Black participation in the farmers home administration and agricultural stabilization and conservation service, 1964-1990

Agricultural History

Volumn 70, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 321-336

  Grim, Valerie ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038264610     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. In this context, critics include not only scholars, government agents and agencies, and policy experts, but also black farmers who are presently trying to make a living in the farm business.
2. For a discussion, see United States Commission on Civil Rights, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Agricultural Programs in Georgia," report of the Georgia State Advisory Committee (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1967); William C. Payne Jr., "Implementing Federal Nondiscrimination Policies in the Department of Agriculture, 1964-1976," (paper presented at the Agricultural Policy Symposium of the Policy Studies Organization, Washington, D.C., 26 July 1977); Economic Research Service, "Negro Participation in Decision Making Bodies of Agriculture-Related Programs," staff report from the Agricultural History Branch, USDA, 1967, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland (hereafter cited as NAL); ASCS administrators to the chairman of all ASCS committees, "Policies on Equal Opportunity and Civil Rights," 22 March 1965, NAL.
3. For a discussion, see United States Commission on Civil Rights, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Agricultural Programs in Georgia," report of the Georgia State Advisory Committee (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1967); William C. Payne Jr., "Implementing Federal Nondiscrimination Policies in the Department of Agriculture, 1964-1976," (paper presented at the Agricultural Policy Symposium of the Policy Studies Organization, Washington, D.C., 26 July 1977); Economic Research Service, "Negro Participation in Decision Making Bodies of Agriculture-Related Programs," staff report from the Agricultural History Branch, USDA, 1967, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland (hereafter cited as NAL); ASCS administrators to the chairman of all ASCS committees, "Policies on Equal Opportunity and Civil Rights," 22 March 1965, NAL.
4. For a discussion, see United States Commission on Civil Rights, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Agricultural Programs in Georgia," report of the Georgia State Advisory Committee (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1967); William C. Payne Jr., "Implementing Federal Nondiscrimination Policies in the Department of Agriculture, 1964-1976," (paper presented at the Agricultural Policy Symposium of the Policy Studies Organization, Washington, D.C., 26 July 1977); Economic Research Service, "Negro Participation in Decision Making Bodies of Agriculture-Related Programs," staff report from the Agricultural History Branch, USDA, 1967, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland (hereafter cited as NAL); ASCS administrators to the chairman of all ASCS committees, "Policies on Equal Opportunity and Civil Rights," 22 March 1965, NAL.
5. For a discussion, see United States Commission on Civil Rights, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Agricultural Programs in Georgia," report of the Georgia State Advisory Committee (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1967); William C. Payne Jr., "Implementing Federal Nondiscrimination Policies in the Department of Agriculture, 1964-1976," (paper presented at the Agricultural Policy Symposium of the Policy Studies Organization, Washington, D.C., 26 July 1977); Economic Research Service, "Negro Participation in Decision Making Bodies of Agriculture-Related Programs," staff report from the Agricultural History Branch, USDA, 1967, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland (hereafter cited as NAL); ASCS administrators to the chairman of all ASCS committees, "Policies on Equal Opportunity and Civil Rights," 22 March 1965, NAL.
6. Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965). For further discussion, see Commission on Civil Rights, Progress in Implementing Civil Rights Policies in Selected Agricultural Programs in the State of Georgia (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966); Baltimore Sun, 8 May 1969; Des Moines Register, 4 May 1969 and 20 September 1971; Farmers Home Administration, Information for Farmers Home Administration County Committeemen (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955).
7. Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965). For further discussion, see Commission on Civil Rights, Progress in Implementing Civil Rights Policies in Selected Agricultural Programs in the State of Georgia (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966); Baltimore Sun, 8 May 1969; Des Moines Register, 4 May 1969 and 20 September 1971; Farmers Home Administration, Information for Farmers Home Administration County Committeemen (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955).
8. Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965). For further discussion, see Commission on Civil Rights, Progress in Implementing Civil Rights Policies in Selected Agricultural Programs in the State of Georgia (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966); Baltimore Sun, 8 May 1969; Des Moines Register, 4 May 1969 and 20 September 1971; Farmers Home Administration, Information for Farmers Home Administration County Committeemen (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955).
9. Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965). For further discussion, see Commission on Civil Rights, Progress in Implementing Civil Rights Policies in Selected Agricultural Programs in the State of Georgia (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966); Baltimore Sun, 8 May 1969; Des Moines Register, 4 May 1969 and 20 September 1971; Farmers Home Administration, Information for Farmers Home Administration County Committeemen (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955).
10. Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965). For further discussion, see Commission on Civil Rights, Progress in Implementing Civil Rights Policies in Selected Agricultural Programs in the State of Georgia (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966); Baltimore Sun, 8 May 1969; Des Moines Register, 4 May 1969 and 20 September 1971; Farmers Home Administration, Information for Farmers Home Administration County Committeemen (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955).
11. Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin, "Memorandum to All Employees," 31 October 1969, USDA-ERS, NAL. For further discussion, see Don F. Hadwiger, "Farmers Home Administration Services to Negroes" (paper on file at the USDA, Economic Research Service, History Branch, and the NAL), 1970; New York Times, 31 October 1964; Washington Post, 1 March 1965. Howard Bertsch, Farmers Home Administration, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Programs: Farmers Home Administration" (statement at the National Conference on Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Washington, D.C., 18 January 1965); USDA Progress Report on Elimination of Discrimination (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965); Washington Post, 28 July 1966; Jodie Hearon, interview by author, Memphis, Tennessee, 3 July 1989. For a discussion, see Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman to President Lyndon B. Johnson, 17 June 1965, USDA-ERS, History Division, NAL; New York Times, 28 February 1965; Charles J. MacLean, Analysis of Farmers Home Administration Report of White and Negro Borrowers in Thirteen Selected Counties, 1964, report prepared for the Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
12. Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin, "Memorandum to All Employees," 31 October 1969, USDA-ERS, NAL. For further discussion, see Don F. Hadwiger, "Farmers Home Administration Services to Negroes" (paper on file at the USDA, Economic Research Service, History Branch, and the NAL), 1970; New York Times, 31 October 1964; Washington Post, 1 March 1965. Howard Bertsch, Farmers Home Administration, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Programs: Farmers Home Administration" (statement at the National Conference on Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Washington, D.C., 18 January 1965); USDA Progress Report on Elimination of Discrimination (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965); Washington Post, 28 July 1966; Jodie Hearon, interview by author, Memphis, Tennessee, 3 July 1989. For a discussion, see Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman to President Lyndon B. Johnson, 17 June 1965, USDA-ERS, History Division, NAL; New York Times, 28 February 1965; Charles J. MacLean, Analysis of Farmers Home Administration Report of White and Negro Borrowers in Thirteen Selected Counties, 1964, report prepared for the Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
13. Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin, "Memorandum to All Employees," 31 October 1969, USDA-ERS, NAL. For further discussion, see Don F. Hadwiger, "Farmers Home Administration Services to Negroes" (paper on file at the USDA, Economic Research Service, History Branch, and the NAL), 1970; New York Times, 31 October 1964; Washington Post, 1 March 1965. Howard Bertsch, Farmers Home Administration, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Programs: Farmers Home Administration" (statement at the National Conference on Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Washington, D.C., 18 January 1965); USDA Progress Report on Elimination of Discrimination (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965); Washington Post, 28 July 1966; Jodie Hearon, interview by author, Memphis, Tennessee, 3 July 1989. For a discussion, see Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman to President Lyndon B. Johnson, 17 June 1965, USDA-ERS, History Division, NAL; New York Times, 28 February 1965; Charles J. MacLean, Analysis of Farmers Home Administration Report of White and Negro Borrowers in Thirteen Selected Counties, 1964, report prepared for the Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
14. Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin, "Memorandum to All Employees," 31 October 1969, USDA-ERS, NAL. For further discussion, see Don F. Hadwiger, "Farmers Home Administration Services to Negroes" (paper on file at the USDA, Economic Research Service, History Branch, and the NAL), 1970; New York Times, 31 October 1964; Washington Post, 1 March 1965. Howard Bertsch, Farmers Home Administration, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Programs: Farmers Home Administration" (statement at the National Conference on Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Washington, D.C., 18 January 1965); USDA Progress Report on Elimination of Discrimination (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965); Washington Post, 28 July 1966; Jodie Hearon, interview by author, Memphis, Tennessee, 3 July 1989. For a discussion, see Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman to President Lyndon B. Johnson, 17 June 1965, USDA-ERS, History Division, NAL; New York Times, 28 February 1965; Charles J. MacLean, Analysis of Farmers Home Administration Report of White and Negro Borrowers in Thirteen Selected Counties, 1964, report prepared for the Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
15. Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin, "Memorandum to All Employees," 31 October 1969, USDA-ERS, NAL. For further discussion, see Don F. Hadwiger, "Farmers Home Administration Services to Negroes" (paper on file at the USDA, Economic Research Service, History Branch, and the NAL), 1970; New York Times, 31 October 1964; Washington Post, 1 March 1965. Howard Bertsch, Farmers Home Administration, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Programs: Farmers Home Administration" (statement at the National Conference on Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Washington, D.C., 18 January 1965); USDA Progress Report on Elimination of Discrimination (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965); Washington Post, 28 July 1966; Jodie Hearon, interview by author, Memphis, Tennessee, 3 July 1989. For a discussion, see Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman to President Lyndon B. Johnson, 17 June 1965, USDA-ERS, History Division, NAL; New York Times, 28 February 1965; Charles J. MacLean, Analysis of Farmers Home Administration Report of White and Negro Borrowers in Thirteen Selected Counties, 1964, report prepared for the Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
16. Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin, "Memorandum to All Employees," 31 October 1969, USDA-ERS, NAL. For further discussion, see Don F. Hadwiger, "Farmers Home Administration Services to Negroes" (paper on file at the USDA, Economic Research Service, History Branch, and the NAL), 1970; New York Times, 31 October 1964; Washington Post, 1 March 1965. Howard Bertsch, Farmers Home Administration, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Programs: Farmers Home Administration" (statement at the National Conference on Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Washington, D.C., 18 January 1965); USDA Progress Report on Elimination of Discrimination (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965); Washington Post, 28 July 1966; Jodie Hearon, interview by author, Memphis, Tennessee, 3 July 1989. For a discussion, see Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman to President Lyndon B. Johnson, 17 June 1965, USDA-ERS, History Division, NAL; New York Times, 28 February 1965; Charles J. MacLean, Analysis of Farmers Home Administration Report of White and Negro Borrowers in Thirteen Selected Counties, 1964, report prepared for the Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
17. Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin, "Memorandum to All Employees," 31 October 1969, USDA-ERS, NAL. For further discussion, see Don F. Hadwiger, "Farmers Home Administration Services to Negroes" (paper on file at the USDA, Economic Research Service, History Branch, and the NAL), 1970; New York Times, 31 October 1964; Washington Post, 1 March 1965. Howard Bertsch, Farmers Home Administration, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Programs: Farmers Home Administration" (statement at the National Conference on Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Washington, D.C., 18 January 1965); USDA Progress Report on Elimination of Discrimination (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965); Washington Post, 28 July 1966; Jodie Hearon, interview by author, Memphis, Tennessee, 3 July 1989. For a discussion, see Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman to President Lyndon B. Johnson, 17 June 1965, USDA-ERS, History Division, NAL; New York Times, 28 February 1965; Charles J. MacLean, Analysis of Farmers Home Administration Report of White and Negro Borrowers in Thirteen Selected Counties, 1964, report prepared for the Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
18. Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin, "Memorandum to All Employees," 31 October 1969, USDA-ERS, NAL. For further discussion, see Don F. Hadwiger, "Farmers Home Administration Services to Negroes" (paper on file at the USDA, Economic Research Service, History Branch, and the NAL), 1970; New York Times, 31 October 1964; Washington Post, 1 March 1965. Howard Bertsch, Farmers Home Administration, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Programs: Farmers Home Administration" (statement at the National Conference on Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Washington, D.C., 18 January 1965); USDA Progress Report on Elimination of Discrimination (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965); Washington Post, 28 July 1966; Jodie Hearon, interview by author, Memphis, Tennessee, 3 July 1989. For a discussion, see Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman to President Lyndon B. Johnson, 17 June 1965, USDA-ERS, History Division, NAL; New York Times, 28 February 1965; Charles J. MacLean, Analysis of Farmers Home Administration Report of White and Negro Borrowers in Thirteen Selected Counties, 1964, report prepared for the Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
19. Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin, "Memorandum to All Employees," 31 October 1969, USDA-ERS, NAL. For further discussion, see Don F. Hadwiger, "Farmers Home Administration Services to Negroes" (paper on file at the USDA, Economic Research Service, History Branch, and the NAL), 1970; New York Times, 31 October 1964; Washington Post, 1 March 1965. Howard Bertsch, Farmers Home Administration, "Equal Opportunity in Federally Assisted Programs: Farmers Home Administration" (statement at the National Conference on Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Washington, D.C., 18 January 1965); USDA Progress Report on Elimination of Discrimination (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965); Washington Post, 28 July 1966; Jodie Hearon, interview by author, Memphis, Tennessee, 3 July 1989. For a discussion, see Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman to President Lyndon B. Johnson, 17 June 1965, USDA-ERS, History Division, NAL; New York Times, 28 February 1965; Charles J. MacLean, Analysis of Farmers Home Administration Report of White and Negro Borrowers in Thirteen Selected Counties, 1964, report prepared for the Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
20. USDA, Report of the Task Force Established to Review the Recommendations of the Civil Rights Commission, 26 March 1965 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966). For additional discussion, see New York Times, 25 July 1971; Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs: Excerpts From An Appraisal of Services Rendered By Agencies of the USDA (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
21. USDA, Report of the Task Force Established to Review the Recommendations of the Civil Rights Commission, 26 March 1965 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966). For additional discussion, see New York Times, 25 July 1971; Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs: Excerpts From An Appraisal of Services Rendered By Agencies of the USDA (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
22. USDA, Report of the Task Force Established to Review the Recommendations of the Civil Rights Commission, 26 March 1965 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966). For additional discussion, see New York Times, 25 July 1971; Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs: Excerpts From An Appraisal of Services Rendered By Agencies of the USDA (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965).
23. Commission on Civil Rights, The Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service in the Alabama Black Belt: A Report of an Open Meeting by the Alabama State Advisory Committee to the U.S. Committee on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966).
24. Washington Post, 28 July 1966. See also Syracuse Herald-Journal, 18 November 1970; and Wallaces Farmer, 3 October 1964.
25. Washington Post, 28 July 1966. See also Syracuse Herald-Journal, 18 November 1970; and Wallaces Farmer, 3 October 1964.
26. Washington Post, 28 July 1966. See also Syracuse Herald-Journal, 18 November 1970; and Wallaces Farmer, 3 October 1964.
27. Washington Post, 17 January 1988.
28. Commission on Civil Rights, The Decline of Black Farming in America: A Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Commission on Civil Rights, 1982); House Committee on Appropriations, Farmers Home Administration: Problems and Issues Facing the Emergency Loan Program (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987).
29. Commission on Civil Rights, The Decline of Black Farming in America: A Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Commission on Civil Rights, 1982); House Committee on Appropriations, Farmers Home Administration: Problems and Issues Facing the Emergency Loan Program (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987).
30. Ibid. See also USDA, Farmers Home Administration, Management Information Systems Division, "Racial Program Participation by Fiscal Years, 1980 and 1981," Report Code 631 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982).
31. Ibid. See also USDA, Farmers Home Administration, Management Information Systems Division, "Racial Program Participation by Fiscal Years, 1980 and 1981," Report Code 631 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982).
32. Commission on Civil Rights, The Decline of Black Farming in America, 98-122.
33. Ibid.
34. Commission on Civil Rights, The Decline of Black Farming in America, 105.
35. Ibid., 98-122.
36. Ibid. See also William McD. Herr, Toward An Analysis of the Farmers Home Administration's Direct and Guaranteed Farm Loan Programs, USDA-ERS, Agriculture and Rural Economy Division (Washington, D.C.: USDA, 1991); Senate Committee on Agriculture, Farmers Home Administration: Changes Needed in Loan Servicing Under the Agricultural Credit Act: Report to the Chairman, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry (Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1990); and Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Status of Participation in the Interest Rate Reduction Program (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1981).
