Horror in Our Time: Images of the concentration camps in the British media, 1945

Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 205-253

  Caven, Hannah ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038353238     PISSN: 01439685     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01439680120069399     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. The footage of the concentration camp at Belsen, which was taken by the British Army Film and Photographic Unit, is now held at the Imperial War Museum, London.
2. Ian Grant, Cameramen at War (Cambridge, 1980), p. 8.
3. War Office Assignment No. 907, 10 December 1942, Department of Documents, Imperial War Museum, London (hereafter, IWM, Dept of Docs).
4. Grant, Cameramen at War, p. 18.
5. Eberhard Kolb, Bergen-Belsen (Hanover, 1962), p. 33.
6. Jon Bridgman, The End of the Holocaust: the liberation of the camps (London, 1990), p. 37.
7. INF 1/636, Figures from the Headquarters of the 12th Army Group; 25 May 1945, Public Record Office, London (hereafter PRO).
8. Bridgman, The End of the Holocaust, pp. 57-58.
9. The dope sheets of the Belsen cameramen are held uncatalogued in the Imperial War Museum, Department of Photographs (hereafter IWM, Dept of Photos).
10. Dope sheet, 26 April 1945, IWM, Dept of Photos.
11. Caption for photograph BU 3734, IWM, Dept of Photos.
12. Reel 4833/7 Imperial War Museum, Department of Sound Records (hereafter IWM, Dept of SR).
13. The Sunday Times, 19 February 1984, p. 5.
14. Leslie H. Hardman, The Survivors: the story of the Belsen remnant (London, 1958), p. 12.
15. Reel 4302/4, IWM, Dept of SR.
16. Martin Gilbert, The Second World War (London, 1989), p. 578.
17. Dope sheet, 16 April 1945, IWM, Dept of Photos.
18. John Silverman, The Taste of War: Margaret Bourke-White (London, 1985), p. 263.
19. Dope sheet, 17 April 1945, IWM, Dept of Photos.
20. Imperial War Museum, The Relief of Belsen: April 1945, eye witness accounts (London, 1991), p. 6.
21. Derrick Sington, Belsen Uncovered (London, 1946), p. 25.
22. Reel 4833/7, IWM, Dept of SR.
23. Sington, Belsen Uncovered, pp. 40-41.
24. Hardman, The Survivors, p. 54-55.
25. Reel 7481/2, IWM, Dept of SR.
26. Silverman, The Taste of War, p. 261.
27. Thierenstadt was an unusual camp in Czechoslovakia which was set up as a 'model' camp by the Nazis. One of the features of the camp was that it allowed inmates to engage in artistic pursuits such as painting and theatre, which were then shown as examples of the good conditions within the camp, to foreign observers. However, most of the inmates were subsequently transported to other, more typical concentration camps, where conditions were much worse.
28. Alfred Kantor, The Book of Alfred Kantor: an artist's journal of the holocaust (London, 1987), unpaged introduction.
29. Dope sheet, 20 April 1945, IWM, Dept of Photos.
30. Imperial War Museum, The Relief of Belsen, p. 28.
31. Sunday Express, 17 March 1946, Weiner Library Cuttings Collection.
32. Picture BU 3722, IWM, Dept of Photos.
33. Letter from Sergeant Midgeley, 18 April 1945, p. 13, IWM, Dept of Docs.
34. Dope sheet, 18 April 1945, IWM, Dept of Docs.
35. Sergeant Midgeley, pp. 10-11, IWM, Dept of Docs.
36. Correspondence from Leslie Cole attached to drawing LD5105 'SS guards collecting bodies' Imperial War Museum, Department of Art (hereafter IWM, Dept of Art).
37. Dope sheet, 24 April 1945, IWM, Dept of Photos.
38. Caption for photograph BU 4262, IWM, Dept of Photos.
39. Leslie Cole correspondence attached to drawing LD 5104 'Belsen camp - camp for women', IWM, Dept of Art.
40. Caption for photograph BU 7802, IWM, Dept of Photos.
41. Dope sheet, 22 April 1945, and caption for photograph BU 4237, IWM, Dept of Photos.
42. LD 5468, 'The laundry', IWM, Dept of Art.
43. Dope sheet, 22 April 1945, and see Fig. 5.
44. Caption for photograph BU 6368, IWM, Dept of Photos.
45. Dope sheet, 27 April 1945, IWM, Dept of Photos.
46. Caption for photograph BU 4841, IWM, Dept of Photos.
47. Dope sheet, 18 April 1945, IWM, Dept of Photos.
48. Reel 7481/2 and 4304, IWM, Dept of SR.
49. War Report: a record of dispatches broadcast by the BBC's war correspondents with the Allied Expeditionary Force (Oxford, 1946), p. 402.
