Politics, diplomacy and the cult of relics in Venice and the northern Adriatic in the first half of the ninth century

Early Medieval Europe

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 369-386

  Osborne, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

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EID: 0038334466     PISSN: 09639462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-0254.00053     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Many cities adopted their first bishop as primary patron: see A.M. Orselii, 'II santo parrono cittadino: gencsi c sviluppo del patrocinio del vescovo nei secoli VI e VII', in Agiografia altomedievale (Bologna, 1976), pp. 85-104; J.-C. Picard, Le souvenir des évêques: sépultures, listes épiscopates et culte des évêques en Italie du Nord des origines au Xe siècle (Rome, 1988); and P. Golinelli, 'II comune italiano e il culto del santo cittadino', in J. Petersohn (ed.), Politik und Heiligenverehrung im Hochmittelalter (Sigmarigen, 1994), pp. 573-93 esp. pp. 576-8. For the same phenomenon in the later Middle Ages, see D. Webb, Patrons and Defenders: the Saints in the Italian City States (London, 1996).
2. Many cities adopted their first bishop as primary patron: see A.M. Orselii, 'II santo parrono cittadino: gencsi c sviluppo del patrocinio del vescovo nei secoli VI e VII', in Agiografia altomedievale (Bologna, 1976), pp. 85-104; J.-C. Picard, Le souvenir des évêques: sépultures, listes épiscopates et culte des évêques en Italie du Nord des origines au Xe siècle (Rome, 1988); and P. Golinelli, 'II comune italiano e il culto del santo cittadino', in J. Petersohn (ed.), Politik und Heiligenverehrung im Hochmittelalter (Sigmarigen, 1994), pp. 573-93 esp. pp. 576-8. For the same phenomenon in the later Middle Ages, see D. Webb, Patrons and Defenders: the Saints in the Italian City States (London, 1996).
3. Many cities adopted their first bishop as primary patron: see A.M. Orselii, 'II santo parrono cittadino: gencsi c sviluppo del patrocinio del vescovo nei secoli VI e VII', in Agiografia altomedievale (Bologna, 1976), pp. 85-104; J.-C. Picard, Le souvenir des évêques: sépultures, listes épiscopates et culte des évêques en Italie du Nord des origines au Xe siècle (Rome, 1988); and P. Golinelli, 'II comune italiano e il culto del santo cittadino', in J. Petersohn (ed.), Politik und Heiligenverehrung im Hochmittelalter (Sigmarigen, 1994), pp. 573-93 esp. pp. 576-8. For the same phenomenon in the later Middle Ages, see D. Webb, Patrons and Defenders: the Saints in the Italian City States (London, 1996).
4. Many cities adopted their first bishop as primary patron: see A.M. Orselii, 'II santo parrono cittadino: gencsi c sviluppo del patrocinio del vescovo nei secoli VI e VII', in Agiografia altomedievale (Bologna, 1976), pp. 85-104; J.-C. Picard, Le souvenir des évêques: sépultures, listes épiscopates et culte des évêques en Italie du Nord des origines au Xe siècle (Rome, 1988); and P. Golinelli, 'II comune italiano e il culto del santo cittadino', in J. Petersohn (ed.), Politik und Heiligenverehrung im Hochmittelalter (Sigmarigen, 1994), pp. 573-93 esp. pp. 576-8. For the same phenomenon in the later Middle Ages, see D. Webb, Patrons and Defenders: the Saints in the Italian City States (London, 1996).
5. L. Duchesne (ed.), Le Liber Pontificalis, Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris 1886-92), repr. with a third volume, ed. C. Vogel (Paris, 1955-7), I, p. 239. See also Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend, tr. W. Ryan (Princeton, NJ, 1993), I, p. 339. It would later be claimed that the celestial patrons of the city, Saints Peter and Paul, had appeared to Attila in a vision, with their weapons drawn (as depicted in the sixteenth century mural by Raphael in the Stanza dell'Incendio in the Vatican Palace).
6. L. Duchesne (ed.), Le Liber Pontificalis, Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris 1886-92), repr. with a third volume, ed. C. Vogel (Paris, 1955-7), I, p. 239. See also Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend, tr. W. Ryan (Princeton, NJ, 1993), I, p. 339. It would later be claimed that the celestial patrons of the city, Saints Peter and Paul, had appeared to Attila in a vision, with their weapons drawn (as depicted in the sixteenth century mural by Raphael in the Stanza dell'Incendio in the Vatican Palace).
7. N. Baynes, 'The Supernatural Defenders of Constantinople', Analecta Bollandiana 67 (1949), pp. 165-77 [repr. in Byzantine Studies and Other Essays (London, 1955), pp. 248-60]. For the approximately contemporary development of a similar role for St Demetrius at Thessaloniki, see R. Cormack, Writing in Gold: Byzantine Society and its Icons (London, 1985), pp. 50-94.
8. N. Baynes, 'The Supernatural Defenders of Constantinople', Analecta Bollandiana 67 (1949), pp. 165-77 [repr. in Byzantine Studies and Other Essays (London, 1955), pp. 248-60]. For the approximately contemporary development of a similar role for St Demetrius at Thessaloniki, see R. Cormack, Writing in Gold: Byzantine Society and its Icons (London, 1985), pp. 50-94.
9. N. Baynes, 'The Supernatural Defenders of Constantinople', Analecta Bollandiana 67 (1949), pp. 165-77 [repr. in Byzantine Studies and Other Essays (London, 1955), pp. 248-60]. For the approximately contemporary development of a similar role for St Demetrius at Thessaloniki, see R. Cormack, Writing in Gold: Byzantine Society and its Icons (London, 1985), pp. 50-94.
10. Laudes mediolanensis civitatis, ed. F. Dümmler, M[onumenta] G[ermaniae] H[istorica], Poetae Latini aevi Carolini I (Berlin, 1881, repr. 1978), pp. 24-6; Versus de Verona, Versum de Mediolani Civitate, ed. G.B. Pighi (Bologna, 1960), pp. 145-7. See also J.K. Hyde, 'Medieval Descriptions of Cities', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 48 (1966), pp. 308-40, esp. pp. 312-13; and G. Fasoli, 'La coscienza civica nelle "Laudes civitatum"', in La coscienza cittadina net comuni italiani del duecento, Convegni del Centro di Studi sulla Spirituality Medievale II (Todi, 1972), pp. 9-44. A number of these saints were not of Milanese origin, but in the late fourth century their relics had been collected by Ambrose from nearby communities (Lodi, Bologna, etc.).
11. Laudes mediolanensis civitatis, ed. F. Dümmler, M[onumenta] G[ermaniae] H[istorica], Poetae Latini aevi Carolini I (Berlin, 1881, repr. 1978), pp. 24-6; Versus de Verona, Versum de Mediolani Civitate, ed. G.B. Pighi (Bologna, 1960), pp. 145-7. See also J.K. Hyde, 'Medieval Descriptions of Cities', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 48 (1966), pp. 308-40, esp. pp. 312-13; and G. Fasoli, 'La coscienza civica nelle "Laudes civitatum"', in La coscienza cittadina net comuni italiani del duecento, Convegni del Centro di Studi sulla Spirituality Medievale II (Todi, 1972), pp. 9-44. A number of these saints were not of Milanese origin, but in the late fourth century their relics had been collected by Ambrose from nearby communities (Lodi, Bologna, etc.).
