Morphology of corneal nerves in soft contact lens wear. A comparative study using confocal microscopy

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 163-174

  Oliveira Soto, Laura ^a,b   Efron, Nathan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSIDAD EUROPEA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Confocal microscopy; Corneal nerves; Corneal oedema; Extended contact lens wear

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORNEA; CORNEA EDEMA; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; MORPHOLOGY; OBSERVATION; OPTIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOFT CONTACT LENS; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; EXTENDED WEAR CONTACT LENS; FEMALE; HYDROPHILIC CONTACT LENS; IMAGE PROCESSING; INNERVATION; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SENSATION;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CONTACT LENSES, EXTENDED-WEAR; CONTACT LENSES, HYDROPHILIC; CORNEA; CORNEAL EDEMA; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MALE; MICROSCOPY, CONFOCAL; SENSATION;

EID: 0038313067     PISSN: 02755408     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.2003.00106.x     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Arffa, R. C. (1991) Anatomy (Chapter 1), Physiology (Chapter 2). In: Grayson's Diseases of the Cornea, Mosby, St Louis, pp. 1-32.
2. Beuerman, R. W. and Mc Culley, J. P. (1978) Comparative clinical assessment of corneal sensation with a new aesthesiometer. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 86, 812-815.
3. Böhnke, M. and Masters, B. R. (1999) Confocal microscopy of the cornea. Prog. Ret. Eye Res. 18, 553-628.
4. Bonanno, J. A. (1996) Contact lens induced corneal acidosis. CLAO J. 22, 70-74.
5. Brennan, N. A. (2002) Is there a question of safety with continuous wear?. Clin. Exp. Optom. 85, 127-140.
6. Brennan, N. A. and Bruce, A. S. (1991) Esthesiometry as an indicator of corneal health. Optom. Vis. Sci. 68, 699-702.
7. Bron, A. J., Tripathi, R. C. and Tripathi, B. J. (1997) The cornea and sclera, Chapter 7. In: Wolff's Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit, 8th edn (ed. A. J. Bron), Chapman & Hall Medical, London, pp. 233-267.
8. Buchner, A., Faul, F. and Erdfelder, E. (1997) GPower: a priori, post-hoc, and compromise power analyses for the Macintosh (Version 2.1.2) [Computer program]. University of Trier, Trier.
9. Chiou, A. G.-Y., Kaufman, S. C., Beuerman, R. W., Ohta, T. and Kaufman, H. E. (1999) Differential diagnosis of linear corneal images on confocal microscopy. Cornea. 18, 63-66.
10. Draeger, J. (1984) Corneal Sensitivity. Measurement and Clinical Importance. Springer-Verlag, Wien.
11. Draeger, J., Schloot, W. and Wirth, H. (1985) Interindividual differences of corneal sensitivity. Genetic aspects. Ophthalmic. Paediatr. Genet. 6, 291-295.
12. Efron, N., Mutalib, H. A., Pérez-Gómez, I. and Koh, H. H. (2002) Confocal microscopic obeservations of the human cornea following overnight contact lens wear. Clin. Exp. Optom. 85, 149-155.
13. Fonn, D., du Toit, R., Simpson, T. L., Vega, J. A., Situ, P. and Chalmers, R. L. (1999) Sympathetic swelling response of the control eye to soft lenses in the other eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40, 3116-3121.
14. Grupcheva, C. N., Wong, T., Riley, A. F. and McGhee C. N. J. (2002) Assessing the sub-basal nerve plexus of the living healthy human cornea by in vivo confocal microscopy. Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. 30, 187-190.
15. Harvitt, D. M. and Bonanno, J. A. (1999) Re-evaluation of the oxygen diffusion model for predicting minimum contact lens DK/t values needed to avoid corneal anoxia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 76, 712-719.
16. Holden, B. A., Metz, G. W. and McNally, J. J. (1983) Corneal swelling response to contact lenses worn under extended wear conditions. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 24, 218-226.
