Reeve, M. R. (1977). The effect of laboratory conditions on the extrapolation of experimental measurements to the ecology of marine zooplankton V: A review. Proceedings of the Symposium on warm-water zooplankton, Goa, India: National Institute of Oceanography, pp. 528-537.
110. Reeve, M. R. (1980). Comparative experimental studies on the feeding of chaetognaths and ctenophores. Journal of Plankton Research 2, 381-393.
111. Reeve, M. R. and Baker, L. D. (1975). Production of two planktonic carnivores (chaetognath and ctenophore) in south Florida inshore waters. Fishery Bulletin, US 73, 238-248.
112. Reeve, M. R. and Walter, M. A. (1976). A large-scale experiment on the growth and predation potential of ctenophore populations. In "Coelenterate ecology and behaviour" (G. Mackie, ed), pp. 187-199. Plenum press, New York.
113. Reeve, M. R. and Walter, M. A. (1978). Nutritional ecology of ctenophores- a review of recent research. Advances in Marine Biology 15, 249-287.
114. Richardson, A. J. and Verheye, H. M. (1998). The relative importance of food and temperature to copepod egg production and somatic growth in the southern Benguela upwelling system. Journal of Plankton Research 20, 2379-2399.
115. Ross, M. (1982). Energetics of Euphausia pacifica. II. Complete carbon and nitrogen budgets at 8° and 12°C throughout the life span. Marine Biology 68, 15-23.
116. Runge, J. A. and Roff, J. C. (2000). The measurement of growth and reproductive rates. In "ICES Zooplankton Methodology Manual" (R. P. Harris, P. H. Wiebe, J. Lenz, H. R. Skjoldal and M. Huntley, eds), pp. 401-454. Academic Pres, San Diego.
117. Russell, F. S. (1932). On the biology of Sagitta II. The breeding and growth of Sagitta setosa J. Müller in the Plymouth area. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 18, 555-558.
118. Sabatini, M. and Kiørboe, T. (1994). Egg production, growth and development of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona similis. Journal of Plankton Research 16, 1329-1351.
119. Saiz, E., Calbet, A., Trepat, I., Irigoien, X. and Alcaraz, M. (1997). Food availability as a potential source of bias in the egg production method for copepods. Journal of Plankton Research 19, 1-14.
120. Silver, M. W. (1971). The habitat of Salpa fusiformis (Chordata: Tunicata) in the California Current as defined by stomach content studies and the effect of salp swarms on the food supply of the plankton community. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, San Diego. 135pp.
121. Straile, D. (1997). Gross growth efficiencies of protozoan and metazoan zooplankton and their dependence on food concentration, predator-prey weight-ratio, and taxonomic group. Limnology and Oceanography 42, 1375-1385.
122. Tanasichuk, R. W. (1998a). Interannual variation in the population biology and productivity of Euphausia pacifica in Barkley Sound, Canada, with special reference to the 1992 and 1993 warm ocean years. Marine Ecology Progress Series 173, 163-180.
123. Tomita, M., Ikeda, T. and Shiga, N. (1999). Production of Oikopleura longicauda (Tunicata: Appendicularia) in Toyama Bay, southern Japan Sea. Journal of Plankton Research 21, 2421-2430.
124. Tsuda, A. and Nemoto, T. (1992). Distribution and growth of salps in a Kuroshio warm-core ring during summer 1987. Deep-Sea Research 39 (Suppl. 1), S219-S229.
125. Uye, S.-I. (1981). Fecundity studies of neritic calanoid copepods Acartia clausi Giesbrecht and A. steueri Smirnov: a simple empirical model of daily egg production. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 50, 255-271.
126. Uye, S.-I. and Ichino, S. (1995). Seasonal variations in abundance, size composition, biomass and production rate of Oikopleura dioica (Fol) (Tunicata: Appendicularia) in a temperate eutrophic inlet. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 189, 1-11.
127. Uye, S.-I. and Sano, K. (1995). Seasonal reproductive biology of the small cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae in a temperate eutrophic inlet. Marine Ecology Progress Series 118, 121-128.
128. Uye, S., Iwamoto, N., Ueda, T., Tamaki, H. and Nakahira, K. (1999). Geographical variations in the trophic structure of the planktonic community along a eutrophic-mesotrophic-oligotrophic transect. Fisheries Oceanography 2:3, 227-237.
129. Vidal, J. (1980). Physioecology of zooplankton. I. Effects of phytoplankton concentration, temperature, an body size on the growth rate of Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus sp. Marine Biology 56, 111-134.
130. White, J. R. and Roman, M. R. (1992). Seasonal study of grazing by metazoan zooplankton in the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 86, 239-249.
131. Wiebe, P. H., Madin, L. P., Haury, L. R., Harbison, G. R. and Philbin, L. M. (1979). Diel vertical migration by Salpa aspera: Potential for large-scale particulate organic matter transport to the deep sea. Marine Biology 53, 249-255.