37. Ibid. See also William McD. Herr, Toward An Analysis of the Farmers Home Administration's Direct and Guaranteed Farm Loan Programs, USDA-ERS, Agriculture and Rural Economy Division (Washington, D.C.: USDA, 1991); Senate Committee on Agriculture, Farmers Home Administration: Changes Needed in Loan Servicing Under the Agricultural Credit Act: Report to the Chairman, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry (Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1990); and Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Status of Participation in the Interest Rate Reduction Program (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1981).
38. Ibid. See also William McD. Herr, Toward An Analysis of the Farmers Home Administration's Direct and Guaranteed Farm Loan Programs, USDA-ERS, Agriculture and Rural Economy Division (Washington, D.C.: USDA, 1991); Senate Committee on Agriculture, Farmers Home Administration: Changes Needed in Loan Servicing Under the Agricultural Credit Act: Report to the Chairman, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry (Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1990); and Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Status of Participation in the Interest Rate Reduction Program (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1981).
39. Ibid. See also William McD. Herr, Toward An Analysis of the Farmers Home Administration's Direct and Guaranteed Farm Loan Programs, USDA-ERS, Agriculture and Rural Economy Division (Washington, D.C.: USDA, 1991); Senate Committee on Agriculture, Farmers Home Administration: Changes Needed in Loan Servicing Under the Agricultural Credit Act: Report to the Chairman, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry (Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1990); and Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Status of Participation in the Interest Rate Reduction Program (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1981).
40. Los Angeles Times, 2 April 1986; Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Use of Loan Funds By Farmers Program Borrowers (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1990); Senate Committee on Agriculture, Proposed Changes in Farmers Home Administration Credit Regulations: Hearing Before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, 100th Cong., 1st sess., 11 March 1987.
41. Los Angeles Times, 2 April 1986; Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Use of Loan Funds By Farmers Program Borrowers (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1990); Senate Committee on Agriculture, Proposed Changes in Farmers Home Administration Credit Regulations: Hearing Before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, 100th Cong., 1st sess., 11 March 1987.
42. Los Angeles Times, 2 April 1986; Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Use of Loan Funds By Farmers Program Borrowers (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1990); Senate Committee on Agriculture, Proposed Changes in Farmers Home Administration Credit Regulations: Hearing Before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, 100th Cong., 1st sess., 11 March 1987.
43. Commission on Civil Rights, The Decline of Black Farming, 98-122; Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Farm Program Debt, Delinquencies, and Loan Losses as of June 30, 1989 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1990). See also Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Debt Restructuring Activities During the 1984-85 Farm Credit Crisis: Briefing Report to Congressional Requesters (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986).
44. Commission on Civil Rights, The Decline of Black Farming, 98-122; Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Farm Program Debt, Delinquencies, and Loan Losses as of June 30, 1989 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1990). See also Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Debt Restructuring Activities During the 1984-85 Farm Credit Crisis: Briefing Report to Congressional Requesters (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986).
45. Commission on Civil Rights, The Decline of Black Farming, 98-122; Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Farm Program Debt, Delinquencies, and Loan Losses as of June 30, 1989 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1990). See also Farmers Home Administration, Farmers Home Administration: Debt Restructuring Activities During the 1984-85 Farm Credit Crisis: Briefing Report to Congressional Requesters (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986).
46. Commission on Civil Rights, Report of the Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights, 8 October 1968 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968). See also Report of USDA Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968); U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, ASCS Loan Task Force: Final Report (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971). Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965). See also Cliffton M. Hardin, "USDA Policy on Civil Rights," secretary's memorandum, No. 1662, supplement 2, 28 May 1971, NAL.
47. Commission on Civil Rights, Report of the Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights, 8 October 1968 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968). See also Report of USDA Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968); U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, ASCS Loan Task Force: Final Report (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971). Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965). See also Cliffton M. Hardin, "USDA Policy on Civil Rights," secretary's memorandum, No. 1662, supplement 2, 28 May 1971, NAL.
48. Commission on Civil Rights, Report of the Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights, 8 October 1968 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968). See also Report of USDA Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968); U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, ASCS Loan Task Force: Final Report (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971). Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965). See also Cliffton M. Hardin, "USDA Policy on Civil Rights," secretary's memorandum, No. 1662, supplement 2, 28 May 1971, NAL.