12. Laudes mediolanensis civitatis, ed. F. Dümmler, M[onumenta] G[ermaniae] H[istorica], Poetae Latini aevi Carolini I (Berlin, 1881, repr. 1978), pp. 24-6; Versus de Verona, Versum de Mediolani Civitate, ed. G.B. Pighi (Bologna, 1960), pp. 145-7. See also J.K. Hyde, 'Medieval Descriptions of Cities', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 48 (1966), pp. 308-40, esp. pp. 312-13; and G. Fasoli, 'La coscienza civica nelle "Laudes civitatum"', in La coscienza cittadina net comuni italiani del duecento, Convegni del Centro di Studi sulla Spirituality Medievale II (Todi, 1972), pp. 9-44. A number of these saints were not of Milanese origin, but in the late fourth century their relics had been collected by Ambrose from nearby communities (Lodi, Bologna, etc.).
13. Laudes mediolanensis civitatis, ed. F. Dümmler, M[onumenta] G[ermaniae] H[istorica], Poetae Latini aevi Carolini I (Berlin, 1881, repr. 1978), pp. 24-6; Versus de Verona, Versum de Mediolani Civitate, ed. G.B. Pighi (Bologna, 1960), pp. 145-7. See also J.K. Hyde, 'Medieval Descriptions of Cities', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 48 (1966), pp. 308-40, esp. pp. 312-13; and G. Fasoli, 'La coscienza civica nelle "Laudes civitatum"', in La coscienza cittadina net comuni italiani del duecento, Convegni del Centro di Studi sulla Spirituality Medievale II (Todi, 1972), pp. 9-44. A number of these saints were not of Milanese origin, but in the late fourth century their relics had been collected by Ambrose from nearby communities (Lodi, Bologna, etc.).
14. Laudes mediolanensis civitatis, ed. F. Dümmler, M[onumenta] G[ermaniae] H[istorica], Poetae Latini aevi Carolini I (Berlin, 1881, repr. 1978), pp. 24-6; Versus de Verona, Versum de Mediolani Civitate, ed. G.B. Pighi (Bologna, 1960), pp. 145-7. See also J.K. Hyde, 'Medieval Descriptions of Cities', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 48 (1966), pp. 308-40, esp. pp. 312-13; and G. Fasoli, 'La coscienza civica nelle "Laudes civitatum"', in La coscienza cittadina net comuni italiani del duecento, Convegni del Centro di Studi sulla Spirituality Medievale II (Todi, 1972), pp. 9-44. A number of these saints were not of Milanese origin, but in the late fourth century their relics had been collected by Ambrose from nearby communities (Lodi, Bologna, etc.).
15. MGH, Poetae Latini aevi Carolini, pp. 118-122; Versus de Verona. Versum de Mediolano Civitate, pp. 152-4. Internal evidence permits a dating between 796 and 805, during the residency of Charlemagne's son Pepin, king of Italy.
16. MGH, Poetae Latini aevi Carolini, pp. 118-122; Versus de Verona. Versum de Mediolano Civitate, pp. 152-4. Internal evidence permits a dating between 796 and 805, during the residency of Charlemagne's son Pepin, king of Italy.
17. By the mid-seventh century a series of catalogues had been compiled, listing the various saints whose tombs could be venerated in Rome's ring of suburban cemeteries; see R. Valentini and G. Zucchetti (eds.). Codice Topografico [della Città di Roma II], Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 88 (Rome, 1942), pp. 49-131. The last and most detailed of these, the De locis sanctis martyrum (c, 650), contains detailed instructions to guide the visitor.
18. De gloria martyrum, 28. (J.P. Migne (ed.), P[atrologia] L[atina] 71, col. 729). [English translation: Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs, tr. R. Van Dam (Liverpool, 1988), pp. 45-6.]
19. De gloria martyrum, 28. (J.P. Migne (ed.), P[atrologia] L[atina] 71, col. 729). [English translation: Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs, tr. R. Van Dam (Liverpool, 1988), pp. 45-6.]
20. A. Grabar, Ampoulles de Terre Sainte (Paris, 1958). The Monza treasury also preserves a list of the Roman shrines at which oil was obtained for the Lombard queen Theodelinda during the pontificate of Gregory I, as well as a few of the original papyrus labels (pittacia) attached to the ampullae: see Valcentini and Zucchetti (eds.), Codice Topografico II, pp. 29-47.
21. A. Grabar, Ampoulles de Terre Sainte (Paris, 1958). The Monza treasury also preserves a list of the Roman shrines at which oil was obtained for the Lombard queen Theodelinda during the pontificate of Gregory I, as well as a few of the original papyrus labels (pittacia) attached to the ampullae: see Valcentini and Zucchetti (eds.), Codice Topografico II, pp. 29-47.
22. See discussion of praesentia in P. Brown, The Cult of the Saints: its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (Chicago, 1981), pp. 86-105.
23. See C. Mango, 'Constantine's Mausoleum and the Translation of Relics', Byzantinische Zeitschrift 83 (1990), pp. 51-62.
24. Gregorii I papae, Registrum epistolarum IV, 30: MGH, Epistolae I (Berlin, 1891), pp. 263-6. For a full discussion of the Roman attitude towards relics at this time, see J. McCulloh, 'The Cult of Relics in the Letters and "Dialogues" of Pope Gregory the Great: a Lexicographical Study', Traditio 32 (1976), pp. 145-84; and idem, 'From Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Continuity and Change in Papal Relic Policy from the 6th to the 8th Century', in E. Dassmann and K. Suso Frank (eds.), Pietas: Festschrift für Bernhard Kötting [= Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Ergänzungsband 8 (1980)], pp. 313-24.
25. Gregorii I papae, Registrum epistolarum IV, 30: MGH, Epistolae I (Berlin, 1891), pp. 263-6. For a full discussion of the Roman attitude towards relics at this time, see J. McCulloh, 'The Cult of Relics in the Letters and "Dialogues" of Pope Gregory the Great: a Lexicographical Study', Traditio 32 (1976), pp. 145-84; and idem, 'From Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Continuity and Change in Papal Relic Policy from the 6th to the 8th Century', in E. Dassmann and K. Suso Frank (eds.), Pietas: Festschrift für Bernhard Kötting [= Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Ergänzungsband 8 (1980)], pp. 313-24.
26. Gregorii I papae, Registrum epistolarum IV, 30: MGH, Epistolae I (Berlin, 1891), pp. 263-6. For a full discussion of the Roman attitude towards relics at this time, see J. McCulloh, 'The Cult of Relics in the Letters and "Dialogues" of Pope Gregory the Great: a Lexicographical Study', Traditio 32 (1976), pp. 145-84; and idem, 'From Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Continuity and Change in Papal Relic Policy from the 6th to the 8th Century', in E. Dassmann and K. Suso Frank (eds.), Pietas: Festschrift für Bernhard Kötting [= Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Ergänzungsband 8 (1980)], pp. 313-24.
27. Liber Pontificalis, I, p. 330; W. Oakeshutt, The Mosaics of Rome from the Third to the Fourteenth Centuries (London, 1967), pp. 150-3; and G. Mackie, 'The San Venanzio Chapel in Rome and the Martyr Shrine Sequence', RACAR 23 (1996), pp. 1-13.
28. Liber Pontificalis, I, p. 330; W. Oakeshutt, The Mosaics of Rome from the Third to the Fourteenth Centuries (London, 1967), pp. 150-3; and G. Mackie, 'The San Venanzio Chapel in Rome and the Martyr Shrine Sequence', RACAR 23 (1996), pp. 1-13.
29. Liber Pontificalis, I, p. 330; W. Oakeshutt, The Mosaics of Rome from the Third to the Fourteenth Centuries (London, 1967), pp. 150-3; and G. Mackie, 'The San Venanzio Chapel in Rome and the Martyr Shrine Sequence', RACAR 23 (1996), pp. 1-13.
30. Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum VI, 48 (Migne, PL 95, col. 655).