17. Holden, B. A. and Mertz, G. W. (1984) Critical oxygen levels to avoid corneal oedema for daily and extended wear contact lenses. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 25, 1161-1167.
18. Holden, B. A., Sweeney, D. F., Vannas A., Nilsson, K. T. and Efron, N. (1985a) Effects of long-term extended contact lens wear on the human cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 26, 1489-1501.
19. Holden, B. A., Vannas, A., Nilsson, K. T., Efron, N., Sweeney, D. F., Kotow, M., La Hood, D. and Guillon, M. (1985b) Epithelial and endothelial effects from the extended wear of contact lenses. Curr. Eye Res. 4, 739-742.
20. Holden, B. A., Williams, L. and Zantos, S. G. (1985c). The etiology of transient endothelial changes in the human cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 26, 1354-1359.
21. Holden, B. A. (1989) The Glenn A. Fry Award lecture 1988: the ocular response to contact lens wear. Optom. Vis. Sci. 66, 717-733.
22. Klyce, S. D. and Beuerman, R. W. (1998) Structure and function of the cornea. In: The Cornea (eds H. E. Kaufman, B. A. Barron and M. B.McDonald), Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, pp. 3-50.
23. Ladage, P. M., Yamamoto, K., Ren, D. H., Li, L., Jester, J. V., Petroll, W. M. and Cavanagh, H. D. (2001) Effects of rigid and soft contact lens daily wear on corneal epithelium, tear lactacte dehydrogenase, and bacterial binding to exfoliated epithelial cells. Ophthalmology 108, 1279-1288.
24. LaHood, D., Sweeney, D. F. and Holden, B. A. (1988) Overnight corneal edema with hydrogel, rigid gas permeable and silicone-elastomer contact lenses. Int. Contact Lens Clin. 15, 149-152.
25. Larke, J. R. (1997) The Eye in Contact Lens Wear. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 143-172.
26. Li, T., Koniarek, S., Pomerantz, S., Caruso, M., Auran, J. D., Siegel, S., F lorakis, G. J. and Koester, C. J. (1996) In vivo confocal microscopic determination of corneal basal epithelial nerve density in normal patients and contact lens wearers. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37, S73.
27. Liesegang, T. L. (2002) Physiologic changes of the cornea with contact lens wear. CLAO J. 28, 12-27.
28. Linna, T. U., Vesaluoma, M. H., Pérez-Santonja, J. J., Petroll, W. M., Alió, J. L. and Tervo, T. M. T. (2000) Effect of myopic LASIK on corneal sensitivity and morphology of subbasal nerves. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 393-397.
29. MacIver, M. B. and Tanelian, D. L. (1993a) Free nerve ending terminal morphology is fiber type specific for A delta and C fibers innervating rabbit corneal epithelium. J. Neurophysiol. 69, 1779-1783.
30. MacIver, M. B. and Tanelian, D. L. (1993b) Structural functional specialization of A delta and C fiber free nerve endings innervating rabbit corneal epithelium. J. Neurosci. 13,4511-4524.
31. Matsuda, H. (1968) Electron microscopic study on the corneal nerve with special reference to its endings. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 12, 163-173.
32. McNamara, N. A., Poise, K. A. and Bouaund, J. A. (1994) Stromal acidosis modulates corneal swelling. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35, 846-850.
33. Meng, I. D. and Bereiter, D. A. (1996) Differential distribution of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the spinal trigeminal nucleus after noxious and innocuous thermal and chemical stimulation of the rat cornea. J. Neurosci. 72, 243-254.
34. Millodot, M. (1972) Diurnal variation on the corneal sensitivity. Brit. J. Ophthalmol. 56, 844-847.
35. Millodot, M. (1974) Effect of soft contact lenses on corneal sensitivity. Acta Ophthalmol. 52, 603-608.
36. Millodot, M. (1975) Effects of hard contact lenses on corneal sensitivity and thickness. Acta Ophthalmol. 53, 76-584.