50. Caption for photograph BU 4002 (xc) and dope sheet, 17 April 1945, IWM, Dept of Photos.
51. Caption for photograph BU 4002, IWM, Dept of Photos.
52. John Taylor, War Photography: realism in the British press (London, 1991), p. 63.
53. L. Mial (ed.), Richard Dimbleby Broadcaster (London, 1966), p. 47.
54. Jonathan Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby, A Biography (London, 1976), p. 194.
55. PRO: INF 1/636 Letter from Mr Adams, 11 April 1945. Mr Cummins was the editor of British Paramount News while Sir Gordon Craig and Mr Sanger represented British Movietone News.
56. Jean Seaton, The BBC and the Holocaust, European Journal of Communication, 2 (1987), p. 56.
57. HRM Short and Stephen Dolezel, Hitler's Fall: the newsreel witness (London, 1988), p. 35.
58. PRO: INF 1/251 Part 4; 25 July 1941, Plan to combat the apathetic outlook of 'What have I got to lose even if Germany wins?'
59. The Mass Observation Archive is a rather idiosyncratic collection of public opinion polls. The archive contains some reports which were the result of questionnaires; however, some of the material collected comes from the personal reports of 'observers' who overheard conversations, or recorded diaries on their own and others' activities.
60. D5173, 31 October 1939, Mass Observation Archive, Sussex University (hereafter MOA).
61. MOA, D5276, 3 November 1939.
62. Manchester Guardian, 6 November 1939, letters.
63. PRO: INF 1/251 Part 4, 25 July 1941, Plan to combat the apathetic outlook of 'What have I got to lose even if Germany wins?'
64. Evening Standard, 18 April 1945, p. 3.
65. Illustrated London News, 28 April 1945.
66. Daily Telegraph, 21 April 1945, front page.
67. The News Chronicle, 3 May 1945, p. 3.
68. Time and Tide, 19 May 1945, pp. 412-413.
69. The Times, 20 April 1945, p. 4.
70. New York Times, 22 April 1945, p. 13.
71. Martin Gilbert, W.S. Churchill Volume II: the road of victory 1941-1945 (London, 1989), pp. 1302-1305.
72. Quoted in Sunday Telegraph, 15 January 1995, p. 19.
73. The Times, 6 June 1947, p. 6.
74. Oxford Mail, 20 April 1945; Weiner Library Cuttings Collection.
75. Manchester Guardian, 26 April 1945, p. 8.
76. Reynolds News, 22 April 1945; Weiner Library Cuttings Collection.
77. Sunday Express, 22 April 1945; Weiner Library Cuttings Collection.
78. Manchester Guardian, 2 May 1945, p. 6.
79. Jerry Kuehl, Film as evidence - a review, History Workshop, 2 (Autumn 1976), pp. 135-139.
80. I have viewed the material produced by Movietone, Gaumont and Paramount. However, the Universal newsreels of the camps are part of the sequence that was not transferred to archives. I have been unable to see the Pathé footage, but there is no reason to suspect that it differs greatly from the material produced by the other companies, because it all came from a common pool of footage.
81. Paul Smith, The Historian and Film (Cambridge, 1976), p. 60.
82. Daily Herald, 28 April 1945.
83. Movietone Film Library, Atrocities - the evidence, index card and commentary.
84. Reuters Film Library, Gaumont-British News, Horror in Our Time, Issue 1181, released 30 April 1945.
85. British Film Institute, British Movietone News, Atrocities - the evidence, Issue 830 and 830a, released 30 April 1945.
86. Reuters Film Library, Paramount News, Proof Positive, Issue 1478, released 30 April 1945.
87. Paramount News, Proof Positive, indicated on card number 2.
88. Movietone Film Library, Atrocities - the evidence, index card commentary.
89. Reuters Film Library, Proof Positive, index card commentary.
90. Reuters Film Library, Gaumont-British, Horror in Our Time. See also Fig. 13.
91. British Film Institute, British News Supplement for the Occupied Territories.
92. Sunday Express, 129 April 1945; Weiner Library Cuttings Collection.
93. Mass Observation Archive, 1 FR 2228.
94. MOA, FR2228, pp. 17-18.
95. MOA, FR2248.
96. MOA, FR2248, p. 1.
97. MOA, FR2248, pp. 1-2.
98. MOA, FR2248, p. 2.
99. MOA, FR2248, p. 3.
100. See, Fig. 13.
101. MOA, FR2248, p. 4.
102. MOA, FR2248, p. 5.
103. MOA, FR2248, p. 6.
104. MOA, FR2248, p. 8.
105. MOA, FR2248, p. 9.
106. The Independent, 15 April 1995, p. 15.
107. News Chronicle, 26 April 1945.
108. Daily Herald, 30 April 1945.