31. This was, of course, the rationale for pilgrimage. The relationship between physical plate and the desired eulogia ('blessing') is explored by G. Vikan, Byzantine Pilgrimage Art (Washington, 1981).
32. P. Geary, Furta Sacra[: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages] (Princeton, NJ, 1978).
33. MGH, Epistolae III (Berlin, 1957), pp. 494-7 (letter of February 756).
34. See J. Osborne, '[The] Roman Catacombs in the Middle Ages', Papers of the British School at Rome 53 (1985), pp. 278-328, esp. pp. 289-91.
35. An inscription preserved in S. Prassede records the translation of some 2300 bodies in the year 817: see A. Ferrua, 'II catalogo dei martiri di S. Prassede', Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia. Rendiconti 30-1 (1957-8), pp. 129-40; and U. Nilgen, 'Die grosse Reliquieninschrift von santa Prassede. Eine quellenkritische Untersuchung zur Zeno-Kapelle', Römische Quartalschrift 69 (1974), pp. 7-19.
36. An inscription preserved in S. Prassede records the translation of some 2300 bodies in the year 817: see A. Ferrua, 'II catalogo dei martiri di S. Prassede', Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia. Rendiconti 30-1 (1957-8), pp. 129-40; and U. Nilgen, 'Die grosse Reliquieninschrift von santa Prassede. Eine quellenkritische Untersuchung zur Zeno-Kapelle', Römische Quartalschrift 69 (1974), pp. 7-19.
37. Osborne, 'Roman Catacombs in the Middle Ages', p. 294.
38. P. Geary, 'The Ninth-Century Relic Trade, [A Response to Popular Piety.']', in J. Obelkevich (ed.), Religion and the People, 800-1700 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1979), pp. 8-19. For an investigation of the Carolingian attitude towards relics in conjunction with the contemporary debate concerning the veneration of religious images, see D. Appleby, 'Holy Relic and Holy Image; Saints' Relics in the Western Controversy over Images in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries', Word & Image 8 (1991), pp. 333-43.
39. P. Geary, 'The Ninth-Century Relic Trade, [A Response to Popular Piety.']', in J. Obelkevich (ed.), Religion and the People, 800-1700 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1979), pp. 8-19. For an investigation of the Carolingian attitude towards relics in conjunction with the contemporary debate concerning the veneration of religious images, see D. Appleby, 'Holy Relic and Holy Image; Saints' Relics in the Western Controversy over Images in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries', Word & Image 8 (1991), pp. 333-43.
40. J. Guiraud, 'La commerce des reliques au commencement du IXe siècle', Mélanges G.B. De Rossi (Paris, 1892), pp. 73-95; Geary, Furta Sacra, pp. 52-8.
41. J. Guiraud, 'La commerce des reliques au commencement du IXe siècle', Mélanges G.B. De Rossi (Paris, 1892), pp. 73-95; Geary, Furta Sacra, pp. 52-8.
42. Bede, Historia ecclesiastica, III, 29, trans. B. Colgrave and R.A.B. Mynors (eds.), Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford, 1969), pp. 310-1.
43. Bede, Historia ecclesiastica, III, 29, trans. B. Colgrave and R.A.B. Mynors (eds.), Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford, 1969), pp. 310-1.
44. P. Geary, 'Sacred Commodities: the Circulation of Medeval Relics', in A. Appadurai (ed.), Commodities and Culture (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 169-91 [repr. in Geary, Living with the Dead in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY, 1994), pp. 194-218 esp. p. 210].
45. P. Geary, 'Sacred Commodities: the Circulation of Medeval Relics', in A. Appadurai (ed.), Commodities and Culture (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 169-91 [repr. in Geary, Living with the Dead in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY, 1994), pp. 194-218 esp. p. 210].
46. Liutprand of Cremona, Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana, ed. J. Becker, MGH, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum . . . separatint editi III (Hanover, 1915), pp. 175-212.
47. See A. Cameron, 'The Early Religious Policies of Justin II', in D. Baker (ed.), The Orthodox Churches and the West, Studies in Church History 13 (Oxford, 1976), pp. 51-67 [repr. in A. Cameron, Continuity and Change in Sixth-Century Byzantium (London, 1981)].
48. See A. Cameron, 'The Early Religious Policies of Justin II', in D. Baker (ed.), The Orthodox Churches and the West, Studies in Church History 13 (Oxford, 1976), pp. 51-67 [repr. in A. Cameron, Continuity and Change in Sixth-Century Byzantium (London, 1981)].
49. John the Deacon, Chronicon Venetum, ed. G. Montiolo, in Cronache Veneziane Antichissime, Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 9 (Rome, 1890), p. 62.
50. For Heliodorus, see G. Musolino, A. Niero and S. Tramontin, Santi e Beati Veneziani (Venice, 1963), pp. 65-73.
51. His remains arc still venerated in the cathedral of Torcello. The transfer of the see of the bishop of Altinum in 639 was recorded in an inscription, rediscovered during excavations in 1895: see V. Lazzarini, 'Un iscrizione torcellana del secolo VII', in Scritti di paleografia e diplomatica, 2nd edn (Padua, 1969), pp. 123-32.
52. For summaries of the political events of c. 802-12, including the pro-Frankish coup staged by the doges Obelicrius and Beatus, the restoration of Byzantine authority by Niketas, the Frankish attack on Malamocco, the second intervention of the Byzantine fleet, the transfer of the administrative seat to Rivo Alto, and the treaty between Charlemagne and Byzantium which recognized the latter's sovereignty in 'Venetia', see R. Cessi, 'Politica, Economia, Religione', in Storia di Venezia (Venice, 1957-8), II, pp. 67-476 esp. pp. 104-24; D. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice[: a Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations] (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 14-19; and T.S. Brown, 'Byzantine Italy, c.680-c.876', in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II, c.700-c.900 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 320-48 esp. pp. 338-41.
53. For summaries of the political events of c. 802-12, including the pro-Frankish coup staged by the doges Obelicrius and Beatus, the restoration of Byzantine authority by Niketas, the Frankish attack on Malamocco, the second intervention of the Byzantine fleet, the transfer of the administrative seat to Rivo Alto, and the treaty between Charlemagne and Byzantium which recognized the latter's sovereignty in 'Venetia', see R. Cessi, 'Politica, Economia, Religione', in Storia di Venezia (Venice, 1957-8), II, pp. 67-476 esp. pp. 104-24; D. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice[: a Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations] (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 14-19; and T.S. Brown, 'Byzantine Italy, c.680-c.876', in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II, c.700-c.900 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 320-48 esp. pp. 338-41.
54. For summaries of the political events of c. 802-12, including the pro-Frankish coup staged by the doges Obelicrius and Beatus, the restoration of Byzantine authority by Niketas, the Frankish attack on Malamocco, the second intervention of the Byzantine fleet, the transfer of the administrative seat to Rivo Alto, and the treaty between Charlemagne and Byzantium which recognized the latter's sovereignty in 'Venetia', see R. Cessi, 'Politica, Economia, Religione', in Storia di Venezia (Venice, 1957-8), II, pp. 67-476 esp. pp. 104-24; D. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice[: a Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations] (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 14-19; and T.S. Brown, 'Byzantine Italy, c.680-c.876', in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II, c.700-c.900 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 320-48 esp. pp. 338-41.