37. Millodot, M. (1976) Effect of the length of wear of contact lenses on corneal sensitivity. Acta Ophthalmol. 54, 721-730.
38. Millodot, M. (1977a) The influence of pregnancy on the sensitivity of the cornea. Brit. J. Ophthalmol. 61, 646-649.
39. Millodot, M. (1977b) Does the long term wear of contact lenses produce a loss of corneal sensitivity? Experientia 33, 1475-1476.
40. Millodot, M. (1978) Effect of long-term wear of hard contact lenses on corneal sensitivity. Acta Ophthalmol. 56, 1225-1227.
41. Millodot, M. (1994) Aesthesiometry. In: Contact lens practice (eds M. Ruben and M. Guillon), Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 437-452.
42. Müller, L. J., Vrensen, G. F. J. M., Pels, L., Nunes Cardozo, B. and Willekens, B. (1997) Architecture of human corneal nerves. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci 38, 985-994.
43. Murphy, P. J., Patel, S. and Marshall, J. (2001) The effect of long-term, daily contact lens wear on corneal sensitivity. Cornea 20, 264-269.
44. Oliveira-Soto, L. and Efron, N. (2001) Morphology of corneal nerves using confocal microscopy. Cornea 20, 374-384.
45. Patel, S. V., Mc Laren, J. W., Hodge, D. O. and Bourne, W. (2002) Confocal microscopy in vivo in corneas of long-term contact lens wearers. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43, 995-1003.
46. Poise, K. A. (1978) Etiology of corneal sensitivity changes accompanying contact lens wear. Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 17. 1202-1206.
47. Rosenberg, M. E., Tervo, T. M. T., Immonen, I. J., Müller, L. J., Grönhagen-Riska, C. and Vesaluoma, M. H. (2000) Corneal structure and sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes mellitus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 2915-2921.
48. Rosenberg, M. E., Tervo, T. M., Müller, L. J., Moilanen, J. A. O. and Vesaluoma, M. H. (2002) In vivo confocal microscopy after herpes keratitis. Cornea 21, 265-269.
49. Rothstein, A., Auran, J. D. Wittpenn, J. R., Koester, C. J. and Florakis, G. J. (2002) Confocal microscopy in Meretoja syndrome. Cornea 21, 364-367.
50. Rózsa, A. J. and Beuerman, R. W. (1982) Density and organization of free nerve endings in the corneal epithelium of the rabbit. Pain. 14, 105-120.
51. Sakamoto, R., Miyanaga, Y. and Hamano, H. (1991) Soft and RGP lens corneal swelling and deswelling with overnight wear. Int. Contact Lens Clin. 18, 214.
52. Schimmelpfenning, B. and Beuerman, R. W. (1979) Evidence for neurotropism in the cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 18. 125-126.
53. Schultz, R. O., Peters, M. A., Sobocinski, K., Nassif, K. and Schultz, K. J. (1983) Diabetic keratopathy as a manifestation of peripheral neuropathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 96, 368-371.
54. Tanelian, D. L. and MacIver, M. B. (1990) Simultaneous visualization and electrophysiology of corneal A-delta and C fibers afferents. J. Neurosci. Methods 32, 213-222.
55. Ueda, S., Del Cerro, M., Lo Cascio, J. A. and Aquavella, J. V. (1989) Peptidergic and catecholaminergic fibers in the human corneal epithelium. An immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Acta Ophthalmol. 67 (Suppl. 192), 80-90.
56. Vajdic, C. M. and Holden, B. A. (1997) Extended-wear contact lenses. In: Corneal physiology and disposable contact lenses (eds H.Hamano and H. E. Kaufman), Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, pp. 101-149.
57. Vesaluoma, M., Müller, L., Gallar, J., Lambiase, A., Moilanen, J., Belmonte, C. and Tervo, T. (2000) Effects of oleoresin capsicum pepper spray on human corneal morphology and sensitivity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 2138-2147.