49. Commission on Civil Rights, Report of the Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights, 8 October 1968 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968). See also Report of USDA Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968); U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, ASCS Loan Task Force: Final Report (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971). Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965). See also Cliffton M. Hardin, "USDA Policy on Civil Rights," secretary's memorandum, No. 1662, supplement 2, 28 May 1971, NAL.
50. Commission on Civil Rights, Report of the Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights, 8 October 1968 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968). See also Report of USDA Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968); U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, ASCS Loan Task Force: Final Report (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971). Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965). See also Cliffton M. Hardin, "USDA Policy on Civil Rights," secretary's memorandum, No. 1662, supplement 2, 28 May 1971, NAL.
51. Office of Equal Opportunity, Equal Opportunity Report USDA Programs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970-1979).
52. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, Report on Participation in ASCS County Programs and Operations by Racial Groups, 1976-1979 (Washington, D.C.: Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, 1980).
53. Ibid.
54. House Committee on Government Operations, The Minority Farmer: A Disappearing American Resource: Has the FHA Been the Primary Catalyst? 101st Cong., 2nd sess., 20 November 1990; U.S. General Accounting Office, Farmers Home Administration: Loan Servicing Benefits For Bad Faith Borrowers (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1989).
55. House Committee on Government Operations, The Minority Farmer: A Disappearing American Resource: Has the FHA Been the Primary Catalyst? 101st Cong., 2nd sess., 20 November 1990; U.S. General Accounting Office, Farmers Home Administration: Loan Servicing Benefits For Bad Faith Borrowers (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1989).
56. Los Angeles Times, 2 April 1986.
57. Gerrion Black, interview by the author, Drew, Mississippi, 21 August 1994; Alexander Scott, interview by the author, Drew, Mississippi, 6 August 1995; Howard Williams, interview by the author, Drew, Mississippi, 6 August 1995.
58. Leroy Vassel, interview by the author, Minter City, Mississippi, 23 August 1989; Edward Scott Sr., interview by the author, Drew, Mississippi, 7 July 1988.
59. Los Angeles Times, 2 April 1986.
60. Dr. Vivian W. Henderson, "Reasons for USDA Inertia" (statement before the Agricultural Listening Conference, University of Georgia, Athens, 24 July 1969).
61. Los Angeles Times, 14 April 1986. See also Washington Post, 27 October 1986; "Lean Years For Black Farmers," Progressive 10 (15 August 1987): 27.
62. Los Angeles Times, 14 April 1986. See also Washington Post, 27 October 1986; "Lean Years For Black Farmers," Progressive 10 (15 August 1987): 27.
63. Los Angeles Times, 14 April 1986. See also Washington Post, 27 October 1986; "Lean Years For Black Farmers," Progressive 10 (15 August 1987): 27.
64. Washington Post, 5 August 1982. See also New York Times National News, 8 March 1988; House Committee on Agriculture, Farmers Home Administration's Use of Offset Procedures For Collecting Delinquent Debt: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Conservation Credit and Rural Development, 100th Cong., 1st sess., 3 December 1987.
65. Washington Post, 5 August 1982. See also New York Times National News, 8 March 1988; House Committee on Agriculture, Farmers Home Administration's Use of Offset Procedures For Collecting Delinquent Debt: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Conservation Credit and Rural Development, 100th Cong., 1st sess., 3 December 1987.
66. Washington Post, 5 August 1982. See also New York Times National News, 8 March 1988; House Committee on Agriculture, Farmers Home Administration's Use of Offset Procedures For Collecting Delinquent Debt: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Conservation Credit and Rural Development, 100th Cong., 1st sess., 3 December 1987.
67. Washington Post, 17 January 1988. See also Senate Report, Farmers Home Administration: Farm Loan Programs Have Become a Continuous Source of Subsidized Credit: Report to the Honorable Jessie Helms (Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1988).
68. Washington Post, 17 January 1988. See also Senate Report, Farmers Home Administration: Farm Loan Programs Have Become a Continuous Source of Subsidized Credit: Report to the Honorable Jessie Helms (Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1988).