55. Geary, Furta Sacra, pp. 107-15.
56. Otto Demus, The Church of San Marco [in Venice] (Washington, 1960), pp. 88-100.
57. Alberto Rizzi, Vere da pozzo di Venezia (rev. edn, Venice, 1992), p. 32. The political aspects of the cult of St Mark have been well documented. For a useful overview, see A. Zettler, 'Die politischer Dimensionen des Markuskults im hochmittelalterlichen Venedig', in J. Petersohn (ed.), Politik und Heiligenverehrung im Hochmittelalter (Sigmarigen, 1994), pp. 541-71. Mark's role as a focus for civic identity is examined by A. Carile, 'La coscienza civica di Venezia nella sua prima storiografia', La coscienza cittadina nei comuni itatiani del duecento, Convegni del Centro di Studi sulla Spiritualità Medievale II (Todi, 1972), pp. 95-136.
58. Alberto Rizzi, Vere da pozzo di Venezia (rev. edn, Venice, 1992), p. 32. The political aspects of the cult of St Mark have been well documented. For a useful overview, see A. Zettler, 'Die politischer Dimensionen des Markuskults im hochmittelalterlichen Venedig', in J. Petersohn (ed.), Politik und Heiligenverehrung im Hochmittelalter (Sigmarigen, 1994), pp. 541-71. Mark's role as a focus for civic identity is examined by A. Carile, 'La coscienza civica di Venezia nella sua prima storiografia', La coscienza cittadina nei comuni itatiani del duecento, Convegni del Centro di Studi sulla Spiritualità Medievale II (Todi, 1972), pp. 95-136.
59. Alberto Rizzi, Vere da pozzo di Venezia (rev. edn, Venice, 1992), p. 32. The political aspects of the cult of St Mark have been well documented. For a useful overview, see A. Zettler, 'Die politischer Dimensionen des Markuskults im hochmittelalterlichen Venedig', in J. Petersohn (ed.), Politik und Heiligenverehrung im Hochmittelalter (Sigmarigen, 1994), pp. 541-71. Mark's role as a focus for civic identity is examined by A. Carile, 'La coscienza civica di Venezia nella sua prima storiografia', La coscienza cittadina nei comuni itatiani del duecento, Convegni del Centro di Studi sulla Spiritualità Medievale II (Todi, 1972), pp. 95-136.
60. H. Delehaye, Les légendes grecques des saints militaires (Paris, 1909), pp. 11-43; N. Oikonomides, 'Le dédoublement de Saint Théodore et les villes d'Euchaita et d'Euchaneia', Analecta Bollandiana 104 (1986), pp. 327-35; and A. Kazhdan and N. Patterson Ševčenko, 'Theodore Teron', in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (New York, 1991), pp. 2048-9.
61. H. Delehaye, Les légendes grecques des saints militaires (Paris, 1909), pp. 11-43; N. Oikonomides, 'Le dédoublement de Saint Théodore et les villes d'Euchaita et d'Euchaneia', Analecta Bollandiana 104 (1986), pp. 327-35; and A. Kazhdan and N. Patterson Ševčenko, 'Theodore Teron', in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (New York, 1991), pp. 2048-9.
62. H. Delehaye, Les légendes grecques des saints militaires (Paris, 1909), pp. 11-43; N. Oikonomides, 'Le dédoublement de Saint Théodore et les villes d'Euchaita et d'Euchaneia', Analecta Bollandiana 104 (1986), pp. 327-35; and A. Kazhdan and N. Patterson Ševčenko, 'Theodore Teron', in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (New York, 1991), pp. 2048-9.
63. Summary discussion in Demus, The Church of San Marco, pp. 20-2.
64. Antonio Niero, 'I santi patroni', in S. Tramontin, A. Niero, G. Musolino and C. Candiani (eds.), Culto dei Santi a Venezia (Venice, 1965), pp. 75-98 esp. pp. 91-5; and E. Muir, Civic Ritual [in Renaissance Venice] (Princeton, NJ, 1981), pp. 93-5, The statue on the column in the piazzetta balancing the lion of St Mark, is a late medieval pastiche which dates only from the fourteenth century: see L. Sartorio, 'San Teodoro, statua composita', Arte Veneta I (1947), pp. 132-4. Official recognition of Theodore's feast day as a civic festum solemnis was decreed by the Venetian Senate only in 1450 (Muir, Civic Ritual, pp. 93-4).
65. Antonio Niero, 'I santi patroni', in S. Tramontin, A. Niero, G. Musolino and C. Candiani (eds.), Culto dei Santi a Venezia (Venice, 1965), pp. 75-98 esp. pp. 91-5; and E. Muir, Civic Ritual [in Renaissance Venice] (Princeton, NJ, 1981), pp. 93-5, The statue on the column in the piazzetta balancing the lion of St Mark, is a late medieval pastiche which dates only from the fourteenth century: see L. Sartorio, 'San Teodoro, statua composita', Arte Veneta I (1947), pp. 132-4. Official recognition of Theodore's feast day as a civic festum solemnis was decreed by the Venetian Senate only in 1450 (Muir, Civic Ritual, pp. 93-4).
66. Antonio Niero, 'I santi patroni', in S. Tramontin, A. Niero, G. Musolino and C. Candiani (eds.), Culto dei Santi a Venezia (Venice, 1965), pp. 75-98 esp. pp. 91-5; and E. Muir, Civic Ritual [in Renaissance Venice] (Princeton, NJ, 1981), pp. 93-5, The statue on the column in the piazzetta balancing the lion of St Mark, is a late medieval pastiche which dates only from the fourteenth century: see L. Sartorio, 'San Teodoro, statua composita', Arte Veneta I (1947), pp. 132-4. Official recognition of Theodore's feast day as a civic festum solemnis was decreed by the Venetian Senate only in 1450 (Muir, Civic Ritual, pp. 93-4).
67. John the Deacon, Chronicon Venetum, ed. Monticolo, p. 139.
68. Niero, 'I santi patroni', p. 93.
69. See G. Saccardo, 'L'antica chiesa di S. Teodoro [in Venezia)', Archivio Veneto 34 (1887), pp. 91-113 esp. pp. 107-8; Demus, Church of San Marco, pp. 21-2; and G. Lorenzoni, 'Espressioni d'arte; i principali monumenti architettonici', in L. Cracco Ruggini (ed.), Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima, I (Rome, 1992), pp. 865-91 esp. pp. 875-80.
70. See G. Saccardo, 'L'antica chiesa di S. Teodoro [in Venezia)', Archivio Veneto 34 (1887), pp. 91-113 esp. pp. 107-8; Demus, Church of San Marco, pp. 21-2; and G. Lorenzoni, 'Espressioni d'arte; i principali monumenti architettonici', in L. Cracco Ruggini (ed.), Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima, I (Rome, 1992), pp. 865-91 esp. pp. 875-80.
71. See G. Saccardo, 'L'antica chiesa di S. Teodoro [in Venezia)', Archivio Veneto 34 (1887), pp. 91-113 esp. pp. 107-8; Demus, Church of San Marco, pp. 21-2; and G. Lorenzoni, 'Espressioni d'arte; i principali monumenti architettonici', in L. Cracco Ruggini (ed.), Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima, I (Rome, 1992), pp. 865-91 esp. pp. 875-80.
72. S. Tramontin, 'Il "kalendarium" veneziano', in Culto dei Santi a Venezia (Venice, 1965), pp. 275-327 esp. p. 319.
73. See Oikonomides, 'Le dédoublement'; Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, pp. 2047-9.
74. Origo civitatum Italiae sen Venetiarum (Chronicon Altinate et Chronicon Gradense), ed. R. Cessi, Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 73 (Rome, 1933), p. 145; and A. Dandolo, Chronica (per extensum descripta], ed. R. Pastorello, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XII, 1 (Bologna, 1938-58), p. 73. It is interesting to note Dandolo's comment that this church of St Theodore 'hodie infra menia ecclesie sancti Marci inclusa est'.
75. Origo civitatum Italiae sen Venetiarum (Chronicon Altinate et Chronicon Gradense), ed. R. Cessi, Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 73 (Rome, 1933), p. 145; and A. Dandolo, Chronica (per extensum descripta], ed. R. Pastorello, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XII, 1 (Bologna, 1938-58), p. 73. It is interesting to note Dandolo's comment that this church of St Theodore 'hodie infra menia ecclesie sancti Marci inclusa est'.
76. Saccardo, 'L'antica chiesa di S. Teodoro'.
77. Annales regni Francorum, ed. F. Kurze, MGH, Sciptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum (Hanover, 1895; repr. 1950), pp. 122, 124, trans. B. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor, MI, 1972), pp. 86 and 87-8;
78. Annales regni Francorum, ed. F. Kurze, MGH, Sciptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum (Hanover, 1895; repr. 1950), pp. 122, 124, trans. B. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor, MI, 1972), pp. 86 and 87-8;
79. John the Deacon, Chronicon Venetum, p. 103;
80. Dandolo, Chronica, p. 131
81. ; Nicol, Byzantium and Venice, pp. 15-16.
82. A.M. Orselli, Santità militare e culto dei santi militari nell'impero dei Romani (secoli VI-X) (Bologna, 1993).
83. H. Belting, 'Studien zum Beneventanischen Hof im 8. Jahrhunderts', Dumbarton Oaks Papers 16 (1962), pp. 141-93 esp. pp. 157-60.
84. John the Deacon, Chronicon Venetum, pp. 103-4: 'Obelierius siquidem dux per Nicetam patricium spatharii honorem suscepit ... Tunc Beatus dux, qui cum Niceta patricio Constantinopolim ivit, in Veneciam reversus, ab imperatore honore ypati condecoratus est.'
85. V. Lazzarini, 'I titoli dei dogi di Venezia', in Scritti d Palcografia e Diplomatica (rev. edn, Padua, 1969), pp. 195-226 esp. pp. 196-99.
86. Dandolo records that, in addition to the relics of Zacharias, this gift included relics of the True Cross, and of the garments of Mary and Jesus, in addition to other treasures (Chronica, pp. 142-3). The foundation diploma is published in R. Cessi (ed.), Documenti [relativi alla storia di Venezia anteriori al mille] (repr. Padua, 1991), I, pp. 92-3, no. 51. Although there is some doubt concerning its authenticity, a secure terminus ante quem of 829 is supplied by the testament of Doge Justinianus Partecipacius, who names it as a prominent beneficiary (Cessi, Documenti, pp. 93-9, no. 53). See also M. Pozza, 'Per una storia dei monasteri veneziani nei secoli VIII-XII', in F. Trolese (ed.), II Monachesimo nel Veneto medioevale, Italia Benedettina 18 (Cesena, 1998), pp. 17-38 esp. pp. 28-9.
87. Dandolo records that, in addition to the relics of Zacharias, this gift included relics of the True Cross, and of the garments of Mary and Jesus, in addition to other treasures (Chronica, pp. 142-3). The foundation diploma is published in R. Cessi (ed.), Documenti [relativi alla storia di Venezia anteriori al mille] (repr. Padua, 1991), I, pp. 92-3, no. 51. Although there is some doubt concerning its authenticity, a secure terminus ante quem of 829 is supplied by the testament of Doge Justinianus Partecipacius, who names it as a prominent beneficiary (Cessi, Documenti, pp. 93-9, no. 53). See also M. Pozza, 'Per una storia dei monasteri veneziani nei secoli VIII-XII', in F. Trolese (ed.), II Monachesimo nel Veneto medioevale, Italia Benedettina 18 (Cesena, 1998), pp. 17-38 esp. pp. 28-9.
88. 48' Daniele Farlati, Illyricum sacrum (Venice, 1751-1819), VI, p. 425; T.G. Jackson, Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria (Oxford, 1887), III, pp. 38-49; Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio. II: Commentary, ed. R.J.H. Jenkins (London, 1962), pp. 110-11.
89. 48' Daniele Farlati, Illyricum sacrum (Venice, 1751-1819), VI, p. 425; T.G. Jackson, Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria (Oxford, 1887), III, pp. 38-49; Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio. II: Commentary, ed. R.J.H. Jenkins (London, 1962), pp. 110-11.
90. 48' Daniele Farlati, Illyricum sacrum (Venice, 1751-1819), VI, p. 425; T.G. Jackson, Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria (Oxford, 1887), III, pp. 38-49; Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio. II: Commentary, ed. R.J.H. Jenkins (London, 1962), pp. 110-11.
91. The Greek passio of Tryphon has been edited by Pin Franchi de' Cavalieri, Hagiographica, Studi e Testi 19 (Rome, 1908), pp. 43-74.
92. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio, ed. G. Moravcsik and R.J.H. Jenkins, Dumbarton Oaks Texts I (Washington, 1967), p. 137.
93. Farlati, Illyricum sacrum, V, pp. 33-6; Jenkins, De administrando imperio. Commentary, p. 111. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio, I, p. 139.
94. Farlati, Illyricum sacrum, V, pp. 33-6; Jenkins, De administrando imperio. Commentary, p. 111. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio, I, p. 139.
95. Farlati, Illyricum sacrum, V, pp. 33-6; Jenkins, De administrando imperio. Commentary, p. 111. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio, I, p. 139.
96. The Historia translationis S. Anastasiae places the event in 804, but Farlari suggests that Donatus' visit to Constantinople may have been after his Aachen trip, not before it: Farlati, Illyricum sacrum, V, pp. 34-5.
97. For the inscriptions, C. Ceechelli (ed.), Catalogo delle cose d'arte e di antichità d'Italia. III: Zara (Rome, 1932), p. 25; I. Petricioli, 'Ranosrednjovjekovni natpisi iz Zadra (Inscriptions du haut moyen âge provenants de Zadar)', Diadora 2 (1960-1), pp. 251-70 esp. pp. 252-4 (cat. no. 1).
98. For the inscriptions, C. Ceechelli (ed.), Catalogo delle cose d'arte e di antichità d'Italia. III: Zara (Rome, 1932), p. 25; I. Petricioli, 'Ranosrednjovjekovni natpisi iz Zadra (Inscriptions du haut moyen âge provenants de Zadar)', Diadora 2 (1960-1), pp. 251-70 esp. pp. 252-4 (cat. no. 1).
99. Annales regni Francorum, ed. F. Kurze, pp. 120-1, trans. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles, p. 85.
100. Annales regni Francorum, ed. F. Kurze, pp. 120-1, trans. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles, p. 85.
101. For a survey of events, see Romily Jenkins, Byzantium: the Imperial Centuries, AD 610-1071 (New York, 1969), pp. 117-27. Significantly, the Chronicle of Theophanes for these years is entirely preoccupied with events on the Bulgarian and Arab frontiers, and makes no mention of the situation in the west: Theophanes, Chronographia, ed. C. De Boor (Leipzig, 1883; repr. Hildeshcim, 1980), I, pp. 476-93.
102. For a survey of events, see Romily Jenkins, Byzantium: the Imperial Centuries, AD 610-1071 (New York, 1969), pp. 117-27. Significantly, the Chronicle of Theophanes for these years is entirely preoccupied with events on the Bulgarian and Arab frontiers, and makes no mention of the situation in the west: Theophanes, Chronographia, ed. C. De Boor (Leipzig, 1883; repr. Hildeshcim, 1980), I, pp. 476-93.
103. For the creation of the theme of Dalmatia, and the larger context of the re-establishment of Byzantine naval hegemony in the Adriatic, see J. Ferluga, L'amministrazione bizantina in Dalmazia (Venice, 1970), pp. 165-89.
104. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice, pp. 17-19.
105. The principal source for the mission is the Old Slavonic Vita Constantini: see M. Kantor (ed.), Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Primes, Michigan Slavic Translations 5 (Ann Arbor, MI, 1983), pp. 23-96. For a discussion of the Moravian mission and its political context, see P. Duthilleul, L'évangélisation des Slaves. Cyrille et Méthode (Tournai, 1963), esp. 'Les réliques de Clément de Rome', pp. 44-51; A.P. Vlasto, [The] Entry of the Slavs into Christendom (Cambridge, 1970), pp. 29-57; Francis Dvornik, Byzantine Missions Among the Slavs: SS. Constantine-Cyril and Methodius (New Brunswick, NJ, 1970), pp. 103-44; and S. Nikolov, 'The Magyar Connection [or Constantine and Methodios in the Steppes]', Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 21 (1997), pp. 79-91.
106. The principal source for the mission is the Old Slavonic Vita Constantini: see M. Kantor (ed.), Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Primes, Michigan Slavic Translations 5 (Ann Arbor, MI, 1983), pp. 23-96. For a discussion of the Moravian mission and its political context, see P. Duthilleul, L'évangélisation des Slaves. Cyrille et Méthode (Tournai, 1963), esp. 'Les réliques de Clément de Rome', pp. 44-51; A.P. Vlasto, [The] Entry of the Slavs into Christendom (Cambridge, 1970), pp. 29-57; Francis Dvornik, Byzantine Missions Among the Slavs: SS. Constantine-Cyril and Methodius (New Brunswick, NJ, 1970), pp. 103-44; and S. Nikolov, 'The Magyar Connection [or Constantine and Methodios in the Steppes]', Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 21 (1997), pp. 79-91.
107. The principal source for the mission is the Old Slavonic Vita Constantini: see M. Kantor (ed.), Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Primes, Michigan Slavic Translations 5 (Ann Arbor, MI, 1983), pp. 23-96. For a discussion of the Moravian mission and its political context, see P. Duthilleul, L'évangélisation des Slaves. Cyrille et Méthode (Tournai, 1963), esp. 'Les réliques de Clément de Rome', pp. 44-51; A.P. Vlasto, [The] Entry of the Slavs into Christendom (Cambridge, 1970), pp. 29-57; Francis Dvornik, Byzantine Missions Among the Slavs: SS. Constantine-Cyril and Methodius (New Brunswick, NJ, 1970), pp. 103-44; and S. Nikolov, 'The Magyar Connection [or Constantine and Methodios in the Steppes]', Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 21 (1997), pp. 79-91.
108. The principal source for the mission is the Old Slavonic Vita Constantini: see M. Kantor (ed.), Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Primes, Michigan Slavic Translations 5 (Ann Arbor, MI, 1983), pp. 23-96. For a discussion of the Moravian mission and its political context, see P. Duthilleul, L'évangélisation des Slaves. Cyrille et Méthode (Tournai, 1963), esp. 'Les réliques de Clément de Rome', pp. 44-51; A.P. Vlasto, [The] Entry of the Slavs into Christendom (Cambridge, 1970), pp. 29-57; Francis Dvornik, Byzantine Missions Among the Slavs: SS. Constantine-Cyril and Methodius (New Brunswick, NJ, 1970), pp. 103-44; and S. Nikolov, 'The Magyar Connection [or Constantine and Methodios in the Steppes]', Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 21 (1997), pp. 79-91.
109. The principal source for the mission is the Old Slavonic Vita Constantini: see M. Kantor (ed.), Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Primes, Michigan Slavic Translations 5 (Ann Arbor, MI, 1983), pp. 23-96. For a discussion of the Moravian mission and its political context, see P. Duthilleul, L'évangélisation des Slaves. Cyrille et Méthode (Tournai, 1963), esp. 'Les réliques de Clément de Rome', pp. 44-51; A.P. Vlasto, [The] Entry of the Slavs into Christendom (Cambridge, 1970), pp. 29-57; Francis Dvornik, Byzantine Missions Among the Slavs: SS. Constantine-Cyril and Methodius (New Brunswick, NJ, 1970), pp. 103-44; and S. Nikolov, 'The Magyar Connection [or Constantine and Methodios in the Steppes]', Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 21 (1997), pp. 79-91.
110. This may explain the dedication to Clement of the south choir chapel in the Venetian church of San Marco.
111. Nikolov, 'The Magyar Connection', pp. 84-5, argues that the relics of Clement were 'invented' at Cherson specifically for use in the Moravian mission.
112. Vlasto, Entry of the Slavs into Christendom, p. 60.
113. Ibid., pp. 86-7.
114. For the Avar campaign and its aftermath, see J. Ross, 'Two Neglected Paladins of Charlemagne, Erich of Friuli and Berold of Bavaria', Speculum 20 (1945), pp. 212-35.
115. The text of Matthew is cited in letters to Charlemagne, to Arno (bishop of Salzburg), and to Megenfridus, all dating from 796: Alcuin, Epistolae 33, 36 and 42 (Migne, PL 100, cols. 187-90, 192-6 and 203-7).
116. Alcuin, Epistolae 42 (Migne, PL 100 col. 206), Sec also R. Sullivan, 'Carolingian Missionary Theories', The Catholic Historical Review 42 (1956), pp. 273-95 [repr. in Christian Missionary Activity in the Early Middle Ages (London, 1994)].
117. Alcuin, Epistolae 42 (Migne, PL 100 col. 206), Sec also R. Sullivan, 'Carolingian Missionary Theories', The Catholic Historical Review 42 (1956), pp. 273-95 [repr. in Christian Missionary Activity in the Early Middle Ages (London, 1994)].
118. Alcuin, Epistolae 42 (Migne, PL 100 col. 206), Sec also R. Sullivan, 'Carolingian Missionary Theories', The Catholic Historical Review 42 (1956), pp. 273-95 [repr. in Christian Missionary Activity in the Early Middle Ages (London, 1994)].
119. An opposing view, which accepted the necessity of force, was being expounded by others, including Lull of Mainz. Alcuin's Vita Willibrordi, also of 796, may have been written in part to support his position: see I. Wood, 'Missionary Hagiography in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries', in K. Brunner and B. Merta (eds.), Ethnogenese and Überlieferung angewandte Methoden der Frühmittelaterforschung (Vienna, 1994), pp. 189-99 esp. pp. 194-5.
120. Cenventus episcoporum ad ripas Danubii in MGH, Concilia II, (Hanover, 1906; repr. 1979), pp. 172-6. See also G. Cuscito, 'Aquileia e la cristianizzazione degli Slavi [nci secoli VIII-IX: un problems storiografico]', Atti e Memorie della Società istriana di Archeolagia t Storia Patria n.s. 36 (1988), pp. 37-75; and R. Bratož, 'La cristianizzazione degli Slavi negli atii del Convegno "ad ripus Danubii" e del Concilio di Cividale' in S. Piussi (ed.), XII Centenario del Concilio di Cividale (796-1996) Convegno Starico-Teologico: Atti, Pubblicazioni della Deputazione di Storia Patria per il Friuli 26 (Udine, 1998), pp. 145-90.
121. Cenventus episcoporum ad ripas Danubii in MGH, Concilia II, (Hanover, 1906; repr. 1979), pp. 172-6. See also G. Cuscito, 'Aquileia e la cristianizzazione degli Slavi [nci secoli VIII-IX: un problems storiografico]', Atti e Memorie della Società istriana di Archeolagia t Storia Patria n.s. 36 (1988), pp. 37-75; and R. Bratož, 'La cristianizzazione degli Slavi negli atii del Convegno "ad ripus Danubii" e del Concilio di Cividale' in S. Piussi (ed.), XII Centenario del Concilio di Cividale (796-1996) Convegno Starico-Teologico: Atti, Pubblicazioni della Deputazione di Storia Patria per il Friuli 26 (Udine, 1998), pp. 145-90.
122. Cenventus episcoporum ad ripas Danubii in MGH, Concilia II, (Hanover, 1906; repr. 1979), pp. 172-6. See also G. Cuscito, 'Aquileia e la cristianizzazione degli Slavi [nci secoli VIII-IX: un problems storiografico]', Atti e Memorie della Società istriana di Archeolagia t Storia Patria n.s. 36 (1988), pp. 37-75; and R. Bratož, 'La cristianizzazione degli Slavi negli atii del Convegno "ad ripus Danubii" e del Concilio di Cividale' in S. Piussi (ed.), XII Centenario del Concilio di Cividale (796-1996) Convegno Starico-Teologico: Atti, Pubblicazioni della Deputazione di Storia Patria per il Friuli 26 (Udine, 1998), pp. 145-90.
123. Augustine, De catechizandis rudibiu (Migne, PL 40, cols. 309-48); Alcuin, Epistolae 33 (Migne, PL 100, col. 190). See also Sullivan, 'Carolingian Missionary Theories', p. 277.
124. Augustine, De catechizandis rudibiu (Migne, PL 40, cols. 309-48); Alcuin, Epistolae 33 (Migne, PL 100, col. 190). See also Sullivan, 'Carolingian Missionary Theories', p. 277.
125. Augustine, De catechizandis rudibiu (Migne, PL 40, cols. 309-48); Alcuin, Epistolae 33 (Migne, PL 100, col. 190). See also Sullivan, 'Carolingian Missionary Theories', p. 277.
126. See Z. Rapanić, 'La costa orientale dell'Adriatico nell'alto mediocvo', Gli Slavi occidentali e meridionali nelt'alto medioevo, Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo 30 (Spoleto, 1983), pp. 831-69 esp. pp. 849-50; Cuscito, 'Aquileia e la cristianizzazione degli Slavi', pp. 58-9.
127. See Z. Rapanić, 'La costa orientale dell'Adriatico nell'alto mediocvo', Gli Slavi occidentali e meridionali nelt'alto medioevo, Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo 30 (Spoleto, 1983), pp. 831-69 esp. pp. 849-50; Cuscito, 'Aquileia e la cristianizzazione degli Slavi', pp. 58-9.
128. K. Vinski-Gasparini, 'Ranosrednjovjekovna kadionica iz Stare Vrlike', Starohrvatska prosvjeta 3rd ser., 6 (1958), pp. 93-103; S. Gunjača and D. Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage (Zagreb, 1976), p. III (cat. no. 70); and D. Jelovina, 'Starohrvatska crkva Sv. Spasa na vrelju rijekc cetine i groblje oko nje u svetlu arkeoloških istraživanja (L'ancienne église croate du Saint-Sauveur à la source de la rivière Cetina et les tombes attenantes à la lumière des recherches archéologiques)', Prilozi povijesti umjetnosti u Dalmaciji 30 (1990), pp. 31-80.
129. K. Vinski-Gasparini, 'Ranosrednjovjekovna kadionica iz Stare Vrlike', Starohrvatska prosvjeta 3rd ser., 6 (1958), pp. 93-103; S. Gunjača and D. Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage (Zagreb, 1976), p. III (cat. no. 70); and D. Jelovina, 'Starohrvatska crkva Sv. Spasa na vrelju rijekc cetine i groblje oko nje u svetlu arkeoloških istraživanja (L'ancienne église croate du Saint-Sauveur à la source de la rivière Cetina et les tombes attenantes à la lumière des recherches archéologiques)', Prilozi povijesti umjetnosti u Dalmaciji 30 (1990), pp. 31-80.
130. K. Vinski-Gasparini, 'Ranosrednjovjekovna kadionica iz Stare Vrlike', Starohrvatska prosvjeta 3rd ser., 6 (1958), pp. 93-103; S. Gunjača and D. Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage (Zagreb, 1976), p. III (cat. no. 70); and D. Jelovina, 'Starohrvatska crkva Sv. Spasa na vrelju rijekc cetine i groblje oko nje u svetlu arkeoloških istraživanja (L'ancienne église croate du Saint-Sauveur à la source de la rivière Cetina et les tombes attenantes à la lumière des recherches archéologiques)', Prilozi povijesti umjetnosti u Dalmaciji 30 (1990), pp. 31-80.
131. V. Gvodanović, 'The Southeastern Border of Carolingian Architecture', Cahiers Archéologiques 27 (1978), pp. 85-100 esp. p. 86; Z. Vinski, 'Marginalia uz izbor karolinškog oružja u jugoistočnoj Evropi (Marginalia zur Auswahl von karolingischen Waffen in Südosteuropa)', Starohrvatska Prosvjeta 3rd ser., 15 (1985), pp. 61-117; and Gunjača and Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage, pp. 109-10 (cat. nos. 64-9).
132. V. Gvodanović, 'The Southeastern Border of Carolingian Architecture', Cahiers Archéologiques 27 (1978), pp. 85-100 esp. p. 86; Z. Vinski, 'Marginalia uz izbor karolinškog oružja u jugoistočnoj Evropi (Marginalia zur Auswahl von karolingischen Waffen in Südosteuropa)', Starohrvatska Prosvjeta 3rd ser., 15 (1985), pp. 61-117; and Gunjača and Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage, pp. 109-10 (cat. nos. 64-9).
133. V. Gvodanović, 'The Southeastern Border of Carolingian Architecture', Cahiers Archéologiques 27 (1978), pp. 85-100 esp. p. 86; Z. Vinski, 'Marginalia uz izbor karolinškog oružja u jugoistočnoj Evropi (Marginalia zur Auswahl von karolingischen Waffen in Südosteuropa)', Starohrvatska Prosvjeta 3rd ser., 15 (1985), pp. 61-117; and Gunjača and Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage, pp. 109-10 (cat. nos. 64-9).
134. Gregory of Tours, Historian II, 37; MGH, Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum I, I (Hanover, 1951), pp. 85-8. For the importance of Martin, see O. Guillot, 'Les saints des peuples et des nations dans l'occident des VIe-Xe siècles; un aperçu d'ensemble illustré par le cas des Francs, en Gaule', Santi e demoni nell'alto medioevo occidentale, Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Mediocvo 36 (Spoleto, 1989), pp. 205-51 esp. pp. 232-40; and L. Pietri, 'Culte des saints et religiosité politique dans le Gaule du Ve et du VIe siècle', Les fonctions des saints dans le monde occidental (IIIe-XIIIe siècle), Collection de l'École Française de Rome 149 (Rome, 1991), pp. 353-69 esp. pp. 364-8.
135. Gregory of Tours, Historian II, 37; MGH, Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum I, I (Hanover, 1951), pp. 85-8. For the importance of Martin, see O. Guillot, 'Les saints des peuples et des nations dans l'occident des VIe-Xe siècles; un aperçu d'ensemble illustré par le cas des Francs, en Gaule', Santi e demoni nell'alto medioevo occidentale, Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Mediocvo 36 (Spoleto, 1989), pp. 205-51 esp. pp. 232-40; and L. Pietri, 'Culte des saints et religiosité politique dans le Gaule du Ve et du VIe siècle', Les fonctions des saints dans le monde occidental (IIIe-XIIIe siècle), Collection de l'École Française de Rome 149 (Rome, 1991), pp. 353-69 esp. pp. 364-8.
136. Gregory of Tours, Historian II, 37; MGH, Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum I, I (Hanover, 1951), pp. 85-8. For the importance of Martin, see O. Guillot, 'Les saints des peuples et des nations dans l'occident des VIe-Xe siècles; un aperçu d'ensemble illustré par le cas des Francs, en Gaule', Santi e demoni nell'alto medioevo occidentale, Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Mediocvo 36 (Spoleto, 1989), pp. 205-51 esp. pp. 232-40; and L. Pietri, 'Culte des saints et religiosité politique dans le Gaule du Ve et du VIe siècle', Les fonctions des saints dans le monde occidental (IIIe-XIIIe siècle), Collection de l'École Française de Rome 149 (Rome, 1991), pp. 353-69 esp. pp. 364-8.
137. Gregory of Tours, Historian II, 37; MGH, Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum I, I (Hanover, 1951), pp. 85-8. For the importance of Martin, see O. Guillot, 'Les saints des peuples et des nations dans l'occident des VIe-Xe siècles; un aperçu d'ensemble illustré par le cas des Francs, en Gaule', Santi e demoni nell'alto medioevo occidentale, Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Mediocvo 36 (Spoleto, 1989), pp. 205-51 esp. pp. 232-40; and L. Pietri, 'Culte des saints et religiosité politique dans le Gaule du Ve et du VIe siècle', Les fonctions des saints dans le monde occidental (IIIe-XIIIe siècle), Collection de l'École Française de Rome 149 (Rome, 1991), pp. 353-69 esp. pp. 364-8.
138. Annales regni Francorum, ed. F. Kurze, p. 110, trans Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles, p. 80.
139. Annales regni Francorum, ed. F. Kurze, p. 110, trans Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles, p. 80.
140. Versus de Verona, ed. G.B. Pighi, The list of Verona's patron saints concludes with 'magnus confessor Martinus sanctissimus' (line 87).
141. Alcuin, De vita S. Martini Turonensis: 'Igitur beatissimus vir, paganis parentibus in regione Pannoniae, Sabariae oppido, genitus est', (Migne, PL 101, col. 658).
142. See discussion by Geary, 'The Ninth-Century Relic Trade', pp. 10-13.
143. Vlasto, Entry of the Slavs into Christendom, p. 24.
144. V. Gvozdanović, 'Pre-Romanesque and Early Romanesque Architecture [in Croatia]', PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (1971), pp. 158-60 (cat. no. 59).
145. For this transformation, see J.J. Wilkes, Diocletian's Palace, Split: Residence of a Retired Roman Emperor (Sheffield, 1986), pp. 71-83.
146. L. Jelić, F. Bulić and S. Rutar, Guida di Spalato e Salona (Zadar, 1894), p. 206; F. Bulić, 'La chiesetta di S. Martino sopra la Porta Aurea', Ephemeris Spalatensis (Zadar, 1894), pp. 23-4 (repr. in E. Marin and V. Saxer (eds.), Acta Primi Congressus Internationalis Archeolagiae Christianae (Vatican City, 1993), pp. 109-10; Gvozdanović, 'Pre-Romanesque and Early Romanesque Architecture', pp. 288-9 (cat. no. 73). Gunjača and Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage, pp. 12 (illus.) and 93 (cat. no. 8); F. Bulič, Kaiser Diokletians Palast in Split (Zagreb, 1929), pp. 165-6, pls. 81-2. Department of History in Art, University of Victoria
147. L. Jelić, F. Bulić and S. Rutar, Guida di Spalato e Salona (Zadar, 1894), p. 206; F. Bulić, 'La chiesetta di S. Martino sopra la Porta Aurea', Ephemeris Spalatensis (Zadar, 1894), pp. 23-4 (repr. in E. Marin and V. Saxer (eds.), Acta Primi Congressus Internationalis Archeolagiae Christianae (Vatican City, 1993), pp. 109-10; Gvozdanović, 'Pre-Romanesque and Early Romanesque Architecture', pp. 288-9 (cat. no. 73). Gunjača and Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage, pp. 12 (illus.) and 93 (cat. no. 8); F. Bulič, Kaiser Diokletians Palast in Split (Zagreb, 1929), pp. 165-6, pls. 81-2. Department of History in Art, University of Victoria
148. L. Jelić, F. Bulić and S. Rutar, Guida di Spalato e Salona (Zadar, 1894), p. 206; F. Bulić, 'La chiesetta di S. Martino sopra la Porta Aurea', Ephemeris Spalatensis (Zadar, 1894), pp. 23-4 (repr. in E. Marin and V. Saxer (eds.), Acta Primi Congressus Internationalis Archeolagiae Christianae (Vatican City, 1993), pp. 109-10; Gvozdanović, 'Pre-Romanesque and Early Romanesque Architecture', pp. 288-9 (cat. no. 73). Gunjača and Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage, pp. 12 (illus.) and 93 (cat. no. 8); F. Bulič, Kaiser Diokletians Palast in Split (Zagreb, 1929), pp. 165-6, pls. 81-2. Department of History in Art, University of Victoria
149. L. Jelić, F. Bulić and S. Rutar, Guida di Spalato e Salona (Zadar, 1894), p. 206; F. Bulić, 'La chiesetta di S. Martino sopra la Porta Aurea', Ephemeris Spalatensis (Zadar, 1894), pp. 23-4 (repr. in E. Marin and V. Saxer (eds.), Acta Primi Congressus Internationalis Archeolagiae Christianae (Vatican City, 1993), pp. 109-10; Gvozdanović, 'Pre-Romanesque and Early Romanesque Architecture', pp. 288-9 (cat. no. 73). Gunjača and Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage, pp. 12 (illus.) and 93 (cat. no. 8); F. Bulič, Kaiser Diokletians Palast in Split (Zagreb, 1929), pp. 165-6, pls. 81-2. Department of History in Art, University of Victoria
150. L. Jelić, F. Bulić and S. Rutar, Guida di Spalato e Salona (Zadar, 1894), p. 206; F. Bulić, 'La chiesetta di S. Martino sopra la Porta Aurea', Ephemeris Spalatensis (Zadar, 1894), pp. 23-4 (repr. in E. Marin and V. Saxer (eds.), Acta Primi Congressus Internationalis Archeolagiae Christianae (Vatican City, 1993), pp. 109-10; Gvozdanović, 'Pre-Romanesque and Early Romanesque Architecture', pp. 288-9 (cat. no. 73). Gunjača and Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage, pp. 12 (illus.) and 93 (cat. no. 8); F. Bulič, Kaiser Diokletians Palast in Split (Zagreb, 1929), pp. 165-6, pls. 81-2. Department of History in Art, University of Victoria
151. L. Jelić, F. Bulić and S. Rutar, Guida di Spalato e Salona (Zadar, 1894), p. 206; F. Bulić, 'La chiesetta di S. Martino sopra la Porta Aurea', Ephemeris Spalatensis (Zadar, 1894), pp. 23-4 (repr. in E. Marin and V. Saxer (eds.), Acta Primi Congressus Internationalis Archeolagiae Christianae (Vatican City, 1993), pp. 109-10; Gvozdanović, 'Pre-Romanesque and Early Romanesque Architecture', pp. 288-9 (cat. no. 73). Gunjača and Jelovina, Early Croatian Heritage, pp. 12 (illus.) and 93 (cat. no. 8); F. Bulič, Kaiser Diokletians Palast in Split (Zagreb, 1929), pp. 165-6, pls. 81-2. Department of History in Art, University of Victoria
152. 83 I am grateful to Gillian Mackie and Richard Gyug for their comments and assistance, and to Alan Thacker for the invitation to present an earlier version of this paper at the Institute of Historical Research in London.